 So good morning ladies and gentlemen and friends. It's a real pleasure and a honor for me to be here especially as for an in this panel, especially as for now three decades I've been involved in agricultural production and development throughout the world, but also because in the past years with the board of Danone I've been introduced to other dimensions of what we used to call the food revolution and We have here to address the very important issue of food security a wonderful panel whom I will introduce a little bit later, but let's start by saying that even though numbers different numbers may be floating this year we have had about 20 countries introducing partial or full bands on agricultural exports in the world Which of course is a very roaring Signal and which is undermining trust which has at the which is at the very bottom of any security system in in the world and among those countries you don't have the smallest One of the latest one has been India Red rice India is a major exporter of rice. It's about if I'm not mistaken around 25% of world-wide exports and This is underlying global fear of a shortage of production In the world which will I think address whether it is a fantasy or a reality especially on the long run but it's also Showing how Political this market remains It's not just about exchanging goods. It's about being in the international relations, and I think that our panelists Will help us understanding how Economics and politics Interplay there What is also very what has been also very striking in the very past years is to see those agricultural issues Raising as major environmental issues not only because climate change is affecting Agricultural production, of course, but also because agriculture has emerged as a major Carbon emitter worldwide and is part of the climate change strategy for for the goal and let me end up by highlighting also the fact that Be behind or at the root of many of our challenges is the poverty issues more and more across the world Extreme poverty is aligned with rural areas farmers poor farmers and as we go and Average wealth in the world increases Poverty concentrates in those rural areas and hence we have a major social social Problem there, so one one major issue for our panel is whether we'll have an Agricultural war or not or a water war. Yes. No, this is part of the types of issues that will Discuss them And it's very important that we can do it because after all those agricultural issues tend to be addressed only when major Crisis occurred the last time we had hot debates around those issues was in 2007-2008 When we had similar problems arising and then afterwards the kind of political tension to those issues dropped And of course now is reviving So let's try maybe to Restart a conversation around those issues that can last and be able to address one of the most structural important issues in in the world and That will address from the Changing demands side as well as the changing production side So as I told you we have an incredible Talented and knowledgeable panel to address these issues. Let me start with Minister Mariam al-Mueri Who is the minister in charge of climate change and environment of the United Arab Emirates? But also is in charge of food security a very interesting policy association and Minister al-Mueri will close our panel and therefore have an opportunity not only to Share our messages also to react if she wishes to what will have been addressed before We'll start the panel with two very senior Academic and policy makers and advisor Mr. Maximo Torreo-Cullen who is On the screen with us chief economist of FAO and then Pierre Jaquet president of the global development network and professor at the Ecole national de Ponsay Chaucet and His most prestigious incarnation as life a former chief economist of the French government agency in shared years and then will turn to Mr. Chris Narmouthi who is currently Associate professor of agribusiness at Bogor University But used to be vice-minister of trade and vice-minister of agriculture in Indonesia with and He will be able to provide us with an Asian perspective on global issues unfortunately the One of our panelists has dropped so you will be a woman I'm just saying that with the ones would in this room who complain about gender parity Which we try to implement in this panel so our panelists will have a little bit more time to share and But I kindly ask them not to go beyond ten minutes so that we can have the time to draw so from the experience of very knowledgeable people in this room and I expect for instance that people like Jean-Marie Pogam who is the doctor vice the deputy doctor general of WTO in short of agriculture We're sitting there, but so so people like you Nelson's who also provide additional perspective in our debate So without any further delay. I'm turning if he wishes so to mr. Torreo-Cullen To start our discussion Thank you so much and hope you can hear me well. Yes, we do So let me let me start But saying that the medium or long term a future of agri-food systems Cannot be predicted. That means it's a sector that works is a system that works on the risk and uncertainties And risk is something that you can predict the probability of the loss Function and therefore you should be able to ensure but uncertainties are something that you cannot predict and makes the system extremely complex This system has a complex sets of interconnected activities that go from primary production Processing distribution which includes trade the trade issues you mentioned In the last year the maximum level of restrictions were about 17 percent of the calories traded Which creates significant exacerbation also on prices but it also brings consumption and All of them are integrated with socioeconomic and environmental systems, which depend upon the behavior of billions of people All what we can predict is That we will be facing significant challenges in the future What we observe in the 70s in 2007 and 8 to 11 and today Brings up the complexity of the system brings up a system Which is has a market structure, which is highly concentrated in the exports especially on Syrians And also brings a system That has significant interrelationships and interlinkages The way and extent to which we decide to address them will depend pretty much How we determine the future of the agri-food systems as well as our future and the future of next generations In FAO we have been focusing on 18 drivers 1-8 18 drivers of agri-food systems And they comprise for instance population dynamics Economic growth macroeconomic stability, which is something that normally we didn't look at And for example today high level of indebtedness of countries exchange shade variability And the link between energy and food has been a significant issue that we need to look at but also in both science and innovation Poverty and inequality Capital and information intensification of production processes Excarcity of natural resources of course climate change and this is just to mention some of the 18 drivers. I Will just want to highlight Three key challenges that clearly emerge from the analysis that we have been doing on these drivers The first challenge is that that food is very unequally distributed across countries and households And this is essential why trade today with the current distribution of food is crucial Between 702 and 128 million people face hunger in 2021 and this is chronic hunger More than 3.1 billion people cannot afford a healthy diet because they lack sufficient income to buy the required nutritious food Many people have experienced unexpected income shortfalls Through about by lockdowns due to the pandemic and more recently the rising food and input prices in connection with the war in Ukraine And are creating an additional burden for low-income families If for example, we look today at the night food groups that we need to consume to be able to have access to healthy diets Most of Sub-Saharan Africa and some South Asian countries won't be able to have access to those night food groups The percentage rate they can self-produce from themselves right now in the photograph. They is extremely low This brings again the importance of trade today The second challenge is climate change and the fact that if we continue as of today our agri-food systems will be unsustainable And climate affect us in four dimensions One is extreme temperatures Second is excess of water or lack of water. We have just seen what happened in Pakistan and The problem of the flooding and which is a key rice producer the fourth in the world of India rice