 These students, in this module, we are going to discuss anti-malthusian theory. Anti-malthusians disagree with the pessimism or pessimistic view of Malthusians and new Malthusians about the relationship between the population growth and resource availability. So, they do believe that human ingenuity and technological advancement can overcome resource limitation and sustain the population growth. So, they are of the view that although the population bomb or the potential of population to explode as a bomb is there, however, at the same time, it is not so bleak in situation, it is not so pessimistic situation that we cannot do anything about it because of the technological advancements and innovations. They are of the view that we can overcome the potential resource depletion as compared to the population growth. So, anti-malthusians often point to the historical examples where advancements in agriculture, technology and resource management have enabled human population to thrive despite the population increase. So, they are giving different examples out of the history when humanity had been in a crisis because of the famines or because of the natural calamities. However, they invented different techniques or different ways to overcome those resource constraints. So, they advocate for investing in education, research and responsible governance to harness the human potential and find different creative ways to manage different resources. At the same time, they are encouraging to foster more and more optimistic view about the humanity's ability to tackle these global challenges. So, they are of the view that all we need to do is we need to make human beings more sensitized about these issues. We need to work on these aspects and we need to face this challenge by creating more opportunities for the education and creating more opportunities to become individuals as more and more innovative. So, notable anti-malthusians include economist Julian Simon and Aster Bozerub. Julian Simon in 1981 in his book The Ultimate Resource argued that humans are the ultimate resource as their ingenuity can find solutions to the resource scarcity. So, basically, Julian Simon's opinion is that the biggest potential or the biggest resource is the human being himself and he has tried to prove this in his book The Ultimate Resource that when it is difficult for a human being, then he has tried to be more ingenuity and creativity. Similarly, if we look at the future as well, we see that today's human being is very concerned and we see that the kind of problems that come to us, the kind of solutions that he creates. Now, in the recent past, humanity has the biggest problem of climate change and environmental degradation. So, in order to prevent this from happening, people are using very creative ways as we are trying to get rid of the fuels that cause dangerous gases that cause our ozone layer to harm our environment and we are trying to go towards renewable energy and zero carbon emission energy. So, in this way, Julian's opinion was that humans are very creative, very innovative and because of this potential, he has created a lot of such problems over time. So, in terms of the future, he predicts that we do not need to worry too much that a human being will also be able to find a solution in terms of this. Isitara say Esther Bosrup, he suggested that the population growth can lead to agriculture innovation according to her when population pressure on resources increases, human innovate to increase the carrying capacity of the land. So, she is of the view that when human beings are lacking these resources, they can potentially work on that and they can be more innovative for that and they can innovate different techniques to make it more fertile and with more potential for producing the more resource. So, anti-malthusians criticize Malthusians for their static view of resources and argue that they underestimate the capacity for economic and technological adaptation. Now, if we apply this anti-malthusian perspective to Pakistan, while the country faces significant challenges due to rapid population growth, the potential for technological and social innovation to address these issues should not be underestimated. As we can see that although we are having a lot of problems, there are environmental issues, there are agriculture issues, at the same time there are different climatic issues. We are currently we are facing a lot of pollution, we are having overpopulation, but at the same time these challenges are being tackled not only by the public policy, but also by different innovative individuals who are giving some unique ideas to tackle these issues.