 Molecular Marker Technology was developed in the 1980s, which revolutionized plant breeding by providing new tools such as genotyping by sequencing and association mapping. These techniques have enabled the identification of novel genetic markers for complex and unstructured populations, thus enhancing our understanding of the diversity available for crops and complementing traditional breeding strategies. This article was authored by Mohammed As-Hanadim, Mohammed Amjad Nawaz, Mohammed Kaseem Shaheed and others.