consequence of that India put this for restriction Third volatility and variability And fifth how diseases will evolve and in the previous session you heard how health is changing because of climate So agriculture is already affected by climate change and more frequent and stronger extreme events such as roads flats extreme temperatures and Saltwater inclusion due to rising sea levels furthermore land water soil and biodiversity are progressively degrading soil nutrient nutrient depletion extensive deforestation over exploitation of marine resources and pasture and pollution at all levels rise serious concerns not only for agri-food systems but also for the broader socio-economic systems and stability of the environment at the same time agriculture itself and related land use generates more than 20% of the global greenhouse gas emissions And it is estimated that agri-food systems all together contribute across approximately to one third of the greenhouse gas emissions The third challenge is that we will need to produce more with less and Again, we need to distribute it better And the United Nations population division project in one scenario that the world's population could reach close to 10 billion by 2050 This means that it is very likely that farmers will have to nourish an additional two billion people in less than 30 years from now And they will need to do so while drastically reducing emissions As this will be a requirement for all sectors if we are to a very catastrophic climate change So colleagues to addressing this colleague did these challenges to move away from business as usual implies facing Contrasting objectives, and we have to increase agricultural output while reducing its environmental footprint Pursuing sustainable yields while minimizing land use expansion and increasing productivity while preserving employment And just to mention a few of them So we need an agri-food system transformation that brings a future of sustainability and resilience Where these trade-offs will be addressed and balanced and can only materialize if the agri-food systems evolve and adapt on both the demand and the supply side But for these we also need to bring the concept of real cost of food to incorporate the externalities positive or negative That's the only way we will be able to align the support to agriculture and the incentives that we have in place On the demand side for instance We need shifting diets for the ones who over consume protein by increasing the share of planet-based protein sources Not only will be beneficial for mitigating emissions, but will reduce the risk from sonotic diseases Limit pesticides use and contribute to reduce antimicrobial resistance Different choices regarding quantity safety nutritional content Social and environmental footprint of food to consume and waste may trigger completely different agri-food system outcomes Demand side policies and provision of general public goods such as education and transpiring information May promote critical thinking and awareness for example campaign that arise awareness about food waste have proven very effective to reducing it on the supply side Optimal use of inputs agroecological approaches not only could reduce greenhouse gas emissions But also provide co-benefits in terms of additional ecosystem services and fully integrated with the broader circular economy Called adapted for and appropriate by a small-scale produces Cool additionally lead to sustainable Indensification and resources sparing and improved logistics and this is clearly today in the use of fertilizers and best some However, as in the climate mitigation potential of some new agri-food system technologies will depend on access to low carbon energy As they are relatively more energy intensive This also holds for deployment of cold chain and packaging technologies Which can help to reduce food loss and waste by increasing energy and materials use Dear colleagues, let me just say that the challenges ahead are daunting and It brings a system which is playing their world of risk and uncertainties And we need to have a smart government policies And we need to bring all the science and innovation data and good governance to be able to implement this So that we can trigger the changes that we need now to be able to create a transformation of the system That could allow us to produce more with less in a sustainable way But especially improve the distribution of the food across the world. Thank you very much Merci beaucoup pour ce pour ce tour de force Monsieur Thoreau-Colemne et avoir à la fois aussi bien mis en avance, les difficultés de prédiction, l'instabilité mais l'importance aussi des réponses de politiques publiques qui sont nécessaires et j'ajouterai peut-être aussi l'importance du rôle que les grands acteurs du monde de la grue alimentaire doivent de plus en plus jouer Pour apporter des solutions à ce système instable Je me tourne maintenant vers Pierre Jaquet qui va poursuivre à l'aide d'une présentation d'ailleurs qui va s'afficher ce tour d'horizon du paysage global Merci beaucoup Jean-Michel Merci Amasimo pour cette introduction très générale et très précise Je suis évidemment en accord, c'est un plaisir de le retrouver dans ce panel Je suis en accord avec tout ce qu'il a dit Alors je vais aborder des choses de façon complémentaire, un petit peu différente et je ne sais pas si les yapositifs peuvent s'afficher Oui, c'est fiché Ah, elles sont là, très bien, merci Voilà, alors en principe, ça doit évoluer aussi Bon, ça ne marche pas Je voulais commencer par vous montrer quelques... ah, voilà, ça y est quelques graphiques sur la situation de sécurité alimentaire en Afrique Et vous avez deux graphiques, là Le graphique de gauche montre ce que la FAO appelle la sécurité alimentaire modérée ou sévère donc les deux Et le graphique de droite montre uniquement la partie insécurité alimentaire sévère Et ce qui ressort de ces graphiques, c'est la situation de l'Afrique subsaharienne qui est d'ailleurs assez proche de la situation de l'autre courbe orange qui est en fait les pays à faible revenu Et puis les courbes qui y a en dessous, c'est l'Asie du Sud, donc c'est l'Inde en fait Et puis la courbe en vert, c'est l'Amérique latine Donc on voit sur ces graphiques la situation toute à fait particulière de l'Afrique subsaharienne qui est une préoccupation majeure et on y reviendra l'Afrique subsaharienne qui est d'ailleurs soumise à des crises extrêmement diverses et convergentes C'est pas seulement la sécurité alimentaire, on en a parlé abondamment dans cette WPC le terrorisme et la sécurité, l'écoute d'état politique, le choc des prix sur l'énergie, l'inflation en général le climat, les crises climatiques, le phénomène migratoire, la pandémie, la guerre en Ukraine la dette, qui est un vrai sujet, la pauvreté, tout ça crée une situation dans laquelle C'est un des premiers messages de ma présentation, c'est qu'on ne peut pas penser la sécurité alimentaire en dehors d'un cadre général qui comprend toutes ces dimensions et on a l'habitude de raisonner un petit peu en silo, comme si on pouvait résoudre les problèmes techniquement en regardant précisément dans chaque silo ce qui se passe Très clairement, ce n'est pas possible là et on a l'occasion d'y revenir La deuxième série de graphiques porte sur le under-nourishment c'est toujours difficile de parler français avec une présentation en anglais donc les problèmes d'insuffisance nutritionnelle et là encore, en nombre de personnes qui ont touché par la sous-nutrition l'Asie sort en tête parce que c'est un des continents les plus peuplés mais en pourcentage de la population, l'Afrique subsaharienne est là encore en tête et ça montre l'ampleur de la difficulté Alors je voudrais passer un moment sur ce qu'on appelle sécurité alimentaire ça comprend trois dimensions il y a la disponibilité de la nourriture, il y a l'accès à la nourriture et il y a la qualité nutritionnelle en ce qui concerne la disponibilité cette disponibilité dépend de la capacité de production de la capacité d'avoir des stocks de réserve pour faire face au choc et puis des importations et donc là je rejoins ce qu'a dit Massimo tout à l'heure les importations, le commerce en général est une partie extrêmement importante de la disponibilité alimentaire et ça amène d'ailleurs immédiatement à parler de ce débat sur l'auto-suffisant etc qui est un faux débat dans la mesure où toutes les études qu'on peut regarder notamment sur le continent africain sur la façon de satisfaire les besoins alimentaires conduisent à l'idée, surtout dans un context où l'expansion des terres arabes