 Good morning, once again please everybody good morning, are you all right comfortable, you will need to take out your dictionary, your pencil, your notebook and we will begin with an exercise in what we did last time and then I am going to go on to the last and the final part of the section on stress in English words. So far we have looked at words which occur without any special ending, we have also looked at words which end in particular syllables, particular suffixes and they have particular kinds of stress, say for instance look at the blackboard and you know we have words like academic university mountaineer, can you speak it after me what is this, what is this and what is this, now these word endings and there are many more, demand particular kind of stress on the word to which they are attached, but there are word endings which do not make any demand of this kind, say for instance look at words like this, what is this, everybody please, what is this and this is, so you see the same word ending, but different kinds of stress, the best way once again is you know to do the drill and acquire these words, there are not too many, if you have counted the number of words you have in the book, we are using for the text book for this course, you may have seen that we have fewer than 500 words to relearn and once you relearn these 500 words, you pronounce not only these words correctly, you also pronounce other words on similar patterns equally correctly, but you have to relearn them, you have to do the drill, your habit of speech has to change. Today we will be looking at those words which have word endings of this kind of the able etcetera kind, which do not demand particular stress or stress only on the particular part of the word, but before we get into that, let us do some exercise to check, how much we have already learnt. Look at these words and I will give you exactly two minutes, copy these words on to your notebook and mark a stresses as you copy, where you have doubt, look up dictionary, where you have doubt, look up dictionary, do it individually please, a self test, you are testing your, you know we did the drill in these words last week and we want to check now, whether we have got them right, two minutes your time begins now, please, finished, you have another 10 seconds, we may please stop, right, anyone who could do all raise your hand, lovely, anyone who could do most, wonderful really, you know I know, I know I am putting you through very artificial kind of pressure, but then this is life, I want you to get used to looking up dictionary, quick consultation and all that, you know you are preparing for a all powerful speech, everything is fine, but if you mispronounce some word, then you know people do not have the right conclusions about you. So, no matter when, now or 30 or 40 years later, when you make a presentation, but particularly in public to your peer group, do not forget to check your keywords, right, we will just check whether we got it right, we will go individually, each person will pronounce only one word, right and everybody will do one word, we will begin at the end, last row, my left hand please, can you say the first word here, then pronounce, sit down or is it all right, if they sit down, you can pick them up, right, so you do not have to get up, right, first word, come again, yeah, say it loud and clear, absolute, come again, absolute, now only one person, please, others please listen, next, next Arabic, no what is it, this is an exception, this is Arabic, next, next, next, next, next, degree, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, sincere, yeah, next, next, begin at the top, absolute, next, next, Arabic, yeah, do not worry, it is an exception, you know, we have to learn all of these things, next, next, certificate, certificate, yes, next, degree, next, engineer, next, next, last bench please, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, no, Arabic, Arabic, Arabic, Arabic, yes, right, you know, these are exceptions, you know, Arabic and turmeric and that sort of thing, but there are only very few exceptions, if you look up the text book carefully, you will see that, right, you know, in all learned presentations by which I mean non-political speeches, if you analyze the way politicians speak, they mostly have simple words, can get, take, give, but you know, the discourse of science, the language of science, the language of academia is not always as simple, they sometimes have long words and they sometimes and it is important that you relearn or learn the pronunciation of some of these words. I am going to play to you little, you know, audio clipping from somebody called Alvin Toffler, anyone who knows about Alvin Toffler? Alvin Toffler is known as a futurist, actually you know, he is, in my opinion, a sociologist who studies the changing behavior of people in society. So, you know, he has studied things like how computers have affected us, how electronic media has influenced our behavior, you know, how we are always after new consumable things. So, when I was your age, I remember, you know, people used to buy one pen and it used to stay for their life. So, you go to museums and you see, this is Mahatma Gandhi's pen or this is Clive's pen or that sort of thing, but now, you know, we use and throw pen, we use and throw computers, we use and throw mobile phones, we have become a disposable society, anything can change, jobs are not permanent, even marriages are not permanent, even faces are not permanent, the