 to leave this planet. Raise your hand! Wow, that's a lot! Luckily there's some opportunities coming up. There's Mars 1 where you can go to Mars but without a return ticket. And who applied for this one? Do we have any applicants for Mars 1 in the hall? Whoa, more than we expected! Three, four... So just a few, but brave. But recently also SpaceX announced their detailed technical plans on how to get to Mars and their technical plans for the vehicle. Who is seeing the announcement? Raise your hands, yes! Okay, quite some people are informed. Since we already know there's three or four people who would go to Mars without coming back. Who would trust his life to Mars and get out there with him? If you get feedback, write us under the hashtag, hashtag C3T and have fun listening. Okay, by the way, what's the difference between the Berlin airport and Mars? Humans will learn on Mars in the foreseeable future. The next talk is not only about Mars. It's about the 3,518 known exoplanets. And what makes the right one for a civilization attempt? And we also know how to get there and what technology needs for the research. Because as you know, it's not about the talk, it's about the journey. Listen to what Peter was saying, who have both prioritized with food for thought on prior C3 events are now here for us on this stage. They have many things in common. They are both instrument builders for astrophysics. They both work at the Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial physics. And they are both working in the same infrared group. And on top of that, they both develop some of the most sensitive instruments in the world. Please take us this year on a journey through space. Listen, Peter, it's great to be here. I think this is my first and biggest audience that either of us is ever talking about the biggest one, the biggest one. Thanks for coming out. So today, we want to tell you about interplanetary civilization. Interplanetary civilization and stellar colonization, which is much harder. So let's start on with the question, why do we want to go? First is a pretty great place, right? So Earth is actually class. That is our planet. It is about 70% surface area covered in water. 70% of the surface area is covered in water. There is a one-G gravity atmosphere, 20% oxygen. And it is of course the only planet with Wi-Fi. So Earth is really great. Why do we want to go? We can start with analyzing the past history of Earth. Mainly that it hasn't always been so great. So Earth was not always as good as it is today. This is the fraction of species that was extinguished in the last 55 million years. And there are a lot of spikes on this fly. And the five big ones are the five big spikes where the species disappeared. The last one here is where the dinosaurs died. So something else you might not know about that. We are in the middle of the sixth big extinction phase, where the species actually dies a thousand times faster. We can ask ourselves, what is the oxygen for it? There are different types of oxygen for it. The first oxygen is that it was too much oxygen or too little. Volcanoes, when the water level increases or decreases, global warming or global cooling and human activity. Okay, so you can say, you know, we are actually advanced than the dinosaurs. We have technology and in principle we should be able to survive even if the planet changes here. But actually in the very long term, in the very long future, we will have a bigger problem. And that is our sun. So eventually our sun will have all its energy consumed and it will become a red giant. So all of the water will boil on earth and it won't be pleasant for anyone. And eventually the star will grow so big that it will just fall off the planet. So given that the CCC, you can think of it as, you know, making an off-site backup from the mankind before the sun was burned. And also in the cloud and beyond. So we actually have a pretty strong idea here to get rid of our planet and get rid of the planet in the near future. So the second question is, where are we going? So we'll leave the plants and we have speakers and we also want to know how to learn about our new home. So this is what it looks like from space. And this is a good target for us. It's relatively close to us, what the distance is. If you want to know how the distance is in space, in the world is actually, then wait for the next talk. It will take about two years round trip there. It will take about two years to Mars and back. Mars also has an atmosphere, but it's very thin. Most of the time it's CO2. It doesn't have a magnetic field. So it gets all the rays of cosmic radiation and cosmic wind. So this essentially sterilizes the surface of the Earth. So the humans would have to live underground. So it's very cold there. So Mars is close and technically it's in the sun. It's too cold and it could be hard on the planet. It's not very pleasant to live there. Another target that people talk about is the moon. So this is one of the moons of Jupiter. It's the moon of Jupiter. And this is the very interesting target because it's actually an ocean world. It's a water world. It's surrounded by water and with a thick ice layer around it. And fortunately it also has an atmosphere of almost pure oxygen. So you can wait. It's got a lot of oxygen in it. But what you might think is wonderful, what you could still miss is the temperature on the surface. It's so cold that it's all frozen. You have to dive about 15 kilometers deep and then you get into the ocean. So it radiates and then this is so cold that it would die in less than that. And so it's not so pleasant. And also people don't listen to us not to land there. And it's really interesting where it's really interesting is that they're so close to the planet. And we know a lot about it. And the question is, where do we actually know about it? So in our solar system we can