est limitée par le souci de ne pas trop déboiser tout ça conduit à une impossibilité physique en quelque sorte et il y a donc besoin de penser le commerce comme étant une façon d'organiser la disponibilité alimentaire et non pas le commerce comme étant une idéologie de libre-échange pas du tout c'est un instrument de mise à disposition de quantités nécessaires à la vie et je crois qu'il faut le concevoir comme cela et concevoir les règles du commerce aussi comme cela alors quand on regarde la production simplement je vais pas tout détailler dans ce graphique c'est pour montrer la complexité et l'interaction entre différentes composantes la production elle-même dépend de la qualité des sols, du progrès technique des équipements utilisés, de l'accès aux engrais des incitations économiques et notamment du système de prix des politiques publiques qui sont menées et qui affectent ce système des prix et tout cela montre qu'on n'est pas dans une situation prédéterminée dans lequel on peut en effet faire des prévisions précises ce qu'on peut dire en revanche c'est qu'il y a un problème majeur de sous-productivité dans les pays, dans les pays africains l'autre déterminant de la production au-delà de la productivité dont je viens de parler c'est les terres arabes et là on est évidemment affecté par le souci du climat à la fois parce qu'il y a des catastrophes climatiques qui vont affecter la disponibilité des terres arabes mais aussi parce qu'étendre les terres arabes dont on pourrait penser que c'est une des solutions en Afrique but immédiatement sur le souci de considérer suffisamment de surface boisé et donc il y a une tension là qui va falloir résoudre et la résolution de cette tension est politique, elle n'est pas technique quand on parle de l'accès à la nourriture on arrive là aussi à trois éléments un élément qui est lié à la disponibilité d'infrastructures suffisantes d'accès au marché un élément qui est lié au prix, au système des prix et les prix jouent là un rôle qui est en tension d'un côté il y a besoin de prix suffisamment élevé pour soutenir l'incitation à produire de l'autre côté il y a besoin de prix suffisamment en bas pour que la nourriture soit accessible au plus grand nombre donc là on voit un des éléments aussi important qui ramène immédiatement à la politique agricole et c'est quelque chose là encore qui montre l'aspect non déterministe de cette notion de sécurité alimentaire et puis enfin il y a le choix des régimes alimentaires des diets dont Massimo a parlé tout à l'heure et en effet on ne peut faire que des hypothèses en la mesure si on revient à des diets plus raisonnables qui pourrait vouloir dire d'ailleurs en Afrique de consommer plus de viande et chez nous inversement de consommer beaucoup moins mais on voit bien que tous ces questions sont aussi très culturelles et ne vont pas évoluer de façon extrêmement rapide donc un grand nombre de composantes de ce système de sécurité alimentaire avec en toile commune la démographie le souci de maintenir la biodiversité les préoccupations liées au changement climatique la géopolitique qui affectent notamment le cadre commercial les pandémies, celles qu'on a vécues et celles qu'on peut être amenées à vivre la sécurité et le rôle des politiques publiques donc tout ça fait un système en effet extrêmement complex et ce que j'ai envie de retenir de ce système c'est le rôle essentiel de la politique en général et des politiques publiques en particulier et ça m'amène à faire un commentaire sur les politiques publiques qui est que en dépit de la reconnaissance de ce problème depuis de très nombreuses années des accords, des déclarations de Maputo des accords de Maputo je crois que c'était en 2003 ou 2004 de Malabo en 2014, me semble-t-il où les pays africains s'étaient engagés et à développer les politiques agricoles et je regarde que la représentante du NEPAD ne soit pas là parce que c'était un programme engagé sous le NEPAD et bien les pays d'Afrique sont les pays dans lesquels la production agricole est la moins protégée et on a cette espèce de paradox que dans les pays riches l'acculpture est protégée dans les pays pauvres elle est presque taxée et je crois que là ça montre l'ampleur du besoin de rétablir des politiques publiques qui sont propices au développement de la production agricole et à l'accès à l'alimentation et c'est un des enjeux, me semble-t-il, du développement et du développement africain en particulier. Alors je voudrais dire quelques mots sur la question de savoir pourquoi il faut que ça nous préoccupe et en fait c'est l'implication inverse j'ai parlé un peu de l'implication de la géopolitique sur la sécurité alimentaire je crois que en rétroaction les problèmes de sécurité alimentaire ont une dimension géopolitique majeure d'abord c'est un échec moral abject c'est intolérable de laisser sa situation se développer et je ne sais pas, j'ai pas eu le temps de commenter sur les graphiques mais vous avez peut-être pu voir que les problèmes d'accroissement de l'insécurité alimentaire prédatent le Covid donc c'est pas le Covid qui est responsable de ça c'est pas la guerre en Ukraine c'est notre incapacité pendant des décennies à contribuer à résoudre le problème et je crois qu'il ne faut pas se donner la liby de la pandémie le programme d'insécurité alimentaire dans les peons de camp et en Afrique en particulier c'est un échec collectif majeur qui est très antérieur au Covid deuxièmement, cette insécurité alimentaire elle est source d'instabilité, de crise et on est en train de parler, si on parle d'Afrique d'un continent qui est en pleine expansion démographique il y aura prochainement 2 milliards d'habitants et c'est évidemment un terreau d'insécurité et d'instabilité avec des dimensions politiques majeures d'abord des alliances très instables à la fois au sein du continent et entre le continent les pays européens et les autres et des tensions et des conflits des pressions migratoires et évidemment des sujets liés à la santé c'est ça la sécurité alimentaire donc c'est un problème global collectif et ça nous concerne également aux premiers chefs pour des raisons qui ne sont pas seulement morales alors je terminerai par quelques réflexions sur l'aide et la façon dont le nord ou l'ouest peut aider je crois qu'il y a 2 dimensions sur lesquelles je voudrais insister la première c'est la cohérence des politiques une des raisons pour lesquelles les prix alimentaires ont fortement monté c'est que nous utilisons et c'est le cas notamment aux Etats-Unis un petit peu moins en Europe mais aussi nous utilisons des céréales pour produire de l'énergie et donc il y a un effet de vase communiquant entre les prix de l'énergie et les prix d'alimentation qui sont liés au fait qu'on utilise des produits alimentaires pour produire de l'énergie alors je ne suis pas contre évidemment mais tout ça est une question d'équilibre et de compréhension de l'équilibre et donc on va pas se lamenter de la hausse des prix et puis en même temps ne pas se poser cette question de cohérence des politiques cohérence de choix entre des cultures d'exportation et des cultures vivrières cohérence de choix entre la consommation ou la production donc premier point de cohérence des politiques et puis deuxième point je terminerai là-dessus sur l'orientation des deux développeurs qui semblent être encore aujourd'hui marqués par la tentation de trouver des solutions pour les pays et bien non ça ne marche pas les solutions appartiennent au pays il faut redonner les moyens de mettre en oeuvre leurs propres solutions donc quand on parle d'aider à la formation des politiques publiques ce n'est pas la conception des politiques publiques à leur place on peut être tenté de le faire parce qu'on peut être tenté de leur éviter les erreurs que nous avons commises nous-mêmes ça ne marche pas il faut avoir la modestie de reconnaître d'abord qu'on est devant une incertitude majeure et qu'on ne sait pas et deuxièmement qu'on apprend par les erreurs et donc le rôle de l'aide devrait être de permettre au pays de se prendre en main donc j'insiste beaucoup sur la formation de capacité sur le rôle de la recherche effectuée dans les propres pays là je parle pour ma paroisse le GDN le Global Léventaire dont la mission est de développer la capacité de recherche dans les pays en développement parce que sans ça on ne facilite pas ce qu'on appelle en anglais l'honorship la capacité de prise en main des différents pays et ça me semble être une urgence y compris pour traiter le problème d'un sécurité alimentaire merci merci merci Pierre pour avoir aussi bien mis compléter la mise en perspective des défis aussi aussi sur le