color of hair is not permanent, you know, you change cars, you change homes, you change wives and husbands, you change anything today, you know. So, Alvin Toffler has studied the consequences of these things upon human civilization and upon human personality. He has a number of interesting films and books, if you have time someday while traveling, you know, you can read some of these, his books like Digital Revolution, Communication Revolution, one book I have not named here, but I will like you to read before you are 30, actually before you are 25 is please write, then book is called Future Shock, F-U-T-U-R-E, Future Shock. The clipping I am going to play now is a part of a talk given by Toffler to a group of academicians, this talk mentions how roles are changing from producer to consumer, you know, and in what significant ways and how they influences. So, I will play it twice, the first time I want you to pay attention to the text, the message, the meaning, relax it with your back to the desk and try and listen, but next time I play I will like you to pay attention to stress on long words, am I clear to you please, say yes or no. I am going to play it twice, first time I want you to pay attention to the meaning, the message and the second time I will like you to pay attention to the pronunciation of Toffler, particularly the way long words are stressed, let us see. Pro assumption, pro consumer and that is the boundary between the producer and the consumer and we see that in many different ways, that we now have increasing numbers of technologies that harm individuals to do what they previously had to go to an expert or to somebody else and the simplest of that, when Heidi and I were growing up, which was a million years ago, we used to take a photograph, you go to a photograph of your family, you had to go to a drug store, you had to buy a film, roll a film, you then shot the pictures and you went back to the drug store, they sent it to Kodak up in Rochester, New York and maybe a week later you had it back. Well now we have a camera in your hand and it makes that entire process, makes it possible for the user rather than somebody else to make that process and indeed increase it, better the process. And the fact is, I don't know how many of you worry about blood pressure, but you used to have to go to a doctor and say, Doc, what's my blood pressure? Now you can buy a blood pressure machine, it's your own, you do the job that the doctor used to do as far as finding out what your blood pressure was and what's happening is that we're producing more and more technologies that are the audiences, the users and that changes economics and I don't want to get into that as well, but in fact, each of us as individuals are creating the value that economists by and large are not counting in the economic numbers and metrics of the economy and that's why there is a revolutionary change taking place in the economy as well. In any event, the line between consumer and pursuer becomes blurred and this suggests an approaching future in which viewers, in quotes, manipulate TV programs and storylines, maybe they change the looks of the star from blonde hair to black hair or red, make the hero lose at the bill and win, delete what they don't like in a program and put what they want into it instead, insert a female lead where there was a male lead and turn the drama into a comedy, then send that version of your television program to their friends who manipulated further and put it online and who knows, maybe charge for the new versions and raising more and more complicated questions about intellectual property and so on. But the user is becoming part of the maker rather than just a passive recipient of what you produce and finally, these are just a few of the changes taking place that are really important and I think not yet fully appreciated but to give you some idea of what is happening not just in the United States, I'd like to read you a few lines, a few figures. Even a part for the internet, I think these are not my statistics, these are somebody else's, even a part for the internet, in the US alone each day there are more than 12 billion display and 184 billion classified advertising messages from newspapers, 6 billion messages from magazines, 2.6 million commercial radio messages, 330,000 television commercials and 40 million direct mail pieces. Worldwide in 2002, 18 exabytes which they then put in parenthesis equal 10 to the 18 bytes and I'm not enough of a mathematician to even know what those numbers are. Worldwide in 2002, 18 exabytes of new information were produced through electronic channels, telephone, radio, television, internet and 5 exabytes of new information were produced by print, film, magnetic and optical storage medium. This translates to 800 megabytes of recorded information produced globally per person in 2002, not including spam messages which account for 60% of all email. Of course, bytes are not the only best way to measure information if the article goes on and says another indication of the information flow is the more than 1.2 billion landline telephones, 2.1 billion cell phones that are news worldwide, over 1 billion people, 18.9% of the world's population use the internet and so on and on and on. These numbers blew me away and I think they should blow all of us away and we should ask ourselves what the consequences are, not just the consequences of those on us but how what we do affects that entire process and what the longer term implications for society