 really excited to share with you our work today on heavy-duty electric vehicles which I see is really the next frontier for electrification. So just on this title slide this is the port of Oakland just up the way our offices about a mile or so from the port of Oakland and ports represent one one area that electrification is particularly well suited for. So just a quick outline of what I'm going to talk about today just a little background on the Union of Concerned Scientists, the need for electric trucks, the state of electric truck and bus technology, where we can electrify and how do we get there. So first Union of Concerned Scientists founded in 1969 on the campus of MIT by a group of grad students and professors and so this was Vietnam era our first concern so to speak was the nuclear weapons research industry so to speak. Funding from the government going to nuclear weapons research and we our founders thought that there were better ways to spend federal funding and to put science to good work. One of our founders, Professor Henry Kendall from MIT won Nobel Prize in 1990 for discovering with the team of other folks the internal structure of the atom what what makes up protons and neutrons a quirk if you've heard of the quirk. So we've had a deep scientific underpinning from from the get-go and what we do today we've continued our research and our work on nuclear weapons so here's a fact sheet on the United States the president has a unique authority for kind of a single button authority to launch a nuclear weapons this is something that we continue to work on we work a lot on climate change this is a report that came out last year documenting sea level rise and what we're seeing already today with interesting or not interesting but sad or profound implications for even the Bay Area we do a lot especially in today's political climate I'll be nice on protecting the integrity of science so giving federal scientists the authority to do their science and not be constrained by by politics this is a report my colleagues put out on the Trump administration's sidelining of science advisory committees we also do a lot of work on food and the environment and a lot on vehicles and this is where I fit in at UCS so clean vehicles is a big part of our work and we've been doing this work in California for about 25 years so our tagline is science for a healthy planet and safer world and my shorter tagline I tell people is we work on science-informed policy so we do technical analysis ourselves and we use that technical analysis and analyses of others to inform policy positions particularly the state and federal level a little bit local but particularly state and federal alright so the need for electric trucks and buses so trucks in California may not be a little interactive any guess on what fraction of the vehicle population trucks make up out of all vehicles so raise your hand if you think it's more than 15 15% more less than 15% it's about 7% what about the contribution to climate change from from the transportation sector so the transportation sector overall is about 37% of California's GHGs so if trucks are 7% of the vehicles what fraction of the vehicle GHGs more than 20% is 20% so disproportionate impact and the same can be said about NOx so NOx is nitrogen oxides or oxides of nitrogen these are the smog forming precursors so NOx reacts with you know photochemical reaction with sunlight and other stuff in the air to form smog California has really bad smog and NOx and ozone is also synonymous with smog really bad smog problems and so this is statewide so trucks 7% of the vehicles contribute a third of all statewide NOx pollution not just from transportation all sectors statewide diesel particulate matter so particulate matter is you know the fine particles that come out of the exhaust of a vehicle p.m. 2.5 you probably heard of p.m. 10 that's the size of the particles these are particles that are bad to breathe diesel particulate matter is particularly bad because it has other stuff adsorbed onto the surface bad stuff that is the result of the incomplete combustion of the fuels so trucks and buses heavy-duty vehicles contribute a large fraction of diesel particulate matter in the state and maybe just to put some of this in context a little more just in the context of the United States this is global warming emissions from three different sectors the pink is the electricity sector green is the transportation sector and just for sense of scale industrial sector these are the three big ones and you may have heard in the news within the last year that the transportation sector nationally passed the electric power sector as a largest contributor to global warming emissions in the United States so transportation is something we really need to to pay attention to this trend has been true in California for since the 1990s transportation has been the largest source of GHG emissions in California for many years this is California's GHG emissions by fuel type going back to 2000 and so you know you see we've decreased a little bit we're making some progress but I just want to put this in context of where we need to get and so we have a state law that says we need to reduce we need to get back to 1990 levels by 2020 so we're kind of close to that we have another state law that was passed I guess a year ago that we need to get to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 that's a much steeper target and we have an executive order from Governor Schwarzenegger where we need to get to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 so these are these are big goals and it's going to take a lot of work to get there just to pull out a little bit of the information from that previous slide looking at where our GHG emissions are coming by fuel type we often look at it by sector but if we look at it by fuel type I find it a little illuminating my guess green is gasoline my guess is that gasoline would have been the highest by far just