send salads and suns and sometimes crash. But sometimes they land there and give us some information. So this is a picture of a mountain. It's a picture of Mount Sharpe on the mountain. And it's sitting there on the planet right now picking data. So this is a selfie. And one of the really cool things about Curiosity is it's got a giant laser on it. It's a giant laser with which you can just crush stones. And this is the first spectrum to come out of the first prize winner. What you can see here is a series of peaks in the spectrum, some very good chemist back home can be a match to different elements. And you can see the iron in it, magnesium, calcium, aluminum. All things that would be very useful to the people who could have these products or in general to know about what kind of life could live on Mars. And that's the big thing we are safe in growing potatoes now. We could say we are a bit safe to build potatoes there, for example. Okay. So again, this brings us back to our previous problem, that the sun is going to burn off the Earth. So we're going to go a bit further than Mars. And that brings us to exoplanets. So this is a graph of the Expedition Exoplanet Detection over the years. And you can see that we didn't even know if there were other planets in the Earth over the last 10 years. And in the last several years, we've learned a lot about the instance of growth of exoplanets. And they're detected in many different ways. And today I want to tell you about two possibilities since most of our exoplanets are detected. Okay. So the first thing you know is the planet doesn't orbit a star. So, rather, if it is a star, but the orbit, the comet's going to have a star. And this is a star, a little thing. The planet is sort of going to go back to the Earth, and the star as it moves back to Earth, the light starts to get slightly double-edged, and red-shifted light on the other side. You can see the green and red-shifted light on the left and the right side. And if you look at it for a long time, you can see a periodic signal. And if you look at it for a long time, you can calculate how far the star is, how far the star is, how big the mass of the planet is, and how long it takes to round the sun. That was done in many different ways over the years, in many different ways in the course of time. The first thing you know was not so good. I think these are combs. Stick around for the next talk if you want to learn about lasers. The next talk, I'll tell you what it is. How we can still discover exoplanets is the transient method. You just stare at a whole bunch of stars for a few years. And when you go in front of the star, I think the star is very, very close to the star, and I think the star is very, very close to the star. So ranger on the planet is over the time. A little bit taken to a pretentious transit takes 13 to 14 hours, I mean in a year and these transients define an orbit and you have to observe it for several years until you know what it looks like. So what you get from this, in contrast to the previous method where you get it now, compared to the previous method, you get the radius of the plant and how dense it is, you don't but you know how big it is. What you can find here is, if you know what's over the star, you know where the habitable zone is, and you can take the orbit and size and you can get a bit closer and then the planet system looks like and whether the planet is in the habitable zone. Kepler 186 was the first planet with a habitable zone that we found in the solar system and if you compare it to a solar system, then it's roughly on the orbit. It depends on what star is there, but that's just the next question. It's the habitable zone, but does it have a breathable atmosphere? The question is, does the planet have a breathable atmosphere? Is there too much greenhouse, or is there too much CO2 or metal gas? The problem with planets around other stars is that they're super-faithful. And if I hadn't put a cool theory, you probably wouldn't be able to tell where it is. And this is the planet sitting super-far over the star way past the orbit of even a habitable zone. And if you wanted to observe a super-faithful orbit, it would be way higher. So digging out the signal from behind the star is extremely hard. And all about how it goes, is that the bigger they are, the smaller this diffraction pattern is, and the bigger it comes, the more you can create the star light, the better you can see the sun. So this here is the Kepler satellite that is what had actually detected most of our exoplanets and others. So far. And soon NASA will be launching JWST in the lift chicken. So straight. And actually the Europeans are planning something called Extremely Large Telescope, so they call it. Not a joke, that's actually the name. So we have a 39-meter dish and we'll have to wreck this study of exoplanet atmospheres and determine whether the atmosphere of exoplanets to other stars would be conducive to humans colonizing. And then we can look at the planets to see if they are colonisable. So I'll turn to my section with my object here. And this is all of the exoplanets from the Kepler Orary. These are all planets from the Kepler mission, so the size of the small star, so the small ones are bigger. And if you want to learn more about the worlds that we already know, then go to the NASA website. There's the new world Atlas. You can learn about each of these new worlds. So with that, I'm going to hand it over to Peter. I'll give it to Peter and he'll talk about how we actually get there. Yeah, okay. How do we get there? That's very far from easy. First rule of space club? You know the first rule of space club? No, it's space doesn't. No, that's not what you're talking about. Space doesn't cooperate with you. That's what we learned from Margaret. That means that you don't really know what you're doing. And if you really know