and it's what kind of society do we want. The transformation of the media that brings us here today is therefore only one aspect of the far greater economic, social and cultural upheaval that we call the third wave which is racing towards us as we enter tomorrow. We are going to listen to it again but this time I want you to listen for words all the long words and Toffler has a lot of long words have one each please have one each and as you listen you know you will have to be really smart as you listen because Toffler is speaking at relatively you know fast tempo. So, as you listen Mark stresses on the words I have already given you. They are more or less in the order in which they occur and Mark stresses in the following manner. Mark stresses in this manner just underline the just underline the syllable which is stressed or alternately alternately you can also do it this way. So, either this or this as you listen Mark stress on the given word has everyone got a copy of the text if you have anyone who has not got a copy all else anyone else who has not got a copy you do not have anyone who has two I counted thirty five and I brought around did you get one you can have mine I later take the script back from one of you. I am going to play it again listen carefully do not be too anxious and keep your pencil ready you would not have time for second thought do you see my point it could be this it could be that no make up your mind as you listen where you hear and mark it underneath you may be wrong does not matter you know classroom is the only place where we can learn even if we make mistakes. So, do not be shy of making mistakes, but do not make the same mistake again try and concentrate it is about six minutes six minutes rather long period of time for anyone to concentrate on, but it is not impossible are you ready everybody please are you ready do you have any difficulty with the message the meaning are all these words familiar to you say yes or no sure. So, let us go a combination of production and consumption, and that is another thing if you miss some word and do not insist on going back and doing that move to the next do not miss next because we are going at a speed it is possible that you miss a word or two if you miss it you miss it move to the next do not miss the next am I clear to you say yes or no please am I clear to you am I clear to you, but these are the choices you have to make listen and do not get tense you know we are playing a game. Some people I am very confident we will do all words some people I know equally confident cannot do all words I am the letter kind if I were sitting in your place I am very confident I would not be able to do all words, but I will try I will give it my best. So, do concentrate and do market ready yes. Let us begin a combination of production and consumption, and that is the narrowing or the blurry of the boundary between the producer and the consumer and we see that in many different ways that we now have increasing numbers of technologies that harm individuals to do what they previously had to go to an expert or to somebody else to do for them. The simplest of that when Heidi and I were growing up which is a million years ago we used to take a photograph you want to photograph your family you had to go to a drugstore you had to buy film roll a film you then shot the pictures and you went back to the drugstore they sent it to Kodak up in Rochester New York and maybe a week later you had it back. Well now we have the camera in your hand and it makes this makes the that entire process makes it possible for the user rather than somebody else to make that process and indeed increasing better the process. And the fact is you I do not know how many of you worry about blood pressure, but you used to have to go to a doctor and say doc what's my blood pressure? Now you can buy a blood pressure machine, it's your own you do the job that the doctor used to do as far as finding out what your blood pressure was. And what's happening is that we are producing more and more technologies that harm the audiences, the users and that changes economics and I don't want to get into that as well. But in fact each of us as individuals are creating value that economists buy and large are not counting in the economic numbers and metrics of the economy and that's why there is a revolutionary change taking place in the economy as well. In any event the line between consumer and prosumer becomes blurred and this suggests an approaching future in which viewers in quotes manipulate TV programs and story lines. Maybe they change the looks of the star from blonde hair to black hair or red. Make the hero lose and the villain win. Delete what they don't like in a program and put what they want into it instead. Insert a female lead where there was a male lead and turn the drama into a comedy. Then send that version of your television program to their friends and who manipulated further and put it online and who knows maybe charge for the new versions and raising more and more complicated questions about intellectual property and so on. But the user is becoming part of the maker rather than just a passive recipient of what you produce. And finally these are just a few of the changes taking place that are really important and I think not yet fully appreciated. But to give you some idea of what is happening not just in the United States I'd like to read you a few lines, a few figures. Even apart from the internet, these are not my statistics, these