because transportation is so high if you combine you know gasoline and diesel it is the highest a surprise to me in looking at this just as an aside is how big a contribution natural gas contributes to the statewide global warming emissions so definitely a sector that other colleagues at UCS are trying to tackle and then coal we don't have much coal in California or we don't import electricity that is generated from coal by 2025 will have no imports of electricity from coal so we're doing we're doing good on that really just to drive home the state of affairs on the pollution side this is the American Lung Association just last week every year in April they come out with a list of the most polluted cities they also have a list of clean cities so it's not you know just the negative report this is the most recent state of the air as they call the report and you can see that California is not doing good top seven of the eight of the top ten in by ozone also bad and year-round particulate matter and short-term particular particulate matter and so and you know call attention to that the Bay Area we're not immune to poor air we think of LA and the Central Valley and they certainly are the worst there they're so bad they're out of compliance with air standards for many decades ago the way that air standards work as you once the standard takes effect you have decades to comply and LA and the Central Valley are coming up on those decades of compliance periods where if they don't get their air quality below certain levels the federal government would do something supposedly I don't know what that would look like in this administration but it's it's a bad it's a bad state of affairs down there and you know we've certainly come a long way in terms of air quality compared to where we were in you know 60s 70s in LA but there's a lot of science showing that the levels today are still unhealthy also want to emphasize the point that on the air quality side not all people are impacted the same so this is a map of a portion of LA this is the San Pedro Bay where the ports of LA are just for reference this is downtown LA and these these maps show low-income population the minority population and concentrations of diesel particulate matter and just graphically you can see that there's a high level of overlap it may not surprise you but there are disproportionate effects for low-income people and people of color on air quality most likely to live near busy roads near warehouses where trucks are coming in and out near the port near the refineries etc and so this motivates a lot of our work and maybe just to put a cap on that we work with a lot of groups across the state smaller groups community-based groups to help them you know give them our scientific expertise on issues they're working on we put together a video I won't show it just documenting some of the experiences that folks across California experienced day-to-day you know living next to very close to proximity freeways etc next so state of technology where we at and so I'll start my talks about trucks and buses that I want to emphasize where we're at today with trucks and buses is in large part where we're at with light duty vehicles we've come incredible far far away in just a few years that I think exceed the expectations of many people we still have a long ways to go so a couple numbers just on the light duty side California is by far the leader of electric vehicle sales in the United States we have about half of all electric vehicles in California this region of California the San Jose South Bay Mountain View Palo Alto area is actually a leader amongst California about 9% of vehicle sales in this region are electric vehicles so y'all are doing quite well down here and so I show these light duty cars this was just on my walk I live in Berkeley this is just my short little walk to Bart last week and just in my neighborhood personally I'm seeing a lot more vehicles electric vehicles just parked in the neighborhood parked at the Bart station and from all makes a model so you know it's not just Tesla I see a ton of these Chevy bolts this is the Toyota's fuel cell car the Marai which you know fuel cells are used to be what people thought would be the future and battery technology kind of leapfrogged that in a lot of ways that Toyota is still investing in fuel cells so just interesting that we're seeing these two they're hitting hitting the roads so a lot of what is happening in light duty space battery costs coming down dramatically is driving what we're seeing in the heavy duty space and so what so what is that so one of the beach heads so to speak of electric vehicle technology in the heavy duty sector are transit buses and so I know you all on campus here have a nice little fleet of electric transit bus I think 20 think campus has 20 electric buses which is absolutely great that's one of the bigger fleets across the state you see all should be extremely proud of that having 20 buses a big deal this is a bus down in Southern California foothill transit they're one of the leaders in the state they trans they plan on transitioning their entire fleet to all electric by 2030 so they're in that process they have about 30 buses right now any guesses on the range of this vehicle say 150 miles below a lot of people think 150 miles or more you're right this bus is about 250 you can configure it to have even more if you put more batteries on it up to 450 and so these are sticker miles of course you know depending on how you drive it and whatnot might be more or less which I mean talk to transit you know operators they get really you know picky about you know what how much range they're gonna get but that's that's pretty amazing 200 plus mile range is kind of my rule of thumb what I when I talk to people for transit buses that's gonna cover almost every route that's out there the average route is 150 miles or less in California transit routes so there's you know of course a few outliers that you know have