what you're doing, as a rule of thumb, you should be treating vacuum as a poisonous gas. And then you can start building things. So there's a second rule of space club? Don't talk about space club? No, be prepared. No. Be prepared. To quote Rodney again. Exactly. Science, the shit out of sorry. And some of the topics you want to maybe think about is not for us to think about the world. And if how should we go or not, do we need planetary bases? Do we need planetary bases? Do we need planetary bases? Do we need planetary bases? Are we on those space crafts from around the years you've been on the planet? I don't think you can get on a spaceship with me. I don't think you can get on a spaceship with me. So you have to plan your trip. This is nothing you do. This is something you do. If you do something within our solar system, you have to do something before you have to plan your trip. People have done this before us. To the planet we have been on, Of course we have already sent samples to other planets before, and the first concepts are already older than the 21st century. This is an example of how you get from the Earth to Mars. Without much effort, this is the human transfer orbit. You start where the blue circle is. At the same time, the mass is at the same time the open circle is. But by the time you have traversed on your home and transfer orbit, the mass will be in the right position where you can actually just land on the full circle. If you have more time on your hands, if you want to use even less energy, if you've just seen previous talk about Rosetta, Rosetta had various swingbys and gravitation support flybys in the other planets in the solar system. If you use these to accelerate, to go somewhere else without using energy, without using a device. And for the last few years there has been another method, which I recommend everyone to learn about, if they are interested. And that's the interplanetary superhighway, that's what it's called. It's a system from Lagrange points to other Lagrange points in the solar system. Without using any kind of fuel. And you can google that about open and closed many folds. And then you can just coast along these things through our solar system. But before you should go... Well, sort of. So SpaceX is fine for Mars? Yes, of course. These are chemical rockets. You can still tweak them a bit. You can still tune them a bit. But if you really want to go far away, or maybe even interstellar, then you need other methods of forward movement. Let's look at these very crazy spacecraft for interplanetary missions. You will see these designs a lot if you look at the literature. And almost always they look like this. So right in the front is the payload. It could be some crew compartment, crew compartment, if you send people with it, or a normal load. If you want to send something to the moon of Saturn. The big thing behind it is that we don't need wings. But we need to get rid of a lot of excess energy. We need to get rid of the energy which will be generated by the reactor at the end of the launch object. So here are radiators. They are essentially black and very cold. The world is black and cold at 2.4 Kelvin. We can officially irradiate it with the radiators. And as he said, there is a nuclear reactor behind it. It looks like a fusion fragment reactor. What you see here in the reactor is a nuclear part in the middle. In this case it is a plutonium carbon dust. In this case it is actually a heat shield. And in this case the dust is actually the particle. Outside there is also a super-lighting. To get the particles at the end of the launch object. Of course there is gamma radiation. We also have to get rid of the shield so that the crew gets gamma radiation. These split fragments are pretty fast. They fly at about 2% light speed. And we get a lot of energy out of it to get thermo-electric generators to generate electricity. If you want to fly interstellar, then that's not enough. We need a high specific impulse and a scoop. And that's why we're talking about Orion. That's a completely different Orion than what NASA is talking about. That's the old Orion project. It shouldn't be changed to the Pluto project. And after about 10 clicks, I'm not sure where I'm talking about, it will disappear into a sum of conspiracy theories. Okay, that's the Orion project. It was the idea of nuclear bombs to the stars. We have a magazine with a magazine and a shock absorber. And what we do is we take news that we have inside, let it fly out, let it explode. And that's why we're moving our ship forward. I want to point out that it would be one of the most useful ways to use nuclear bombs. Yes, it would be the most effective way to use it. But we don't want that on our planet, if we don't want that on our rocket, if we want to start from our planet or our moon base. We should do that somewhere in the outer world where nobody else is. Or that nobody is behind it. Watch out. Are there other options? Yes, there are other options. There are these ion engines that are being flown on spacecrafts, like all that you do have to accelerate ions. It's only a target of thrust that's very, very efficient if you have a rocket for example. If you have a stop-motion mission, then it can work. Because the engine can drive your spacecraft for years by sending a lot of ions. And you get faster at the end than conventional rockets. The next talk is about laser transport. We don't talk about all these other things here. We don't talk about the M-Drives. The fairy dust would actually be some of the torch ships. The torch ships are constant acceleration ships that bring a pretty fast speed. But we have no idea how much technology you could use to make that happen. So if you move fast, then you have to pull up the shields. So believe me, if you fly at 20% speed or something like that plus or minus, then you have to make sure that the space