are somebody else's. Even apart from the internet in the U.S. alone each day there are more than 12 billion display and 184 billion classified advertising messages from newspapers, 6 billion messages from magazines, 2.6 million commercial radio messages, 330,000 television commercials and 40 million direct mail pieces. Worldwide in 2002, 18 exabytes which they then put in parenthesis equal 10 to the 18 bytes and I'm not enough of a mathematician to even know what those numbers are. Worldwide in 2002 18 exabytes of new information were produced through electronic channels, telephone, radio, television, internet and 5 exabytes of new information were produced by print, film, magnetic and optical storage media. This translates to 800 megabytes of recorded information produced globally per person in 2002, not including spam messages which account for 60% of all email. Of course, bytes are not the only best way to measure information if the article goes on and says another indication of the information flow is the more than 1.2 billion landline telephones, 2.1 billion cell phones that are in use worldwide, over 1 billion people, 18.9% of the world's population use the internet and so on and on and on. These numbers blew me away and I think they should blow all of us away and we should ask ourselves what the consequences are, not just the consequences of those on us but how what we do affects that entire process and what the longer term implications for society is. What kind of society do we want? The transformation of the media that brings us here today is, is there for only one aspect of the far greater economic, social and cultural upheaval that we call the third wave which is racing toward us as we enter tomorrow. Welcome to the rest of the 21st century. Okay, I'll give you about a few seconds to check if you want to change something. Okay, did you get them all right? Did you, where are you able to mark them all? Where are you able to mark them all? How many did you miss? How many? How many? About three. Lovely. You did a good job. Were you able to get them all? Makeup. Okay, that's great. Where are you able to get them all? Okay, but were you able to mark them all? Were you? Yeah. I'll give it back to you. Can I take it from you? Sorry? No, sir. you, can I take it from you and you can at the moment share with your friend. Once again, we will check whether we got these rights, what I will do is ask each of you to produce the word and each of us will produce one word, we will go in sequence one after one after the other and each person pronounces one word appropriately with correct stresses and correct sounds right. Do you understand, we will begin here with you first please. Next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next. Simple, simple, take time. Next, next, next, next, photo, photograph, next, next, next, Simplest, take time, next, next, next, photograph, next, next, next, next, camera, next, entire, next, process, next, pressure, next, doctor, next, machine, next, measure, next, happen, next, next, next, next, okay, next, we will go back, next, next, next, next, come on, okay we can do the next, yes, right, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, come on, okay, go again in sequence, next, next, next, intellectual, next, property, next, user, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, statistics, next, next, next, next, advertising, yes, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, next, I will translate, next, next, next, cultural, next, okay, you see the simple point is, the simple point is, next time you watch television if you do, even if you watch a feature film, even if you watch a movie, sometimes some part of the, some part of the show, please pass it to my friend, pass, some part of the show, try and pay attention to the language as a student, you know, meaning fine, you know, and you will understand and appreciate meaning better, if you can appreciate language better, okay, and if you listen better, it is nearly inevitable that you will also speak better, okay, but this is the culture, this is an attitude we have to create, so what I am trying to do is drawing your attention to these things, and all of these things, all the audio clippings I have played are freely available on YouTube, you just type toffler and you will get toffler and select what you want to listen to, or you know, the last week I played Carl Sagan, you know, type Carl Sagan and you get some of these things, these are the, these people are the leaders in your field, if you want to be like them or better than them, you will have to see what they have done and you will do, you will have to do that better than them, am I clear to you, okay, right, let us get into the book and let us do some exercise with other words, okay, okay, I will say it first and you will follow me, okay, we will have some drill, accessory, admirable, autonomous, autonomous binary, can one person, can somebody please take over, biography, stand up, yeah, one of you, please, yes, biography, arbitrary, auxiliary, bureaucracy, laughable, commentary, diplomacy, it is diplomacy, yes, go on, documentary, ecology, preparatory, preparatory, come again, please, preparatory, preparatory, okay, what we can do is, you know, let us go to the book, would you mind opening one page number, in my copy of the book it is 111, 111, does everyone have a copy of the book here, please share it, I have two or three copies, I have three copies, please share it with friends, do not you have