 Okey, so yes, I've worked for Wessex Archeology. For the past 20 years, we've been working with clients across a variety of marine sectors to effectively manage their heritage risk on their developments. Although I am the one presenting, this is very much based on the work of many colleagues at Wessex. So over the past two days, we've seen a lot of reference to industry data and how that's been used for research. I'm going to sort of provide a view from the inside ymdill y cwmhyslwydd yma. Yn yw'r ffordd, rydyn ni'n gweithio'r cwmhyslwydd o'r sector a'r eifolwys. Rydyn ni'n wneud hynny'n smells o'r rhifudd ymgylch, ymgylchon a'r rhifudd o'r ysgol, ac yn ddweud yma'r E240. Rydyn ni'n golygu'r ysgrifennu hwn o'r byddau o'r lluniau, geologist, yn unig o gweithio'r lluniau o'r lluniau a'r prehistory. a mae'n ddiddordeb i'n meddwl Siwn Plystys's, Siwn Plystys's a'r Holocined i'r Seduwn嘿. Aethodd nesaf o'r cabrau ar gyfer llwyddiadau o bobl nhw a'r awrwyngwr yn gilydd ar gyfamol i'r Gweithio Paoliol i Lansgapau yma yn y llythgrifftig. Mae'r Gweithio Paoliol, felly ar gwaith yma wedi gweithi, mae'n gweithio bod y Gymreiddedig oedd yma i'n gweithio a gwneud hynny i gyd-di-ddiwr arwyr o'r seaflwyr yn oesid ac yn ei wneud o'r Gweithran o hyfforddiant mae'r gweithio'r cyfrifol. Ond yn 1996, yna'r ysgol ei wneud y ffordd y byddwyr, mae'r ysgol ei wneud ystafell, ystafell y brydiau o'r ffordd, ac yn 2002 y bydd ymwysig yn eu trofyniaeth. Ond wedi yw'r 20 yma, mae'r ymddir yma ymlaen y ffordd y byddwyr yn ei ffordd y byddwyr, mae'r 100 ymwysig y byddwyr yn teimlo. Mae'r ysgol ei wneud ymwysig yn yw'r ymwysig, There's aggregate dredging, ports and harbors, and also interconnected cables, which give us slices across the seabed, as well as tidal schemes and telecommunication cables. The assessment of marine archaeology, which includes shipwrecks, aircraft and paleo landscapes, forms an integral part of the planning process in the UK, and this is a pretty horrible diagram. ond it shows that there's over 200 pieces of international European and English legislation giving protection to the marine environment and cultural heritage form part of this as shown in red and this covers both planning policy but also specific sight protection and this planning and consenting process is the responsibility of the UK Government via the the MMO, the Marine Management Organization, in consultation with curatorial bodies, such as Historic England for English Waters, who act as their primary adviser. And this is also given rise to a series of guidance documents for offshore developers in how to interact with the historic environment and engage with archaeologists. Of course, as we've seen over the past two days, the geophysical and geotechnical data are primary sources. But for commercial projects, it's important to recognise that the acquired data is multi-purpose, so it's not collected solely for archaeological assessment, but it's collected to characterise site conditions. So it's used by geologists, design engineers as well as benthic ecologists and archaeologists. And I think over the past, certainly the past 10 years, archaeologists become embedded within that planning process. So involvement with archaeologists has improved and we're now often involved a lot earlier on, so we're actually helping design the surveys and design where geotechnical data is collected. But it is very much a sense of collect once used many times. So we managed the archaeology throughout the life cycle of the development from pre-planning right the way through to decommissioning. And this is with the aim of providing advice on archaeological potential, its significance and also the mitigation of the impact of the development on the cultural heritage resource. So that is the main focus of all our assessments. And as can be seen on the map on the right and we've seen in other slides and talks, the actual coverage of study areas is quite considerable, particularly in the channel area and the southern North Sea. And admittedly, a lot of the resolution of the data can vary greatly within these, but still a vast, vast amount of data. And these are obviously supplemented by data from the likes of the North Sea Paleo landscape project and also the aggregate levy funded regional environmental characterisation regions, but it's clear after these past two days that I need to redraw my maps and what. But a further industry initiative of note and sort of ties in with what Rachel's just been talking is the recording of physical archaeological finds, including those relating to prehistory. And this stems back to 2003, where the British Marine Aggregate Producers Association, Bmapper and English Heritage, as was produced a guidance note for assessing, evaluating, mitigating and monitoring the effects of marine aggregate dredging. And this was followed in 2005 with the introduction of a protocol for reporting finds of archaeological interest, and this was for applicable to all Bmapper members and to all the licensees covering wharfs, vessels and production license areas, and under this protocol, archaeological material discovered was then reported through an implementation service. And this is supported and continues to be supported and promoted to those working in the industry through an awareness