looks like the space is not empty. That's how the space looks like. There's a lot of stuff between the stars. The interstellar mediums are neutral and loaded with atoms, molecules, dust. And a short calculation shows you, if you fly at 20% speed, then you will erode about 1 cm of aluminium per year. Just carry it away, rub it away. Only from the interstellar dust. You have to be careful about that. There are other things that fly around, such as micro-materials, for example. They are not so common in the interstellar space. Of course, there is also something that we used to do in the interstellar space missions between Earth and Moon, for example. Or if you have things in Earth orbit, that's what it looks like. That's the Whipple Shield on the left, on the left side. It's a metal plate that absorbs the first burst and then there's a spray or something like metal foil or something. Or you can make metal shimmers. That's research that is currently being done. But of course we want to have really good things for us. That would be to say, B-Y-O-M bring your own, your own shot shield. For example, in a magnetic field around your ship, you create plasma. And then you have a nice magnetosphere around your ship to put that shot part. I'll never forget what's behind you because your only reactor is trying to kill you all the time. And that's actually why this thing has this wet thing. It's not because the artist thought it was blue eyes. No, because it is a deadly radiation. It's a radius for the deadly radiation. And that's about the shield. Because you have accelerated for 20 years in the one direction and then you turn to the other direction because you want to turn to the other direction. Well, there should be a sitting in front of you because your reactor is then parting in that direction. But first of all, fine, you will not get your arms on everybody else because you will not get your own parts away. So you need to point your chips really off the planet you want to land on. Yeah, maybe. So still, with all of this, the only option for me really far are so-called torcheships, torch ships, which bring us to Oxima Centauri in about, okay, seven to eight years, ship time, because relative effects will then come into play. Relative effects will then come into play. But it will take so long for you to sleep in the middle of the night. It sounds a bit like science fiction, but it's really being done. I know medical researches at the NASA and at private companies. This is the artist's impression that this could be the artist's impression that this could be the artist's impression that this could be the artist's impression that this could be the artist's impression we only routinely use for people ahead of the serious accidents. You just cool the people down, and actually if you try to cool down your body temperature from 30 degrees, it's reaching 20 degrees Celsius you're reducing your metabolic risk for 70%. And with that you bring a lot of water or a vacuum and all of the oxygen, oxygen, stuff you put together. Last thing, no, this is not space, sorry. This is no option at all in space. There are so many things we have to work on. So long, actually, for some of those have no idea how to accomplish it. We're talking about trip plans for around 100 years. So I have not seen a computer that has one computer for 100 years. So if you have such a ship, you have to have all the spare parts, all the spare parts, all the spare parts, or you have to do this on board to do it. For example, asteroid mining to get the material out of it. This is not just to scare you away. This is not just to scare you away. These are the tasks you have to overcome. The humanity has done other things. We have already brought humans to the moon. Soon we will be at Mars. Please keep your heads up. There is a very famous quote by the father of the space. This is T.C. Olkovsky. The earth is the origin of the people. But no one can stay in the origin there. The question is when, but there is a lot of stuff to do. The people's way. But no one can stay in the way forever. Okay, we will get to the questions. Now we have some questions. We have a little bit more time left. There is one question on the internet. If we assume that E.M. drives work and we have a sufficient drive, could we shorten the time to other planets without going to Parabol? Good question, next question. If there is magic, then it's just yes. One question always interested me when I came for a far away planet that right now is basically an utter wasteland in the hostile wasteland. And instead of flying in and taking our head together as a species, surviving on the planet that we were literally living in, we could go to nature. And should we survive like utter wasteland if we can't do it here? No, it should work on a desert if it doesn't work here. Well, there was the problem where the sun eventually goes against the Earth. The sun eventually goes against the Earth. Yeah, but that's still pretty long ahead. Yeah, yeah, okay. We should definitely get here. But really. But in the long term, it's just a curiosity that we fly out there and we always have to keep our eyes open. Okay, one last question. Microphone 4, please. Can you imagine that the... Well, it's a nice mathematical concept. So... I think it's a mathematical concept, but the question is if it can really be built. It's not really clear if it's physical reality. If we have a warp drive, yeah, then it would be easy. Sorry. It's not going to happen within our lifetime. So if you have a warp drive by the end of Congress, we take Zal 2. The first thing that we planned for the space track speakers to congregate shortly after midnight at the speakers sofa outside of Sol G. All of the space tracks are on the sofa, shortly after midnight, that's the way. And you can ask more questions and re-enter them. Okay, that was it from us here in the office.