access, you can sit next to Arun, yeah, Arun, do not you have a copy, sit with somebody, become four, okay, right, sit with your friends, okay, and you know the same way, once again, you know, I am trying to tell you that some of these things, they can be boring if you do them for half an hour, but they are extremely, you know, they are time tested methods of learning, if you do them in the form of drill, how many of you know that arithmetical table, two ones are two, how many of you remember that table, can you raise your hands, two twos are four, two threes are six, how did you learn it, was there a rule, how did you learn it, your mother bribed you, your father threatened you, in some cases it was the other way around, your father bribed you, your mother threatened you, but you know, doing the drill today, you remember, if I ask you, nineteen fives are, who will tell me immediately, ninety five, okay, so it has to be like that, so drill is not always bad, provided you do it regularly and do it for limited period of time, short period of time, in the school I went to in my village, these drills were done either at the beginning of the day or at the end of the day, I am doing it at the end of the day, okay, will you do it, okay, I do not want to embarrass you by asking, how many of you are doing it in the hostel, but if you are doing it, that is marvelous, get into groups and do it, please follow me and then I will expect one of you to take over, I will say who takes over and I expect one of you to rise and begin, but just now follow me please, okay, ready, abominable, aboriginal, aboriginal, ambitious, ambitious, aboriginal, aboriginal, aboriginal, admirable, admirable, admissible, admissible, affable, afforable, autonomous, autonomous, anomalous, anomalous, amenable, amenable, somebody please, who will take over, yes please, audacious, audacious, considerable, considerable, aciduous, aciduous, atrocious, atrocious, aciduous, available, available, continuous, covetous, creditable, cultivable, curable, despicable, despicable, judicious, honorable, honorable, hospitable, illustrious, impressionable, improbable, incorpabil, inalienable, inalienable, in applicable, inaudible, inaudible, grammatical, judicious, lamentable, laughable, lovable, marriageable, medieval, miserable, municipal. Come again please. Objectionable, palpable, pitiable, practicable, presentable, presentable. You can sit down next. Somebody please take over on the following page. Yes please. Yes stand up. Proposal, reasonable, religious, reputable, respectable, responsible. Responsible, ridiculous, seasonal, superfluous, tribunal, vaporous, variable. Go into the next section. Accessory, please continue. Accessory, adultery, ancillary. Ancillary. Ancillary. Christocracy, binary, company, company, anarchy, apology, apology, artillery, biography, acrimony, acrimony, anticipatory, arbitrary, arbitrary, auxiliary, bureaucracy, category, symmetry, sentimentary, commentary, contrary, contributory, corollary, corollary, cursory, democracy, depository, derogatory, dictionary, diplomacy, documentary, explanatory, extraordinary, February, infallible, deprivationary, apoproxy, idiocy, imaginary, incendiary, incendiary, inflammatory, introductory, introductory, laboratory, laboratory, library. Thank you. You can sit down. Let us go to the next section of page number 113, section 3. Who would like to do it? Please stand up. Somebody, please. Page number 113, section 3. Yes, please. Abortive. Abortive. Abusive. Abusive. Accumulative. Accumulative. Accucative. Accucative. Additive. Additive. Go slow. Administrative. Administrative. Accucative. Accucative. Aggressive. Aggressive. Aggressive. Come again? Aggressive. Yes, go on. Alternative. Alternative. Come again? Alternative. Next? Appreciation. Appreciation. Perhensive. Perhensive. Assertive. Assertive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive. Attractive corrective, corrosive, deceptive, disease, decisive, definitive, demonstrative, divisive, divisive, derivative, deceptive, deceptive, you can sit down, come to page number 115, section 4, who would like to lead, somebody please stand up, yes, why not, yeah, go slow, go slow, Ashwini, accident, accident, accountant, accordance, accountant, admin, adherent, adjutant, adjutant, no, it is adolescence, go on, advance, no, advent, adjutant, adjutant, agent, agreement, advance, next, allowance, allowance, ambience, ambulance, ambulance, agent, thank you, next, who would like to take over, come on please, come to the next section actually, this is rather a long section, we will quickly do the exercise here, you know, once again, you know, all I am trying to do is to tell you, how you can relearn and acquire proper stresses on long English words, and it is these words, which occur more frequently than the others in academic discourse, when you and I speak in scientific seminars and conferences, let us come to the exercise on page number 120, and I will like each of us to say one word loud, can we Kiran begin with you, first word, yes, next, available, next, next, behind you please, yes, next, next, next, next, next, no executive, next, repetitive, next, next, ok, come to this side, my left hand please, you can say it, next word, antecedent, next, next, next, next, next, next, ok, divergence, despicable, yes, next, next, next, upon all louder, please, next, next, next, next, ok, in this group, please, next, in this group, next, intermittent, next, next, hospital, next, aristocracy, next, ok, we will stop here,