programme. And it is an exemplar project of getting people involved and getting them interested and that fuels more reporting and better finds really. And since 2014 a similar approach has been undertaken for the offshore wind farm industry. Now there's a lot less chance of actually recovering finds although a certain some level of diving does occur, but it's also a way of reporting finds or particular sediments on the sea beds that are observed via ROVs in deeper waters. So for my first case study, I am going to stick with the aggregate industry and talk a little about area 240 in the paleo yard. I know that Rachel has already mentioned it, but it is a good example of where an industry led response for a regional issue regarding significant archaeological finds has worked through a collaborative approach of involvement of the regulator and archaeologists. So area 240 is associated off Great Yalmouth. It's 11K from the coast in about 30 metres water depth and the dredge material from there is landed it's flushing wharf over in the Netherlands. And as Rachel mentioned, in the winter of 2007-2008 gravel extracted from this area yielded 88 workflint artefacts including 33 handaxes and over 100 fragments of faunal remains and this was discovered in the aggregate outsize pile, which is shown here, which is basically everything over 63 millimeters. Size wise, and this was discovered by local archaeologist and facilitated by the local wharf manager, and here are just some of the finds. And once it was established that the material had been dredged from 55,000 tonnes of sediment from area 240, which is shown in the track lines in blue on the map. Hansen aggregate marine limited voluntarily placed a protective exclusion zone around that part of the seabed from which the flints were dredged. And this then led on to a long term project that in some ways is still ongoing today in which a sort of an iterative project was developed with the aims really of understanding the geological context recovering further archaeological material and improving the understanding of the regional. aspect of it, as well as developing strategies for the management and mitigation of this resource as this continues as an aggregate extraction area. So initially it was focused on area 240 and this allowed us to come up with a stratigraphic framework for the area. And this really showed development from the late Angliaan right the way through to the Holocene. And in terms of the flints, flint finds themselves. The important bit is shown in red, which is sort of the infill of the channel and development of a floodplain that covers most of the area. During MIS eight and seven and that combined combined with Dimitri Diloeca's work looking at the flints themselves put this as a early middle polylythic site based on a floodplain of a channel, which runs sort of west to east and the other things to note just for later on in my talk really are that. following on from from the floodplain deposits. We then had reactivation and infill of the channel. Probably early Davensian time in MIS 5D, some tantalising OSL data relating to MIS 3 and then the development of an early Holocene channel, which runs north to south through the area and partial infill with salt marsh deposits. And I'll come back to them when I move on to the second case study. But it was the importance of the recovery of these early middle polylythic artifacts. It was noted by the aggregate industry and acknowledged by them that the area was the most important area in the area. The importance of the recovery of these early middle polylythic artifacts. It was noted by the the aggregate industry and acknowledged by them that we couldn't look at this in isolation that it affected the mitigation and management of the entire block. And this led on to a further piece of work which combined the onshore and the offshore available data and allowed us to effectively map the paleo yard from onshore right the way off to just shy of the break point, which is at 40 kilometres offshore. And we do have a large gap and as as was indicated with the questions in the last talk, we have no data there because that's where the large sunbanks are and the geophysics data within that area just can't penetrate that area through the sunbanks for us to clearly see the limits of the flood plain beneath. But as part of this as well, we also worked with Hanson and the licensee to trial archaeological monitoring of aggregate dredging activity and we tried this on board dredging vessel sort of field walking on the back of a boat, which was successful but not overly sustainable, but also at the wharf as well. And the aim was to assess the potential mitigation strategies with regards to the future long term aggregate licensing applications within an area of known archaeology. This hadn't been developed previous to this. So further flint artifacts, including further three handaxes were recovered. And this showed us that the artifactual material was present both within the vicinity of the original finds, but was also more widespread within the area. And monitoring at the wharf proved the most useful strategy, and this has actually since been adopted throughout the aggregate block and still continues to today. So working with Anthony Firth of