plan de la production et de nous avoir mis en lumière les contradictions qui peut y avoir dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique avec les problématiques des carburants verts et les questions de production pour la nutrition et si je retenais un seul point qui nous servira aussi dans les minutes qui viennent plus tard dans la conversation c'est sur ton message que tu as partagé que au fond les inégalités de production et de consommation et donc les déficits alimentaires sont une raison profonde pour les échanges et le système d'échange comme une contribution à la sécurité alimentaire ce qui n'est pas quelque chose qui est toujours perçu et qui est au coeur je crois de notre discussion puisque la question de savoir si ce système de garantie des échanges fonctionne effectivement et la clé bien entendu de sa pérennité et la clé d'une réponse durable aux problèmes que tu as échangé et donc and now let me turn to Mr. Cristar Motti with his vast experience of both policy making and academic who is going to continue touring this global issue with us. Thank you. Indonesia is considered to be one of the countries in the world who have a success story in combating food insecurity but I would like to stress that we recognize the problem back in the 60s we gain our food, relatively food security after almost 25 years in 85 and we face food insecurity again along the way of our history. So for us in Indonesia we see that food insecurity is a global problem, is dynamic and it's been with us for a while. In 2019 there is about 30% of global populations is lack access to adequate food, prevalence of moderate to severe food insecurity and even that is not include Indonesia we see that as always as a threat to our own food security. About 200 million people out that 2.3, 2.5 billion is in food crisis, it's a highly stressed and critical lack of food access with high and above usual malnutrition. Now the interesting part of this is 70% out of these 200 million is in seven countries, Congo, Afghanistan, Tuhayiti and the list of that countries remain the same for the last 20 years. So I would like to underline with a previous speaker as mentioned, we are failing to put this as an opportunity and try to solve it. The second point is COVID, the lockdown, global supply chains, disruptions, economic crisis and now the war put this problem even in the bad positions. With the lockdown and supply chains disruptions, there is also a refugee on that, 20 million people entering food crisis in just six months, almost all countries face food inflation more than 5%, regardless low, middle, high income countries, all of them experience the same thing. UK explains 17% of food inflation, Turkey 90%, just to mention a few. And the paradox of it, the policy response of government is protectionism. My country first, as been mentioned, 19, 20% as ban export, 12% sorry, 12 countries limiting food export and that make the problem even worse. And looking in the futures, this is an intermediate futures and near futures, we will face even a greater problem. The price of fertilizer and fertilizer shortage will make a higher cost of food productions and lowering productivity. And even Ukraine and that part of the world is one of the major food producers. We, I just can't imagine how, when will be the recovery, production recovery from that part of the world. So the impact of the last three years of situations is as follow, 345 million before it's 200 now become 345 million immediate danger from acute food insecurity. 820 million go bad hungry every night. Three billion entering food insecurity, basically one third of human population. So I think we need to do something more drastic than a business as usual that we already face in dealing with this problem. Not mentioning that climate change has impacted productivity and farmers ability to produce food, 30% of food productivity increase was canceled by climate change. And the next 15 years, we will have one billion, one billion people, one billion more mouths to feed. As a recommendation probably that we should strengthen global food governance. First, let's us do our utmost to resume and maintain open food trade. Build the trust again that food is not something only for business is some part of a state moral obligation. It's a part of humanity. Exclude food trade from any sanction. But in case of the war of Ukraine, maintaining at least the Black Sea grain initiative. The second, we need more investment in food system. Our colleague from FIO already laid down about so many issues that related with food systems. But at the end of the day, we need more resources to put on that system. We need more investment in technology for productions and logistics. We need more investment in climate resilience food agriculture. We need an investment to empower more human capital, especially on women in agriculture. We need to improve our agriculture infrastructures. And we need also to educate many in our part of the world knowledge and know how for food consumption, good food consumptions including reduction of loss and waste. To put on the context probably we need to broaden the global alliance on food security that been initiated by G7. And we need to do more on the practical mode of the after the recognizings clear message from G20. But that cannot be done without the involvement of private sectors and how government should empower businesses to be able to have of course a good business in food, but at the same time also solve the problem. Again, as I said, Indonesia is maybe among the few with country with high populations that relatively success in building our own food security, but as long as there is a hunger in the world, that is also a threat for our own food security. Thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Crisamburti, for this highly valuable contribution and highlighting on the same at the same time the persistence of the issues throughout the years, but also a very precise though long list of concrete proposals about how to proceed from now on. And let me just highlight it as you mentioned the lack of investment as part of the challenge that the agricultural agenda has not found its real place in public policy, both global and local in the past decades, just two numbers or two evidence of it. In Africa, for instance, public spending for agriculture is around 0.5% of the GDP, which is extraordinary low. And by the way, much lower than the proportion of GDP that OECD countries dedicated to their agriculture, which is, if I'm not mistaken, around 1.5%. But at the level of international support, ODA has also ranked agriculture as nearly the lowest item on the agenda, way lower than health, education, just to mention that, not mentioning infrastructure. So basically, we are dedicating little political attention to those issues. And this is why I'm even more happy to have with us a prestigious policymaker and a very specific one, because as I said, you're linking in your role climate change and food security, which is quite rare. I'm sure that we are going to be enlightened minister by your experience. Thank you so much. I'd like to start first by thanking World Policy Conference for having us here and talking about a very important subject. I'm sure a lot of you have heard me speaking before and linking food systems with climate change. It's a must, because as some of my fellow panelists mentioned, a third of global greenhouse gas emissions is coming from our broken food systems. I feel already much has been talked about about the situation we're in, the shocking numbers, the challenges that we have. I want to talk about solutions. I want to talk a little bit about the light at the end of the tunnel. I think the UAE is very much known for being a beacon of hope. And so I want to bring hope. We must do three things in my eyes. Countries need to plan more properly when it comes to food systems transformation. I'm going to, for every point I make, I'm going to show you a little bit of an example of what we do in the UAE. We have a national food security strategy. We have the Emirates Food Security Council that governs all the programs we're doing under the strategy to make sure we're implementing. We're also always checking internationally how we are benchmarking ourselves. So we're looking at the Global Food Security Index. And by the way, the UAE has become number one ranking in the Global Food Security Index this year for the MENA region. Why? Because we've put a lot of effort into planning, understanding, improving. There are a lot of areas which need improvement, such as R&D. We