unique routes that is pretty impressive and that's come along just in a few years I should say this bus is made by a company called Protera which is just headquartered up the street in Berlin game so another source of pride for this part of the bay here is just maybe the the boring way to say what I just said with the picture that we're seeing across several different manufacturers buses with high ranges so this is that Protera bus 300 plus mile range and so the good news for me when I think when I see this slide is that there's several manufacturers Protera has a couple different models Van Hool has a fuel cell bus and so this the blue is the range and the green is the charge time so fuel cells have the advantage that you can just stick a nozzle on the bus and fuel it up you know 10 minutes or so so kind of comparable to a diesel or conventional fuel BYD is another big company they're actually the biggest electric vehicle maker in the world the biggest company never heard of they're based in China most of their sales are in China but they have now set up manufacturing outside of Los Angeles and are selling a lot of buses and heavy-duty trucks in the United States complete coach works they're another California company down LA area San Diego area a new flyer this is actually old data they have a much higher range so it's great when you're working in a field where your your data gets at your slides get outdated when the field is progressing faster than you can update your slides and that's where we are with electric trucks and buses for sure and the other good side of the equation for range and so why don't I talk about range first range is like the first question everybody asks you know like how far is it gonna go if you're a fleet operator if you're you know buying your personal car like range is a very critical piece to these vehicles this is data from the US census they stopped collecting this data budget cuts they stopped collecting some of this truck data so this is a few years old but the latest data we have for how trucks operate shows that surprisingly a lot of trucks are operating with ranges of 50 miles or less so they might you know make a couple 50 mile trips within a day but their their range of operation is 50 miles or less and 50% of trucks in California fall in this category so there's a huge opportunity to electrify long-hauled trucking you know I think is what comes to people's mind when you talk about electric trucks or whatnot and that's kind of a romantic version of you know when you hear trucks somebody on you know out in the I-80 between Nevada and you know Wyoming or something and there's a lot of opportunities just in cities and cities is where the pollution problems are so I think a thing that a point that I think misses is missing a lot of folks and maybe just to illustrate some of the range and technology capabilities this is a bus made that by that company BYD that I got a ride a couple months ago so this is down in Santa Monica palm trees they picked us up down there and we drove to their factory 75 miles away outside of Los Angeles to do a tour so the bus driver started at their factory drove 75 miles picked up like 50 of us that were on the tour drove back so 150 miles we did the tour really cool to see you know where buses come from so to speak their their capacity is about 750 buses a year and they just had a press release last week of their doubling the size or something they're they're out in the deserts they're building a big second phase of the factory next door here's the route we took so you know we were driving through LA traffic a lot of stop-and-go not you know necessarily the best place when you're trying to optimize range so to speak this is a fairly decent grade up up highway 14 up here if anyone's ever driven it and so I show all this just to really emphasize what this bus did 150 miles we took the tour it charged for maybe three miles or three miles three hours and then it turned back and did the same thing it drove us back to Santa Monica and the bus driver took the empty bus back to the base so 300 miles in one day with you know fully charged when it started charged for three hours in the middle and that actually replicates the duty cycle of many transit operations so you have a you know a peak operations in the morning then the bus will go back to the depot for a couple hours then go back out for the afternoon peak and then have another shift in the evening and charge for a few hours over nights three to six hours or something so the technology is really really suited for a lot of applications another question is I mentioned how do they do on hills and so this is just a video hopefully it'll work just of that bus ride and we're going up a hill and we pass a diesel truck that's that's the punch line and we passed it we passed it hard and we're fully loaded so these buses can do well on hills that company Protera just up the street they've taken you know they've heard this myth before from people that they're trying to sell buses to oh how do you do on the hills so they took their bus to Utah and went up every to every ski resort in the wasatch mountain range up to park city up to solitude and Brighton up to Alta and snowbird these are serious grades you know 10 12 I think one peaks out at like 17% grade and you know no problem the interesting thing when they when you go downhill you can recharge the battery I was surprised that the amount that it did recharge something like 10% of the battery was recharged it's going down like a 10 mile grade or something so just an interesting thing about batteries that you don't get with other technologies so this is the other big question we get how do the life cycle emissions of electric technologies compared to combustion technologies and this is actually where the kind of the heart of my scientific contributions to this area is is doing a life cycle analysis of different technologies and so this is worth that I did so diesel diesel's of