 Hello friends, myself Sandeep Javeri, a student professor department of civil engineering from Valchin Institute of Technology, Shwalaapur. In today's session, we are going to discuss about the Ardhan Dam, which is a part of basic civil engineering subject. The learning outcomes at the end of this session, students will be able to explain the importance of Ardhan Dam, now before going to Ardhan Dam, we first understand what are the different types of dams. Now the dams are different, the types of dams are depends upon its cross section as well as the material which are using for the construction of dam. Now here some types are given depending upon its material to be used. These are Ardhan Dam, Rockfield Dam, Solid Mascender Dam, Hollow Mascender Dam, Steel Dam as we are using Steel here, Timber Dam as we are using the material for the construction of dam is Timber. So it is called Timber Dam. The name of Ardhan Dam itself indicates that we are using natural material for the construction of dam. Now this is a photograph of Ardhan Dam, this is a length of the dam, this is a upstream side of the dam, that is a storage of water is here. Now this is a material which are using for the construction of the Ardhan Dam, that is a natural material we are using. Now this is a typical cross section of the dam, it is just like a trapezoidal in shape. As we know Ardhan Dam is a made up of natural material or soil. It resist the forces which is exerted upon it mainly due to shear strength of soil and also due to its weight. The shear strength of soil is one of the important engineering property of a soil. The structural behavior of Ardhan Dam is entirely different from that of gravity dam. As we know in case of gravity dam, the entire water pressure or the various forces which is acting on the dam is going to be resisted by the weight of the dam itself. In case of Ardhan Dam, the various forces acting on the dam is resisted by means of its weight as well as due to shear strength of the soil which are used for the construction of Ardhan Dam. Now Ardhan Dam are constructed where the foundation or the underlying materials are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are available at greater depth. So if the foundation is very weak, then we go for Ardhan Dam or in the case where the depth of hard strata available which is at greater depth then we go for Ardhan Dam. The Ardhan Dam are relatively smaller in height and broad at the base. They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel. Ardhan Dam can be constructed on all types of foundations provided suitable measures of foundation treatment and seepage control are taken. So this is very important concept. So we have to avoid the seepage of water while construct the Ardhan Dam. So for that some necessary action is to be required to control the seepage of water. The main feature of Ardhan Dam is material which is used for the construction and that material is available in natural state. It is commonly used up to moderate heights. So we cannot use Ardhan Dam for larger height. Now in case of Ardhan Dam the maintenance cost is quite high which require constant supervision as there is a chance of seepage of water through the body of the Ardhan Dam. So the supervision is very important and also it leads to maintenance cost which is higher. It leads to higher maintenance cost. Sluices cannot be provided in a higher Ardhan Dam to remove silt. That is one of the drawback in case of Ardhan Dam. Let us discuss about the types of Ardhan Dam. First one is Homogenous Ardhan Dam, Homogenous embankment type. Second is Zone embankment type and third is Diaphragm type. So let us discuss one by one. In case of Homogenous embankment type the material which are using for the construction of dam is Homogenous. That means it is made up of same kind of material. We can see here on the upstream side the slope is protected by means pebbles or the rocks which are provided on the upstream side. Now if the seepage is happened then that seepage is allowed to pass through the drainage filter. So this is a top flow line and this dam is resting on an impervious foundation. So this is a sketch for Homogenous embankment which is provided with the drainage filter. Zone embankment type. In case of zone embankments we are providing different zones due to presence of different kind of material which are used for construction of dam. The central part is used as impervious core which is covered by a comparatively pervious transition zone and which is finally surrounded by a much more pervious transition zone and this pervious transition zone is surrounded by a much more pervious outer zone. So there are different layers of soil which are going to be provided in zone embankment type. So here in this sketch we can see zone type embankment. Central part is a clay type material we are using which is impervious zone. Outer zone is a pervious zone that is different material we are going to use for different section of the dam. So that is why it is called zone type embankment. Diaphragm type embankments these are having thin impervious core which is surrounded by earth or rock film material. The which is surrounded by earth or rock film. The impervious core is called as diaphragm. The diaphragm is made up of impervious soils, concrete, steel, timber or any other material. So you can see the diaphragm is a thin impervious core and which is surrounded by the earth or rock film type material. So this diaphragm is made up of either steel, timber or any other material. Now this is resting on impervious foundation or bedrock. So before that there is a pervious foundation which is shown in the figure. In diaphragm type embankments thin impervious core is present at the center and which is surrounded by the earth or rock film. The impervious core is also called as diaphragm which is made up of different kind of material like timber, steel or concrete or any other material. We can see here this is a impervious core that is called diaphragm and is surrounded by the earth or rock film. This is the upstream side of the dam. Now you are supposed to pause the video and answer these questions. The answers are the first statement is true and second statement is false. As we know in the first statement the other dams are provided where the foundation soil having low bearing capacity. That means a soil having weak foundation. In that case we can use other dams. So the first statement is true. The second statement the other dams are little larger in height and narrow at the base. So this is absolutely false because we are using the dams for moderate height and broader base. That is why the second statement is false. Now these are the references that we are using for creation of this video. Thank you.