Fyorda, a series of hypotheses were made in order to address remaining uncertainties concerning the association between these artifacts and the environment from which they were found. And these are tested through periodic monitoring. And the monitoring is site area specific. So it depends on what sediments are there, how many samples the licensee takes and how often we monitor it. And we've also more recently assessed more recently acquired cause as well comparing these to known dredging activity and effectively retesting our interpretation for the area. And we've continued to find flint and fornal remains within the area shown by the red stars, which show that there is material more widespread within the area. But all of this work has only been possible through that industry led response to this issue. But the second example is moving on to a larger scale development. And this is situated further offshore again. So approximately 60 to 100 kilometres from the coast. And this is for the Norfolk Vanguard and Boreeus wind farms. And it's thanks to Vattenfall, the developer that I can present some of these results here today. And again, this is situated to the south of the last glacial limit, which is important in terms of preservation of the late Pleistocene sediments and associated features, which I'll show you. So working on large scale projects also allows collaboration with geologists and engineers. And this has enhanced our understanding within the inevitable time constraints of a commercial project. And I think it's fair to say that in the early days, archaeology was undertaken very much in isolation. And it was, yes, it was something that developers had to deal with. But it was it was an aside. Whereas that's not the case now. And we're often archaeologists are part of that project delivery team. And this does vary between developers. But the more that the archaeologists are embedded within that, the better the results that we can get. And I'll show you an example of this in a moment. So in terms of volumes of data, we use geophysical data and geotechnical data to characterise the shallow subsurface to identify features of archaeological interest. And so the data we looked at, it was 100 per cent coverage of the symmetry data and sub-bottom profiler lines at 100 metre line spacing. And there's also a large number of cores, but there's never really enough. And the cores were taken for engineering purposes, but there were some that were targeting archaeology. And of those 10 cores were taken forward to be assessed, both as part of a dating strategy, as well as looking at the paleo-environmental assessment. So these just show some of the detailed results. And what we have in the area is that we have brown bank formation deposits and associated gas blanking indicating the breakage. And associated gas blanking indicating the breakdown of organic matter within the brown bank channel features. We then overline that we have a series of well-preserved buried dunes, which have formed in the terrestrial environment. And these can be shown here. And of these dunes, we're not sure whether these are terrestrial environments during sub-area exposure or whether these are submerged dunes. But impressive preservation, both here and in other parts of the site. And we've also identified around about 85 kilometres squared area of preserved peat shown in green. And these are dissected by a number of channels observed in the north of the sites. So here we can see high amplitude reflectors, just sort of high amplitude reflectors here. And then cut by channel features that we've got some nice detail of infill and then they are overfilled by modern marine sediment on top. And we only see the peat and the channels within the north of the area. And there does seem to be an elevation control affecting the preservation of these sort of these Holocene features. So based on the initial characterisation, a series of research questions were posed and these were the focus of the assessment and analysis of the core data. And we know that the peat formation commenced, so I'll show you one of the cause. We know across the site that the peat formation commenced at the start of the Holocene and created an extensive wetland environment around which network of fluvial channels. And the site became shortly submerged shortly after around 9700 Kbp. And the landscape was characterised by active river systems with reed and fen wetlands forming along the margins, open grassland. And as climate warmed in the early Holocene, woodland remained relatively open but became then dominated by pine, later hazel and then some oak and elm. And under rising sea level conditions, the coastline encroached giving way to salt marsh and tidal flats before the final inundation. We've also got presence of charcoal within the peat deposits and that's evidence of repeated fire events during the early Holocene, although it's not possible to establish if these were caused by human activity. But a lot of similarities to the talk that Ruth gave yesterday with regards to peats of the similar age further to the east in Dutch waters associated with the Brownbank Ridge. And the second series of questions relate to the depositional history of the Brownbank formation, which having undertaken the work