 2D transition metal oxide and calcogenide, TMO and C-based photocatalysts have recently gained significant attention for their potential to address energy shortage and environmental pollution due to their ultra-high surface area and unique physiochemical, electronic and optical properties. This review provides a concise overview of the properties, synthesis methods and applications of 2D TMO and C-based photocatalysts, focusing on emerging strategies to enhance photocatalytic performances such as elemental doping, surface functionalization and heterojunctions with semi-conducting and conductive materials. The future opportunities for research pathways in 2D TMO and C-based photocatalysts are also presented. This article was authored by Farjana Hack, Torbin Dienek, Karash Kalantarzade and others.