 from both of them. So, this is the schematic of what we have done about it. So, we have conjugated the infrared dye 800CW which is the fluorescent dye and desferol. Now, desferol is another chelator which would chelate zirconium which would be our positron emitter for pet on to TRC-105 which is our type of targeting ligand and on to a controlled antibody and then we again inject like incubated this with the hubase which express CD105 over express CD105 and carried out microscopy and FATS analysis. After that, it was then labeled with zirconium 89 which is radium nuclei with a half-life of about 78.4 hours and then this was injected into mice and we carried out and we work pet and optical imaging and then the mice were sacrificed after about 48 hours and the organs were harvested and they were then again imaged with pet and optical scanners and also the pet data was like was validated using a gamma counter to perform my distribution studies. So, for conjugating the dye desferol for chelating zirconium, you can see this here is the antibody and this here is desferol and it has been functionalized with this chemical group SCN benzoil SCN and that so that it could easily catch on to pet and this desferol is on to pet or directly to the antibody sorry to the antibody sorry and so this antibody has NH2 group some the lysine amino acid would have NH2 group and here so there will be a reaction between the NH2 group and the S of SCN and this is how desferol would be conjugated on to the antibody and then at pH had a particular pH we had zirconium and zirconium here would be collated by the oxygen atoms and it would fit into the cavity. So, this was then again injected into mice and the this is what we get for the images. So, this is the antibody is labeled with zirconium and 800 CW while this is the control antibody and we can see that there is a very high tumor update in case of PRC105 whereas the control antibody already shows any update. So, and this was done after 24 hour time point and so we saw that PRC105 could be labeled easily with radian EPI and fluorescent dye and this would not affect its antigen binding affinity and we also observed specific and prominent tumor update with pet and optical imaging and these are just pilot studies in these again we would try to like vary the ratios for desferol and the dye and I have actually in the morning I talked to a person here and he also suggested a different dye for this called phytochrome which would which is more towards the NIR range which is the which has some like the emission is around 900 nanometers. So, it would be a good idea that we can label it with a different fluorescent dye which would be more into the which would show like a better tumor penetration ability and less of absorbance in the tissues and so this I guess is all and so I would like to thank the Kaila Dr. Vibhukai for hosting me our Yunnan and Yen for being so patient and forthcoming with all my questions and Kurana program funding agencies DBT, IUS SCF and University of Wisconsin Madison, Dr. Haseem Ansari and Dr. Ken Shapiro and Sharon and Emily, Johanna and my friends. Thank you. Happy to take any questions. So, with the graphene sheet how do you decide how big it is going to be, how do you control these dimensions? So, actually we did not make the graphene sheet, we purchased it from different lab I guess, but I think it is like if we provide different chemical conditions especially if we vary the pH I guess we can we can control the size. I am not very sure. And what size do you think would be optimal? I mean if you have done. So, it should be actually as small as possible so that it could move through the body So, what we use was around 10 to 15 nanometers but because we see nano material would be like even if it has nano dimension in one in one dimension it would be called nano material but if we have a very large sheet from repeat it is not going to be of any use. So, the sizes that we use were 10 to 15 nanometers but I am not very sure on the shape synthesis of graphene. But we are using graphene outside, graphene outside so it has like hydroxyl and carboxyl groups attached to it. So, why do you use a hydrophobic scaffold to make something that is very hydrophilic? You have pet linkers or other things attached to it that make it very hydrophilic. Why would you do that? Why do you start with a hydrophilic scaffold? So, the thing is that we buy it like a hydrophilic scaffold what would you need? Sir, definitely why don't you start with pet and decorate it with the same graphene? Graphene because it would have a very large surface area. So, you can attach a lot of moieties onto it like I have explained before many different imaging modalities either for the same you know like different imaging tracers either for the same modality or even for different modalities. This thing would not be possible with pet which is... Let me join the questions. Thank you for commenting on those. So, the graphene, it's very hydrophobic. The reason why we use this is in the last conclusion that it's potentially for image quality drug delivery because a lot of times people can... Most of the chemotherapy drugs are very hydrophobic. They are also aromatic. So, there's some pipeline stacking going on that you can load it with much higher efficiency than when you load it as a chemical method. So, we are not really trying to develop a new tracer in cancer. We are trying to develop a new platform for potential loading many different chemotherapy drugs. That's kind of one of the major problems. This is a good aggregated foam. Well, those... The graphene has a very long peg on it. Like probably 5,000, 5,000, 10,000 mW polyethylene icon. And that's from one of the collaborators who's really one of the experts in making those graphene. So, it's about 10, 15, 20 nanometers based on AFM. It's very homogenous. So, it's... Of course, they're not exactly the same size, but they look very good based on atomic cross microscopy images. If you were to put ligands on graphene of cell receptors, could it undergo receptor-mediated endosciences? That... Yes, it should. But the thing is... So... I mean, if we would ligand to it, which would... Which would recognize the receptor, and which would allow it to get inside it, then there won't be any problem because it can easily cross the cell membrane's graphene. But as... If you just do recognize a particular... I'm not really sure. So, does graphene pass through cells? Yeah, so it can... I know myself it doesn't. But if it's like... If it's a transmembrane protein, or if it's a protein which would help it to get through it, then it can... Maybe if it provides support of a channel to pass through? So basically it doesn't get through... Yeah, I think it definitely is something ligand to carry through. Or you can have some cell transporter, like I say, that's what you mentioned in one of the introductions, saying that you can incorporate some cell-connected peptides to bypass certain biological barriers, and so we can do some of the other peptides. But in this case, we didn't. If you don't bypass anybody yourself, it's entirely antibody. So it binds to C1, C5, and eventually... Alright, that does take a little while. Yeah. You guys have a really comment to hold. Thanks.