 I thank you very much to Alex and his colleagues for putting together what I think is going to be a really interesting session over the course of this morning. I'm going to talk today about castles and cultural landscapes and studying cultural landscapes as a way to bridge the disciplinary divides between the study of landscapes and buildings. I'm going to look at how I'm studying cultural landscapes through the process of deep mapping. Deep mapping I'll introduce in a moment, but I find it sort of experimenting with it at the moment, and I'm finding it quite useful to overcome the conceptual and disciplinary divisions in the study of cultural landscapes. I'm going to start with, admittedly, an inconclusive overview of cultural landscapes to sort of have a look at how we got to this fragmented state, because I think sort of looking at how the study of cultural landscapes developed the way to overcome that fragmentation emerges from that discussion. So cultural landscapes that can be considered the interface between nature and culture, so the interface between tangible and intangible heritage, the interface between natural and cultural diversity. So it's an interwoven set of relationships, the essence of culture and peoples identity. In that way then, we can think of cultural landscapes as the fundamental link between humankind and its natural environments in the past, and local communities and their heritage in the present, and we're going back to this description at the end of the paper. So as I said, looking back at the development of cultural landscape studies, thinking promulgated by German geographers in the late 19th century really ignited the discussion of the study of landscapes as space shaped by people, and that was very much in opposition to the physical determinism of geography at that time. This was followed by the development of buildings archaeology which stemmed from architecture, technology and art history, so pretty separate to the cultural term in geography. And then from the 1990s onwards really there was a landscape term in archaeology, and that sort of brought in lots of great knowledge on how communities have reacted to landscapes and how they have impacted landscapes. But really all of these things sort of developed in isolation from one another, and what we're left with is separation, isolation or sometimes unequal emphasis. And this is perpetuated by what is sometimes not across the board of course, but there is sometimes a communication gap between the academic research and the heritage research. And this results in a number of limitations of course. Many of you in the papers today have showed that the variety of limitations will be discussed. But from my point of view as a buildings archaeologist who looks at medieval buildings at risk, particularly from climate change, the limitations include how this unequal emphasis impacts our preservation, our conservation and our climate change mitigation. So that is some of the issues that we're facing. But what really drew me to this session was how we can reconnect landscapes and buildings and how we can synchronize scholarship with public understanding. And I'm going to sort of talk about that through the presence of a case study. And the case study is Dunedore Castle. More accurately it's a late medieval Irish tower house. And it's located here in Cape Claire in Cardi Cork. Cape Claire is an island off the west coast of Cardi Cork. It's the most stuttering occupied part of Ireland. It's about one hour away from the mainland. Ireland is the exact opposite end of Ireland. So to me it sort of feels like going to the very edge of Ireland. And this is what the castle, the tower house looks like today as of this summer. And you can see why I really wanted to study this castle. It's precariously placed on this short promontory. It's isolated. It's unconsolidated. It's quite clearly at risk of it from the Atlantic and the associated storms, tidal surges, high winds and so on and so forth. It was once connected to the mainland of Cape Claire of the natural cause by collapse in the 1830s. Dunedore Castle was built by the Augustals along with a number of other tower houses in the area. The Augustals derived from the Corkillee, which is the second phrase there. The Corkillee were a kingdom who were very prominent in the early medieval period in the West Cork area of Ireland. But over the course of the medieval period the Corkillee contracted and really their influence didn't extend far beyond West Cork after sort of the 7th century. In 1103 there's an illicit reference to Anodrisco. He was king of the Corkillee at this time, the early 12th century. But from sort of the high medieval to the late medieval period the Orducicles also contracted and their influence really extended throughout this West Cork area and less so throughout Ireland. So Dunedore Castle means golden fort, Dun means fort. And this tentatively suggests that it was built on the site of an earlier promontory fort. It's up to me to show you. So you can see in this image of the tower house, the south-east extent has collapsed. There is a small part of the tower here, part of which is remaining. Here you can see quite beautifully preserved a mural staircase so on a stair set within and a picturesque on the walls. In this image you can see on the second floor there's a stone built right from this part of the wall wall that excels in some places. Back to the first image, you can see those are currently preserved bones so they're extending away from the irons on this side. And there's a smaller bone on the eastern side of the tower house there. So Dunedore, sort of the summary you can see from the pastures, the cliff edge encroaching the castle, parts of it are starting to collapse into the sea, such as the extent of the wall there on the north. There's the tower house there, the extent of the wall, the smaller bottom. There's a number of other small buildings, parts, it's got to go broad, there's a well, a brazier and all of it. So bits and pieces are surviving. For those of you who are aware of the archaeology of medieval Ireland, I see some Irish colleagues here today. You may know that tower houses are an incredibly commonplace in Ireland. So this tower house isn't necessarily architecturally significant so why am I talking to you about it today? Firstly it's because it's incredibly at risk, this is a risk of falling into the sea in the next couple of decades or more collapsing into the sea. But it's also really interesting how it relates to the wider cultural landscape. And my method of observing this castle, trying to understand this castle, I'm using the process of deep mapping. I had to admit deep mapping, it's not new nor necessarily innovative. It's essentially a GIS, like a bolder variety of data, so maybe a variety of 100 different data sources for one site. It's essentially a method or an approach to try and include as many different views and different perspectives of a site over a deep time perspective. But my views as of producing deep mapping for this particular castle was because I wanted to use a citizen science approach. So I wanted to include the community of Cape Fair Islands and integrate their viewpoints, their perspectives and also their research questions into the project. And I wanted to do so on fully embracing interdisciplinary. Thirdly though I wanted to create an online resource whereby people could digitally visit the site which is no longer