course this and this is for transit buses so a lot of our data is just transit buses are representative of other heavy-duty vehicles and there's a lot of data for transit via transit buses because they're publicly operated and they have to report data and whatnot so we know their fuel efficiency and those sorts of things so diesel by far the worst and so this is co2 equivalent emissions and so this is life cycle so what comes out of the tailpipe and also the emissions from producing the diesel or whatever the upstream fuel sources are natural gas is a little better depends on natural gas leaks and also depends on the period of time that you consider those leaks to occur if you're looking at a 20 year global warming potential period versus a hundred year global warming potential period the results are quite different if you use the shorter time frame natural gas is actually worse than diesel so that's a policy question as much as it is a scientific one which which time frame to use fuel cells about 50% the co2 emissions from diesel compared to diesel you may notice in my notes California has a law that requires 33% of hydrogen produced in the state to come from renewable sources today so this is great because the other source of hydrogen is natural gas even if you got all of your hydrogen from natural gas the efficiency of the fuel cell you would still have lower emissions than using it in a cng vehicle that ultimately if you want to decarbonize want to get away from natural gas etc getting hydrogen from waters or other renewable sources is the best from a life cycle emissions perspective and battery electric vehicles buses on today's grid by far the lowest this is California's grid mix in 2016 and the good news is the grid is getting cleaner the trend this trend stays true across the United States this is a map showing equivalent miles per gallon for light duty cars across the country depending on the electricity grid mix so in California charging on the grid here hundred nine hundred ten mpg equivalent I mean if you were to go out into a car lot and someone said I'm gonna sell you a car with 110 miles a gallon I mean you that's that's incredible that's like something that doesn't exist with combustion technologies but that's the equivalent life cycle emissions that we're getting with electric vehicles on today's grid even in the worst grids in the country the Midwest is you know coal heavy a 38 mpg equivalent so you're still in the in the range of like a Prius if you if this is using the average efficiency of electric vehicles on the road if you so electric vehicles some are more efficient than others if you have the most efficient electric vehicle all these numbers look better so we're doing pretty good across the country you notice that the high the highest numbers are upstate New York where they have a lot of hydro which just kind of silly numbers so to speak just how much better they are from a climate perspective and so this is this this map is the work of a colleague and probably one of the images I show most frequently I keep it in my favorites on my phone so I feel like I'm always showing this to people because it's a really real it's a reasonable question a realistic questions question we should be asking and and the results show that we're doing pretty good and just to emphasize you know why we're doing so good this is a map showing the renewable portfolio standards for states across the country so California we have a 50% renewable electricity goal or law actually law by 2030 and other states were one of the highest Hawaii Hawaii is 100% by 2045 that by and large these RPS is across the country or what is driving a lot of the decarbonization of decarbonization of the electricity grid and just to show that graphically you know we're seeing renewables increase over time coal going down so we're on a good path we have a lot more to do but we're in a good place the other question back to the kind of back to the how do the vehicles do up a hill question is how do they accelerate can they handle the load particularly with with heavy duty trucks this is a video from Toyota comparing the acceleration of a their fuel cell truck to a diesel truck and the results are they speak for themselves I guess so very good acceleration high torque just a property of electric motors how many people have ridden in an electric vehicle keep your hand up you've driven one all right so you know they're like super fun to drive right and I've actually got to driven one of these heavy duty trucks they they drive like a car it's kind of scary but pretty neat too so so the performance of these these vehicles is is good just a few more numbers on the performance you know how noise is a big thing electric vehicles have a lot lower noise and this is a decibel scale so you know these are factors of 10 better this is acceleration time so electric similar acceleration time to these diesel natural gas again these are bus numbers from buses bus testing fuel efficiency this is the big one to me so four times as much efficient as efficient compared to the combustion technologies and then this is the ability to climb hills something called great ability so pretty good across the board and one thing I think is it's worth pointing out you know these are electric vehicles are much simpler machines then combustion you know you really admire the work and the engineering that's gone into making combustion vehicles as efficient as they are today electric vehicles electric motors have a lot fewer moving parts and that this you know shows how a company that you know makes vacuum cleaners thinks that they can maybe get into the electric vehicle world it's just a different technology and so that that's an exciting thing just from you know Silicon Valley innovation I think it's an exciting thing with this technology on the heavy-duty side this is a truck made by a company called Thor trucks they're based down in LA they started like two years ago and they have a truck