need to put more investment in R&D for innovations. And so this close back system, this feedback that we're getting is really important. So the planning is really important. Countries must plan because food security, friends, it's not just agriculture, by the way. It's food and loss, waste. It's nutrition. It's food safety. It's the way we consume. It's the way when you go to a supermarket, what you buy, what ends up in the bin, that has a huge influence on our food systems today. And most of us always think of agriculture, agriculture, but actually there's a huge part on the demand side as well. And changing and reflecting the way we are consuming, I myself, the last three, four years, because I've been involved a lot in the food system conversation, I've changed a lot about how I eat. I've tried to get my family to be influenced as well. The young generation is so much easier to influence, by the way, the elder generations, I'm still working on it. But this is what's happening in my own family and household. So now think of how to do this in a community, in a country, it's not easy. Then I think of the second point, and a lot of you mentioned this, investing in innovation. And I'm not just saying investing in innovation, but being also innovative. So the word innovation is huge. And I'll give you some examples. So we, in the past years, for example, in Abu Dhabi, we have the Abu Dhabi Investment Office under the Radhan 21 Initiative, which is an Abu Dhabi Accelerator Program. We've invested more than $150 million in ag tech companies to come attract them to the UAE, to start growing clean foods all year round in the hot arid environment that we're in. We are a water scarce country. We don't have much arable land. And with that, we must turn to innovation. And we're so proud today, when you go to the supermarkets, you see berries grown in the UAE, salmon, quinoa, vegetables of all sorts, fruits are coming up as well. And I'm sure in the very near future, we're gonna see grains being grown in closed system farms. This is gonna be a breakthrough, ladies and gentlemen, because this means we're not dependent on the climate that's happening around us. It's a closed farm where water is recycled and you don't have to use chemicals. So this kind of innovation, there must be more investments done in this. And we are doing this and there's more we need to do. And then when I talk about being innovative, we're talking about we must ensure trade is open and no restrictions. By the way, the UAE is very dependent on global food supply. 90% of our food comes from outside. But now I think of, okay, how do I not put any restrictions and protect local production, but still try to encourage local production to grow in an environment that is hard? You have to innovate. So we did something just a few weeks ago during our annual government meetings. The UAE holds every year an annual government meeting where we bring all the federal and local entities together and discuss challenges. And what we decided was government entities, the big consumers, such as the police, the armed forces, the hospital authorities, the ones that buy a lot of food and that are under the government control, they must buy locally. Let's not touch the trade. Let the trade keep going. But where you have a hands-on on your procurement and what you can buy, this is where you can encourage that a certain percentage of certain food items are bought locally. This I call innovation. Then the third point is about partnerships. I keep saying partnerships, partnership, partnerships. Let's look at an example. Bustanica is a vertical farm that is now operating in the UAE, one of the largest vertical farms in the world. This is a partnership with Emirates Catering Group, and I'm sure many of you have flown in with some of our national airlines, Emirates Airlines being one of them. You are now going to enjoy salads coming from this vertical farm. It is now more commercially viable and more profitable for Emirates Catering Group to get their greens, microgreens, lettuce, salads from these vertical farms here in the UAE than importing them. So the business model is changing. This is a partnership between Emirates Catering Group and Crop One. This is a company from the US. We also have a lot of ag tech companies in the UAE that were supported because we're really supporting the ag tech ecosystem. They're now going out to Singapore, for example, to try and build the ecosystem there because we're now basically trying to showcase or showing technologies from the UAE from a hot arid climate on how technologies work in this space to other countries that are facing the same challenges. So these are the three key areas. Plan, innovation, investing or being creative and innovative and partnerships. This, for me, is what countries must look into. It's so important that also during the COP 28, by the way, as much as people are talking about the energy and the just energy transition, food systems transformation must also be on center stage with the energy transformation discussions. It's really important. And this is what we're doing because the UAE is really taking COP 28 as a country effort. We're all trying to put everything together because everything is interlinked, water, energy, food, waste. It's all interlinked together and we're really making sure and hopefully we see many of you there as well next year at COP 28 where we're really linking all this together and showcasing projects and solutions that are working. Remember friends, things need to be easy. Every country has different challenges. Every country has certain resources that others don't. So that's why it's so complex the way it is. And by the way, solutions are there. You will be surprised at how many innovations and solutions there are that can really fix the broken systems we're in today. We have to do the matchmaking. We have to have the discussions. We have to have partnerships like Aim for Sea is another one that we're very proud of. The UAE and the US have spearheaded the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate. We have about 275 partners on board, more than 8 billion US dollars of commitments into this, into this food systems transformation. So we need to see a lot more of these things happening. Thank you. No, well, thank you very much, minister, for having so brilliantly introduced us to how you, in such a structured way, you addressed the challenge of having to import most of your food and working on that with this extremely structured policy around planning, innovation, partnerships, which I think is very inspiring. While you were speaking, you also addressed the issue of demand. And in Danone, my colleagues have a very strong policy around saying the best way you can change as people the world is by changing the way you eat. Of course, I think they have the products that can help you changing the world, but there's something very true about it. And many of our responses are there. But innovation, as you so rightly said, is also something that is often underestimated. And just briefly sharing with you that even in the poorest African countries, incredible innovations are taking place. We are funding with my shop in Senegal, a wonderful startup on baby nutrition using only local products. We are funding in Burkina Faso, another startup which is using and raising worms for protein production, completely changing the way a poor country can access protein. So many things, in Kenya, we are funding vertical agriculture, which is also one of the ways one can completely change the issue of land availability. So many things are taking place that can also provide up. And thank you very much for having sent this signal of hope. So we have a few more minutes to address this issue. I can see a few hands being raised. And so let me, I have three on that side of the room. So I have a lady in white just ahead of me, Mr. Pogam just behind him. And a lady in red, my side, and a gentleman with whom I don't see very well, also on the extreme lay, right? So please, madam, let's do start. Daniel Khatib, I want to ask, there is one issue that was not high. Thank you for the speaker, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful interventions. I have one issue that none of you has touched, maybe lightly you touched about, is food security in area of conflict. And I want to give you Syria, for example. Syria in Madaya, which was under siege, children were dying because they were, have no access to food, were 10 minutes away in Zabadani, the farmer were throwing the vegetables and the fruit because they didn't have a way to sell them. And now, for example, in Syria, we have every six months the renewal of Babelhaw, which is the only crossing, which is, and we don't know maybe after in February, the Russian will say, no, we don't want to renew it. So, I mean, there is a lot of issue and I work a lot of issue of resilience. And this is where comes the sustainable agriculture, where sustainable agriculture, which is diversifies and needs minimum maintenance and can increase the resilience of local community. Can anyone of the speakers give me, for example, like in Syria, how can we, and is there, I mean, does, for example, food organization, you and food, did they think about that, promoting sustainable agriculture in these areas and areas of conflict where there is no freedom of movement of goods and people? Thank you very much. Thank you so much. As for the other panels, we are going to take all the questions so that you can very freely react. So, Mr Pogam, yes, here. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Merci beaucoup au panel pour les excédents d'intervention. Un commentaire et une question. Le commentaire, d'abord, c'est que le problème posé est du point de vue, est un problème classique de théorie des jeux, c'est-à-dire que tous les pays ont le, sur le commerce. Tous les pays ont le droit de protéger leurs ressources et leurs populations, enfermant leurs exportations. Mais aucun pays n'a intérêt à le faire parce que si on coupe le commerce, on aggrave le problème. On a rencontré ça au début du Covid et on a rencontré ça au début de la crise alimentaire. Comment le système international a réagi? Je dirais en progrès, mais doit mieux faire. Il n'a pas mal réagi au sens où on a eu 3 ou 4 résultats multilatéraux qui ont permis un fonctionnement à peu près normal du système. Le premier, les ministres du commerce se sont engagés à la modération dans l'utilisation des restrictions aux exportations. Cette modération n'est pas totale, mais c'est traduit dans l'effet par une diminution du nombre de mesures qu'on a observé à l'OMC. Il y en avait 78 au début de la crise en février. Il y en a plus que 50. Ça n'est pas satisfaisant, mais c'est plus équilibré. Deuxièmement, ils ont éliminé toutes les restrictions aux exportations sur les achats du programme alimentaire mondial, ce qui est un des éléments d'intervention important. Troisièmement, le secrétaire général des Nations a obtenu cet accord sur l'extraction, la sécurisation de la sortie du blé et des autres grains de la mer noire. Quatrièmement, le FMI a mis en place, sur la proposition de la FAO, je crois, une facilité de financement des importations pour les pays en situation de tension sur la balance des paiements. On a eu une réaction collective qui est plutôt, qui va dans le sens de la circulation. Les résultats en termes de tensions sur les prix, je parle sous le contrôle de Maxime Motorero, sont plutôt meilleurs. Il y a six mois, on était à un tiers au-dessus de les dernières. Aujourd'hui, on est plus qu'à 20%. Et donc, il faut continuer. Et c'est là la question que je voudrais adresser au panel. C'est quelles sont les priorités que vous identifiez pour les six mois à un an pour maintenir cette dynamique de coopération qui permettra de contribuer à résoudre cette crise alimentaire. Évidemment, nous, on va le faire au niveau de l'OMC sur la transparence et le maintien de l'ouverture des marchés autant qu'on pourra le faire. Toutes doivent y contribuer. Je vous remercie. Merci beaucoup Jean-Marie. Une petite note de bas-de-page. Je suis étonné, finalement, être expliquant qu'aucun de nous n'est cité le programme alimentaire mondial qui est supposé être l'organisation qui assure le filet de sécurité ultime en matière de sécurité. La dame en rouge, voilà, vous êtes à côté d'elle. Oui, bonjour. Je suis Carrie Helford-E. Hardy. Et la question que j'ai, as several of the panelists have mentioned, of course, the necessity for increasing food production while reducing environmental impact. And we have to couple that with evidence-based policymaking with regards to new breeding technologies and genetically modified organisms as well as towards phytosanitary products. And so if the panel could also address how you can reconcile that with some of the decisions that have been made in other places around the world that do not address, for example, the question of climate impact in Africa on things like banana wilt and not being allowed to use those new and innovative agricultural processes and products. Thank you. Very hot issue. Thank you so much. And last but not least, my extreme right. Merci, merci pour la densité de la présentation du panel. La question de la sécurité alimentaire en Afrique, de façon générale en Afrique de l'Ouest, de façon particulière dans le Sahel, est bien préoccupante. Vous en avez parlé. Il y a, nous avons parlé de la question des matières premières critiques. Mais il y a une question préjudicielle que nous devons régler. La question de la lutte contre le terrorisme. Parce que qu'est-ce qui se passe sur le terrain? Quand les terroristes arrivent avec leurs armes et leurs folies meurtrières, ils saisissent les bétails des élevés et en disposent comme ils veulent. Dans les zones d'agriculture, ils préviennent les occupants de terre cultivables et leur dit, dans 48 heures, nous serons chevaux. Cela provoque de vagues de déplacements internes. Moi, j'ai visité beaucoup de camps de déplacés internes. C'est une crise humanitaire importante qui se prépare. C'est peut-être en Afrique de l'Ouest, dans le Sahel aujourd'hui, mais après la guerre de l'Ukraine. Je crois que nous aurons la même chose en Europe. Il faut régler, absolument, la question préjudicielle de la lutte contre le terrorisme. Merci beaucoup. Merci sur ce coup de projecteur. C'est très important sur une région particulièrement critique aujourd'hui. Je vois que j'ai une demande de Philippe Chalmain et puis on va arrêter là parce que, malheureusement, pour donner quelques minutes à chacun des panhédistes. Philippe, brièvement. Très brièvement. Je crois que ce qui est quand même important, c'était la distinction entre politique agricole et politique alimentaire. Et il me semble que c'est au cœur de tous les problèmes, notamment africains. Les agriculteurs, je veux bien qu'on les aide, qu'on leur apprenne de nouvelles technologies. La meilleure aide qu'on peut leur offrir, c'est la carotte de prix garantie, stable et rénumérateur. C'était, souvenez-vous-en, d'ailleurs, le modèle d'une région qui longtemps fut dépendante alimentairement, qui s'appelait l'Europe. Et on a eu la politique agricole commune. Le problème, c'est qu'à l'époque, les consommateurs européens pouvaient payer. Le souci, dans la plupart des pays touchés aujourd'hui, c'est que les consommateurs n'ont pas les moyens de payer, qu'il n'y a pas beaucoup de contribuables pour financer, et qu'au contraire, le souci des gouvernants, souvent élus plus ou moins démocratiquement, c'est de maintenir des prix alimentaires bas dans les zones urbaines, celles qui peuvent faire des révolutions. Et à ma connaissance, il n'y a qu'un pays qui a résolu la dualité politique agricole politique alimentaire, c'est l'Inde. Et personne n'en parle. Mais politiques agricoles indiennes, les prix de garantie sont suffisamment élevés, politiques alimentaires indiennes, les prix aux consommateurs sont suffisamment bas. Alors comment peut-on, et comment pouvez-vous imaginer, sortir de cela? Et quand, je ne sais pas si c'est Pierre qui disait qu'il faut laisser les gens se débrouiller eux-mêmes, est-ce que l'on ne pourrait pas quand même imaginer financer de véritables politiques agricoles? Parce que quand les prix sont bas, les agriculteurs ne font pas de révolutions. Mais quand le prix du pain est élevé, là, on a des émeutes de la fin. Merci Philippe. Of course, this explains in part the arrival of the India on the market of agricultural exportation. And also it explains the policies of non-protection that was denounced earlier, I believe, Pierre, agricultural production in Africa, and even sometimes subvention of imports that we see in many countries. So we have two minutes for each speaker, sorry. I'm going to react to the questions that they want, in the order they want. It's their choice's privilege. And if it goes well, I'll start with you, Minister, to give any reaction you would like to those questions. OK, I'll start first with the first question that we got. This again comes to partnerships. I'm going to give you an example of some things that the UAE has done. And this was also in collaboration with the FAO and Massimo as well as also