on Area 240 as great as the Salian flood plain deposits were, there was always some questions resulting from that and also from the East Coast REC with regards to the Brownbank formation. And what impact would that have relating to the presence or absence of hominins in Britain during the Middle Paleolithic. So this is taken from the original BGS mapping, which shows that the Brownbank formation is an extensive distinct deposit in the southern North Sea covering around 1000km squared. And the Brownbank formation is characterised by a series of North South trending channels in the West and then a broad basin in the East that extends into the Dutch sector. And the dates were always always looked at that early Divensian so sort of around MIS 5D around the 110,000 years ago. But dating evidence from the REC in Area 240s as well as this project collectively indicate gradual deposition over the duration of the early Divensian. A period of sort of overall cooling and climatic instability characterised by cold and warm sub periods to around about 57,000 years ago when sea levels fell low enough to fully expose this region. And this is where collaborating with geologists and engineers and their data analysis has allowed further understanding and further assessment of the Brownbank formation and what it might mean in an archaeological sense. So a 3D ground model was generated for turbine foundation purposes and was produced based on sediment strength values within the stratigraphy, but in this case the stratigraphic change coincided with layer of interest from our perspective, which is the base of the Brownbank formation, which can be seen on the top as the faint yellow line there. So on this Brown is high ground and blue is low. And this was only taken for the two of the northern sites. But by applying knowledge of sea level curves close to the coast, we were able to reconstruct potential landscape configurations at different times. So we looked it to two scenarios. The first to MIS 5D, so around about the 105 to 115,000 years ago, where water depths were around minus 48 metres. And we've put an arbitrary sort of two metre boundary on to look at the difference between marine intertidal and terrestrial landscapes. But the results show a large proportion of the site would have been exposed particularly to the north and to the east. With the exception in the southeast where there's a large channel feature that would have remained flooded despite the low sea level. And this channel may have formed an estuary or be part of a wider embayment or a restricted lagoon if a barrier existed to protect it. And in the southwest of the project area, there are a series of localised isolated basins within the landscape. And for scenario B, we looked at MIS 5B, also another low stand, so this is between 84 to 92,000 years ago where water depths were at 42 metres below today. And this suggests that the southern part of the site would have been submerged during this time with exposed areas would have been low lying land, possibly creating a series of small islands in a regular coastlines. But the results suggest that the Brownbank embayment was a prominent feature in the southern North Sea during the early Divensian corresponding to a period of hiatus in the British archaeological record. And it's, you know, perhaps this created a significant geographic barrier to migration pathways in this region may path explain the absence of hominins from Britain during MIS 6 to 4, although as was mentioned previously. You know, there is some evidence of potential cause at Dartford. So just my last slide really, these two examples show different aspects of commercial archaeology. We're working with developers, geologists and engineers help increase our knowledge and understanding. But there are challenges associated with working in the commercial world. So individual work packages, such as the review of geophysical data and call logging, they have fast turnaround so to be very short term, but they can also put the actual life cycle of the project could be over 10 years. So this means the outputs in terms of published work or integration of work occur at the end so there's a large lag time. And although these technical reports are available, they can be difficult to find unless you know where to look and where they're published. And the data is commercially sensitive, making it difficult to access, although this is changing and we are seeing much more involvement of academia in the process. But we do need a mechanism to feed this work into the public and academic sectors throughout the life cycle of the project. But there are lots of opportunities. There is going to be more offshore wind with the government legally committed to achieving net zero by 2050. There is major investments in the amount of geophysical and geotechnical data and also different types. So we're seeing much more 3D or parametric data now than previously and we have got more developer engagement with academia. But there is also the opportunity for academia to engage with those of us undertaking commercial work as well. So thanks to the companies that we've worked with associated with this, but also to my many colleagues at Wessex Archaeology who have worked and continue to work on these projects.