that I think this is a 200 mile range semi truck and it's a bunch of kids that just graduated college and they're young kids they they're not making any of the components themselves they're just sourcing all the components and putting it building the truck but it shows I mean they have this truck it's this isn't just a picture it's you know that they're testing it on the road you can't buy it but they're testing it and so you know they're a startup are they gonna be the next thing I don't know that it's just an indication of what the technology where it is and how fast things will change and along the same lines this is the unveiling of the Tesla semi you know our friend Elon Musk there I got to go to that in LA it was unlike any other truck event I've been to probably more is more like a rock concert than than a truck event you know just surrounded by Tesla fanatics which you know like Tesla's cool that it people were going nuts when Elon Musk stepped out of this truck like like he was you know rock star so you know there's such a thing as the Tesla effect I mean we've seen how they've pushed automakers in the light-duty space to enter the game Mercedes and BMW their competitors and they're doing the same thing in the heavy-duty space other truck companies I've spoken with have said the interest in electric vehicles from their customers has skyrocketed since Tesla's you know so it's as good for you know the whole the whole field California I've indicated we're a hub for manufacturing in the electric truck and bus technology this map is outdated already there's 14 companies listed there's probably five more that aren't on here here's Protera BYD is a big one so exciting to see the state develop these and then the other big question is cost what's how do these vehicles compare on a life cycle cost basis this is kind of a busy slide this is from the Air Resources Board they've done some really good life cycle analysis on transit buses I'll just call out here's just two bars here's a diesel hybrid total life cycle ownership so this blue is the cost of buying the vehicle and then there's infrastructure costs fuel costs etc and this is compared to battery electric bus on PG&E's grid so that's you know the grid around here and over the life of the bus the Air Resources Board has found cost savings so my tagline is it's competitive if not cheaper you know there's I don't know if to the point where it's you know absolutely cheaper there's charging you know how you charge what time of day you charge affects the total cost of ownership that we're doing pretty good for transit buses you know they're still having a high upfront cost to purchase even if you're gonna save money of the long term just how transit buses make their purchases that might not be compatible because they're still they're gonna still be barriers with that high purchase cost that the cost equation is why you're seeing big companies UPS has a press release from last week or something saying we're getting into electric vehicles not just because it's the right thing to do but because it's cheaper we see a you know cost savings for our our business to do this and again just to emphasize where some of those savings come from electricity prices are generally much cheaper for a light-duty car my rule of thumb it varies across the country but about a dollar per gallon of gasoline equivalent depending on where you live so that's pretty good all residential rates and commercial rates there's differences that you have to think about so that dollar might not necessarily hold for the commercial sector but for light duty it's pretty interesting that how how cheap it is so where are we gonna electrify I guess maybe how I think about this you know this is Roger Bannister broke the first man first person to break four minutes in the mile and after he did you know kind of open the floodgates people were breaking four minute miles shortly thereafter and I guess I kind of see that's you know how technology can happen you know the innovation curve that once once you see a company doing improving it other companies can can follow and ultimately we need to get to the point where a lot of people are doing it you know beta breakers is something that you look back here you know anybody can sign up and do beta breakers so that's what we need to get with the technology where it's just it's ubiquitous and you know optimistic we'll get there I don't want to oversell my optimism that it's not gonna happen overnight and it's not gonna happen without a lot of work you know continued innovation investments from you know state federal sources that I'm optimistic we'll get there it is happening in other places around the world this is a picture from Shenzhen China a big city 12 million people are so this is their bus fleet well part of their bus fleet they have 16,000 buses that serve this city the state of California we have 10,000 buses so there's one city I mean it's a big city but not as big as the state of California they have more buses than we do oh and they're all electric 16,000 buses this is where the company BYD this is where they're headquartered so it can be done China's moving at an admirably fast pace and arguably the leader in electric vehicle technology light and heavy duty so it can be done here's a snapshot of other sectors and some mileage of some vehicles that have been deployed so just your general truck you know you can pull a container full of you know Pepsi or Coca-Cola in there you can have a bus another truck from this this truck is from a company that is a Cummins or you know a very famous diesel truck company they're getting into electric this is toyotas fuel cell this is a linen delivery truck company this vehicle is made by another bay area company motive power systems Tesla of course they advertise a 500 mile range people were when Tesla you know everybody knew Tesla was gonna come out with their truck people were expecting it maybe a 250 300 mile range that would be that