today. We did, for example, projects with Liberia. So this was UAE, Liberia, and the FAO, and we helped Liberian women in adopting to some technologies and providing them with some solar panels to be able to farm in their communities. What you say is so important because we want to make sure that people can also ensure that they're being able to produce where they are and not create this movement that's really accentuating, again, the difficulties that we're in. So what's really important is that even we're looking at innovations, we need to look at, so vertical farming is extreme high CAPEX costs, but there are low-tech things that can be done. And this is where research and development comes in. We have, for example, the International Center for Bio Salon Agriculture, known as ICBA. ICBA is here in the UAE now since 22 years. The UAE is also a donor to ICBA, and they are looking at low-tech solutions for marginal environments. So what can be done in marginal environments to produce crops, to produce fodder for livestock, et cetera? And this knowledge is then being taken to the developing countries and to those in-conflict areas where we need to help them. As you may know, UAE is also one of the top countries in the world when it comes to ODA, when it comes to humanitarian work. We work very closely with the World Food Program. What we do realize often, of course, there are, you need to classify a certain immediate need when they need food, they need food. But when you're looking at medium to long-term, you need to look at what technologies, what tools can you give these communities so that they can grow, they can make money, and they can start developing their economies or their mini-economies. It's so important because when you see conflict areas, it really comes down to mostly food. When people don't know where their next meal is gonna be, this is dangerous. And so it's really important that we give them that peace of mind that you will always have food. Here you go, this is how you can grow it. These are the tools you have, it will support you. And what's important is the youth here as well to get them excited about this as well, to get them to think around how they can make money from this and have a future in this as well. So I cannot say more than, yes, more needs to be done in this. I can only talk about what we do in the UAE, what other countries are doing. I cannot talk on their behalf, but yes, more needs to be done in sharing technologies and innovation where the low-tech, medium-tech, high-tech to help countries or communities that are in conflict areas all the way up to even developing or developed countries, they have food deserts, they have food insecurity areas, even those need to be supported as well. And then just remembering some of the questions I know we had about India as well. Again, I cannot talk on behalf of other countries, but with the UAE in India, the gentleman here in the front, we have, for example, we've created the UAE India Corridor. Why? Because we also realize India is a huge food producer, but the UAE is a great hub with a great network to be able to deliver food to the world. We have storage systems, we have the logistics infrastructure, so we need to create more of these food corridors to be able to bring food to the places in need. So with that, I'll stop there. Thanks, Minister. Mr. Krishnamurti, please. Yes, I think we have to say it out loud that conflict and war is the eminent and most severe threat to food insecurity. We, conflict and war is not a normal situation. Then we have to do it, to tackle it. First is to abolish the conflict and the war itself, right? But if we have to do something with it, and again, humanitarian program is, I think, very important, and things that has been said by the His Excellency Ministers, small but real in the field, helping them with their own situations. I think that is the only way. On the organizations, I think that's why the global governance becoming very important. If we look around in the world, world food program, yeah, they are very good, but that's for humanitarian, not for trade, not for building business. FAO, probably they are very strong in production side, some of the consumptions, but not the trade. WTO, they handle some of the trade issues, but they are taking too long in their deliberations, dispute settlement and so forth. So, probably we need to have, again, it's been mentioned again and again in this conference, a global food governance. I don't know what, and I don't know what in what form, maybe something that, you know, enlarging that has been done by UI, just do the real things, and not only in the level of policies, scaling up what has been an example, a very good example, and that is something that we need in the world. GMO, I think that's one of key issues related to the technologies, and we learn a lot in the last 30, 40 years, and there are countries that are already embracing it, and some countries are still against it, and that is, I think, more on a political science arena to have the discussions, but I think, to be very honest, the reality is that genetic technology is one of the key to solve many problems that we face in food security. Last but not least, to come with the model, I think that is something very interesting, but we need also to be very careful, because as the Excellency Minister said, every country, every territory, have their own challenges, and so they need to have their own model, and if we recognize that, and I think we will see and have given appreciation to many models of the world in many countries. Thanks very much, Pierre. Merci, je n'ai pas grand chose à ajouter à ce que je parle du micro, merci. Je n'ai pas grand chose à ajouter à ce que je viens de dire le poseur Christian Mouty. Je partage, ce qu'il a dit, à la fois sur l'importance des nouvelles technologies, et on retrouve dans le domaine agricole le même type de débat que celui qu'on a dans bien d'autres domaines, que ce soit l'énergie ou d'autres, sur l'acceptation du profit technique et ses implications. Je crois que rien ne peut remplacer le débat, le débat sociétal sur ces questions, et je partage, en tant qu'ingénieur notamment, la conviction que le profit technique a un rôle majeur à jouer, pas unique, ce n'est pas une solution miracle, mais simplement dans les différentes approches à étudier. Mais il faut convaincre le reste de la population, et donc ça nécessite des débats totalement ouverts sur la nature du profit technique, ses implications, qu'on traite les questions comme elles se posent. Sur les conflits aussi, je partage ce qui a dit mon voisin, parce que je pense que si je reviens aux critères que mentionnait madame la ministre sur les éléments de socle d'une politique agricole réussie, les pays à conflit ne sont pas des zones dans lesquelles on peut facilement planifier ou mettre en place une bonne gouvernance. Ce qui veut dire que dans la période intérimaire, on n'a peu d'autre choix que de penser de l'aide humanitaire. Et peut-être au-delà de l'aide humanitaire, l'aide, qu'on pourrait appeler grassroots, c'est-à-dire l'aide de petites tailles à des fermiers individuels, parce qu'il y a encore de l'innovation, il y a encore de la capacité de réaction à ce niveau-là. Encore faut-il pouvoir intervenir à ce niveau-là. Je terminerai par la remarque de Philippe Chemin. D'abord, je n'ai jamais voulu dire qu'il fallait laisser les gens se débrouiller par eux-mêmes, pas du tout. Ce que j'ai voulu dire, c'est qu'il ne faut pas prétendre leur apporter les solutions à leur place, mais leur donner les moyens de trouver les solutions, y compris les moyens financiers. Oui, c'est une responsabilité collective majeure. En revanche, je partage ce qu'il a dit sur le rôle des prix, ou le rôle de l'assurance agricole d'ailleurs, parce que c'est un peu le même type d'idée. Et là, je crois qu'il y a vraiment un boulevard pour l'innovation. C'est-à-dire qu'on est encore en train de penser assurance agricole avec tous les problèmes qu'il y a derrière, qui est la capacité des gens et des fermiers à accepter de s'assurer avant que le risque se produise. Peu de gens sont capables de faire ça. C'est-à-dire pour ça que dans nos pays développés, l'assurance est souvent obligatoire. Et en revanche, on pourrait imaginer des partenariats publics privés en quelque sorte dans lesquels les banques financent et le remboursement ne sera demandé qu'en cas d'évolution fabrable de la nature, par exemple. Ces questions-là sont aujourd'hui très peu étudiées. Et encore une fois, c'est un boulevard pour l'innovation financière. Et je crois qu'il y