physically accessible. So as I said a deep mapping holds a variety of sources. So some of the more traditional sources that one would use when examining a building, some cartographic examples. I really like this, this is one of the more beautiful cartographic references to Cape Fair. This is a Dutch map from 1612 which includes navigational instructions to seek out the pirate havens of Cape Fair as translated from Old Dutch there by Pelagher. And you can see our island of Cape Fair in the depiction of the castle and that entire area is called Rory Motor Bay. Other 17th century sources, there's another record to Cape Fair on Anglicized Northern War. And here at the level of the tarmands there's the depiction of Cape Fair and more like a castle on a tarm house. And there's some references to early medieval sites within the island. And here in the land terrier it says that Dunnor was occupied by Tide or Driscoll. So remaining in the Driscoll family who built it some 300 years prior to this 17th century source. But thinking about deep mapping and the ability to pull in lots of different sources and thinking about embracing interdisciplinarity, I wanted to look at some different sources which reference Cape Fair on the Rory Motor Bay area. There's this poem from the 19th century which says, the white grass of Gaspidian. And that's a word which derives from the 13th century describing the water of Rory Motor Bay. And so that actually predates the, the term predates the building of the castle. And also this 18th century reference that described visiting the castle of Dunnor as resisting not alone the fury of the elements, but also defying the aggressive attacks of the human foes. And I'm really fond of it because the weather is absolutely the same like the people of Cape Fair or nothing but war, I'm going to show you. So the reason I was really keen to use deep mapping and pull in all these different sources was because it democratizes data. So it doesn't sort of push anyone narrative whenever you collect all these sources. So from the building surveys, the land surveys, the maps, the poetry, the information on natural diversity, it treats all of that information as the same. So as a researcher too, that forces me to step outside my bias and not only sort of focus on the fabric, on the elevation drawings and as a building psychologist, that's what I'm sort of want to do. But so as a researcher too, it forces one out of their comfort zone. And as an output then, whenever this is all online and all these sources are digitally accessible, it doesn't push one narrative to the digital visitor. So the digital visitor will be able to create their own narratives through this amount of democratized data. So it's ontologically flattened away. And a way to demonstrate how this has pushed me out of my comfort zone, I'll talk about some of the other castles built by the address skills. I think there's about 12 that they've built in Aurora Bay, which is the entire area on the coast of the West Fork. And some of the castles here is done Michelle, the largest of their castles, it's done along on the top left. That's our castle done in Aurora Bay, and they're also built to done the gall. So all of four of their 12 castles use this word done, which means fort. It indicates that they may have been built on the site of an earlier palm tree fort. What's really interesting if you're pulling together all this information, the place in evidence suggests there could be earlier forts here. But the archeology, the archaeological evidence, there's no archaeological evidence for any of these four castles having been built on an earlier site, although there is some tentative evidence for done Michelle, but that's the only one. So it's sort of weighing that up, but then we bring in the oral histories as well. And the people of Cape Fear that I've been working with on the case of Don Norr are adamant that it was built on the site of an earlier palm tree that was built by the corkally, who were that larger king dead from the early medieval period. So it's really interesting democratizing data and giving equal emphasis to all of these things it feels like a bit of an experiment really. So democratizing data, it aims to force in different perspectives. And it's a reminder that individuals experience places in varied and multiple ways and encourages you to include all that in the research process. And while in a GIS platform, we can't include the extent of the complexity of any site across time, but it does give a renewed sense of the depth of meaning through this process of democratization. So in summary, this process of deep mapping, I think actively reconnects buildings and cultural landscape and research. And just calling back to the development of the discipline of cultural landscape studies from earlier in the paper, how does deep mapping relate to that? And I think really it's a process of pulling in multidisciplinary sources in a way which reduces the likelihood of bias or disciplinary favoritism. So for myself, not focusing on the extant fabric of the building but thinking sort of more outside the box. I want to close now with just turning back to the description of cultural landscapes as the fundamental link between humankind and its natural environments in the past. And I want to just, what I said earlier about there being many tar houses in Ireland and although this has never really been said, in the earlier studies that focus just on the fabric of Donnellor Castle, there tends to be an undertone of it's just another tar house. And I find that by sort of zooming in and really embracing the depth of the cultural landscape, it steps out, it forces us to step outside that and not regarded as just another tar house we have so many of them, lots of them are in real condition, but really it provides a much more enhanced understanding of our past. Likewise then, cultural landscapes as the link between local communities and their heritage in the present. And this is what I really like about this castle. On one hand, we have a castle that has been possibly overlooked by the archaeological sector, the heritage sector and in academic research, but on the other hand, the castle and its cultural landscapes have in no way been overlooked by the local community. This is a picture from an early O'Driscoll gathering in the 1960s. So this is where all the contemporary O'Driscoll clad meet in the area of Roaringwater Bay for an annual meeting, so people with the surname O'Driscoll at its derivatives. And this is an annual event that still takes place today. And I was chatting to some of the people who go along to this and on one of their recent heritage trails of this annual meeting, they went to all the castles, all the O'Driscoll castles including Don and Orr. So they're still re-enacting the relationship and performing the relationship between the castles and the cultural landscape. So to them, it hasn't been overlooked at all. So I'm going to close on that point then. And in conclusion, while there may be too much space between buildings and cultural landscape in the heritage sector and in academic research, it's clear that that isn't the case within the local communities. They're constantly re-enacting and performing this relationship. So in order for us to reconnect castles and landscapes and to synchronise scholarship with public understanding, I suggest we begin by stepping outside of our disciplinary and academic boundaries. Thank you.