was gonna be you know even on the high end for what was on the market before then they announced a 500 mile range and some people are people are it blew people's minds let's say that I guess we'll see if that's realized but that's a pretty pretty far range that people weren't expecting school buses perfect opportunity interesting opportunities for school buses to act as energy storage during the day you know when the grid is doing its thing when there's a lot of solar maybe charge the bus during the day when the school bus is parked garbage trucks and then you know just delivery trucks this is a company called change they're based down in LA they have like a 5,000 truck deal with Ryder truck you know the rental truck company Ryder they're gonna sell Ryder like 5,000 of these electric vans so it's it's just one of these things moving very fast you know every day there's something different than news another company making an announcement it's very fast-paced and exciting to see I think I'm gonna skip ahead because I'm just chatting a lot LA has made a commitment for their electric buses VTA Valley Transit Authority just down the street Sam trans in the neighborhood and AC transit also in the Bay Area doing good things on electric buses airport in San Jose doing good things they're gonna get 10 electric buses coming on soon here's a map of transit buses here's Stanford nice job you all airport shuttle buses you know they go back and forth between you know two miles all day long they're not traveling more than 50 miles a day perfect place to electrify I mentioned the ports this is a picture of the port of Oakland they do this is a tour I did they do tours once a month the first Monday of the month you can sign up it's a free tour they take you out on a boat it's one of the coolest things you can do in the Bay Area I think especially if it's a nice night like this was that ports are a great opportunity for electrification all these containers you know they got to be moved by something they're often moved by trucks whether it's these semi trucks so-called drage trucks that take a container from the port to a warehouse nearby and then the contents are repackaged for a long-haul truck or other other purpose more drage trucks or if it's trucks that operate exclusively on the port property these terminal trucks so to speak another great application for electrification UPS you know these delivery trucks UPS trucks drive about a hundred miles a day so also a great application so how do we get there California is definitely a leader in electric vehicle technology writ large but truck and bus for sure you know incentives help and you know carrots so to speak this is a you can't read this of course this is a list of all the investments that the state has made with money from the cap and trade program so you know there's different opinions on the cap and trade program how effective it is in actually reducing emissions because the price on carbon right now is like ten dollars or so it's not a super high price on carbon but one thing that that price on carbon has done is generate a lot of revenue for the state that we didn't have otherwise and so in the case of vehicles that the state has invested this is billion 1.2 billion from cap and trade money into electric vehicles or clean vehicle cleaner vehicles not all it's all electric this is a unique thing that California has other states don't we're investing disproportionately in electric technologies so something to be very proud of infrastructure is a big one so you know getting the trenching for the charging stations this kind of the nuts and bolts of what you know changing over from one type of fuel to another looks like it's a lot of construction a lot of you know we need a lot of electricians you want to solve climate change become an electrician there's a proceeding going on the state public utilities commission that would allow utilities across the state to make investments in electric vehicle infrastructure they propose a billion dollars worth of this infrastructure over a five-year period this is a big investment I'll leave it at that I wrote a blog about it the other way to get vehicles on the road is kind of a you know the old old-fashioned way with standards you can require fleets to do this require fleets to purchase electric vehicles this bill that passed last year became law in California requires by 2025 15% of state purchases of trucks to be zero mission battery or fuel cell so that's one way you can require fleets to purchase them the other way is to require manufacturers to make electric vehicles this is actually the strategy that California has taken for light duty vehicles and this is why there's so many more electric light duty vehicles in California than there is the rest of the country we have a law requiring manufacturers to sell electric vehicles in the state other states have joined on to that it's called the Zev program they represent 28% of vehicle sales in the US this is all light duty that California is thinking about doing this for the heavy duty sector as well this is yeah just about done UCS we do a lot of cool stuff great colleagues check us out there's a lot of ways to get engaged if you want to you know write letters to your congressperson or your state assembly person we do all the hard work to track those issues and help people engage we have a network where we use expertise of people with professional training on issues that we work on we rely on outside experts in a lot of the work that we do we're the science rising thing is a new thing we're doing at UCS trying to make science a part of the 2018 midterm elections check that out if you're interested in the election side of things so yeah conclusions we need we need electric trucks and buses air quality and climate the technologies here and it's clean and we need policies to get there it's not going to happen by itself we have a long ways to go so we're really happy to be here and thanks for your time