a là vraiment des possibilités d'innovation tout à fait majeures. Mais oui, la politique agricole, elle consiste à protéger les producteurs parce que l'agriculture est une activité profondément incertaine, soumise à des tas d'aléas non contrôlables. Et donc, voilà, le marché tout seul ne répond pas à la question. Mr... Sorry, Mr. Torreau-Colin. You have not the exact final word, as we shall see. But please go ahead. No, no, no, that's okay. Let me answer some of the questions directly. First, if we look at the key drivers of food insecurity historically, first is conflict. Now we are at the war because of the war in Ukraine. Second is slowdowns and downpours, which COVID-19 plays through it. Third is climate and climate variability, but that's today. But the combination of them are the ones that create the biggest challenge. Now, to improve resilience to those, we need to have at least three elements. One is early warning tools with predictive power that we can help companies to alert them, absorption capacity, and here is the toolbox that Marianne was talking. We need a toolbox that can adjust to situations that we know will happen. Most of the companies have been there historically. So we need to have that set of toolbox that will allow these producers to shrink and expand, depending on the challenges they will face. And then we need to reduce inequalities to be able to build back better. But in this context, if we look at what is happening today in the short term, we have a food import bill that has increased to $2 trillion. That's an increase in $180 billion. And the 62 most vulnerable countries are paying $25 billion more for their food because of prices and because of exchange rate. And ring the bell, where is the exchange rate problem coming from mistakes from the north? So we need to be careful here because they have to increase interest rate because they supply too much food. That's affecting the exchange rate. That's increasing the import bill substantially. The same is happening with inputs. A huge increase in the cost of inputs. And again, on fertilizers, and that will have a consequence on seeds. Third, I think it's important the issue of trade. It's central, the issue of trade. But we have specialized agencies working on trade. And it's not a simple issue, it's a very complex issue. But we need to bring more evidence and transparency and that's what Amis does to assure that we facilitate the mobility of goods. But if we don't move goods today, we will have a problem. But it's not only global trade, it's also intra-regional trade. How we accelerate the African trade mechanism so that it's also accelerated. Today, most of the fertilizers in Africa produced by Rangote plant in Nigeria, 95.5% are ready to South America, not to Africa. So Africa doesn't have a problem of source of fertilizers. Most of them are going out of Africa because of trade problems within Africa and logistical and access issues also. So let me just finalize on something which I think is important. Solutions has to be led by countries and by regions where there is economies of scale. Africa is a good example of institutionality with a kind of framework. I think what UAE has done is great. But it needs to be led by countries. We cannot impose more institutionality over it. I think that would be a huge mistake. We have to make agencies accountable. And that's what will make them work properly in the roles that they have today. But complicating more, the global system will be a mistake on my view. And I think we need to let countries and regions to accelerate and help them with technical capacities and information and technologies. And that's where innovation and technology is central. And I think the question of technology is important. And we cannot run from it. We need new technologies, not only digital, but also new biotechnologies, the gene editing and so on and so forward. But we need to bring evidence and solutions and to bring information so that countries can make better decisions. Thank you. Thank you very much, Dr. Rokolin, especially for making this very important link that we did not mention between interest rates, exchange rates, cost of imports, which is playing a huge role in the current situation. I have been told that our prestigious friend, Lionel Zassou, had asked for the floor, which I didn't notice. So I apologize for that. And so if you wish, before we close our workshop, please, Lionel, you have the floor for what you had to share with us. Two minutes, Mr. President. And thank you very much. In fact, I think you had an African guest who was in charge of the NEPAD and who couldn't be present. So maybe you can give African color to your debate. I thank you very much for your debate. But 80% of the most intense phenomena of malnutrition, subnutrition and food insecurity concern the African continent. And I just wanted to remind you of a number of simple parameters. Mr. President, you said at one point that the funding for public health development had dropped a lot on agriculture. And it's true that there was a time when, in Mexico, in India, in Indonesia, in China, there was a very important financing of green revolutions. This has really decreased after the 1980s. And the financial dimension is important beyond public health development. One of the things that, in my experience with the government, has struck me the most is to turn to the national director of the central bank and ask him about the allocation of credit to the economy of a country where 50% of the active population is employed in agriculture. And where agriculture represents 28% of the GDP. And in that, we are close to the subsaharian average. What is the allocation of credit to the economy that goes to agriculture? The answer is 2%. So there is a phenomenon of public health development that is much more important than our financial system. However, it is found that agriculture, I am talking about the control of the F.A.O. economic leader, is one of the sectors with the energy and water at the most high capital coefficient, containing relatively low value of the finished product before transformation. So it is the most capitalistic activity, unlike the intuition that is not the transformation industry. And as it is also the main one in Africa, consumers of energy and water, which are the other hyper-capitalistic sectors, despite all the financial problems of agriculture to ensure food security that is absolutely not treated in the same way in Asia, in the same way in Latin America, there is still an African specificity on the need for capital, clean funds and credit. We have said very impressive things on the agriculture of emirates. And you have made the illusion of agriculture without soil, without the vertical agriculture in Kenya. And in fact, we can actually greatly increase the space we can mobilize to reduce food insecurity. But it is first of all capital. And in the area of arid or semi-arid, in the ecosystems of emirates, we have, in the Sahelian area, Saharien and the other deserts, we have exactly the same space, the same ecosystem, we do not have at all the same capital. That is to say, we are totally in a situation where the financing is key. That's it, I wanted to say that. It is an element of local color. But I think that because we are a little Asian and a little European in this panel, the capital did not exist. It is unfortunately the most capitalistic activity of all. Thank you. Thank you very much, Lionel, for these precious remarks and all quite exact. And without extending our debates, I would say that to re-bond the question that Jean-Marie asked, in a general way, this mobilization around production such as consumption in agricultural matter, and the elevation of its priority in public debate is undoubtedly one of the contributions that the OMC could make in a particularly useful way in a moment where we need to change priorities. Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends, I think you will make sure around the fact that my colleagues in the panel have done a great job, but also the room, which has greatly contributed. And before you ask to applaud them, I would also like to thank you for asking you to address a more particular address to Mrs. Moéry, who has not only greatly contributed to our panel and helped to change dimensions, but also will have the heavy burden in charge of driving the path of the Arab Emirates towards the conference on climate, the next COP. And I think we will give her a very good chance for this major event that will need their leadership. And I ask you to applaud them, unfortunately.