 Hello, can you hear me? Yes, yes Closer like this Yes like that Okay It can actually, you know, it can work. I also hate it because it messes your hair How is it? It would be like this, wouldn't it? Is this what it's supposed to be? Is it the other way around? Let's see if you can look with this. Yeah, because it doesn't do your hair I think I'll look like this Like that. I think that's all right Yeah, yeah, okay Good afternoon everyone May I please have your attention? Thank you now welcome to our third and and last keynote speech Featuring as they say Sandra Hale Who has come all the way from Australia? Thank you for taking the time and effort Sharon. Oh, sorry Sandra We're extremely sorry Well, I'm I'm yesterday too. Well We're extremely pleased to have you here. So Sandra Hale is Actually miss community interpreting really she has a long career in that field both both as an interpreter a trainer and a researcher She's currently Professor of interpreting and translation at the University of New South Wales in Sydney and her books the discourse of court interpreting and Community interpreting simply they are widely known and used Community interpreting is a model example of a subfield within translation studies that has been expanding in recent years and Which has pushed and extended the very boundaries of translation studies When interpreting studies and I were young in the early 90s community interpreting was small and ill regarded Today, it's huge and widely believed to be important Sandra's address carries the title moving boundaries through community interpreting research and it will focus on how academia Through methodologically advanced research has impacted on the field of practice Not only on interpreters, but also on interpreting users and policymakers So there's yet another boundary or barrier that is currently being torn down the one between Research and practice. So Sandra. We are looking forward to a speech. Please come forward Can you hear me? Yes, clear. All right. Thank you The room looks much bigger from this side Thank you very much to the organizers especially to hella who has been So great throughout not only this conference, but since from the time that she invited me Which was I think about two years ago or something So I'm very very happy to be here and very happy to to have Gone to so many excellent presentations and I also thank you all for staying behind to the very last session I didn't know how many people would be left okay, so Hella already introduced my topic about moving boundaries through community interpreting research So just by way of introduction You those of you who know about community interpreting will know that interpreting research is relatively recent when we compare it to Conference interpreting research or to translation research as a whole and it dates back to the late 1980s early 1990s and with most of the work I think carried out through out the 2000s and continuing on In a in a much greater way now now the bulk of the research into community interpreting or public service Interpreting as it is known in other places Was on or is has been on court and medical interpreting and the main methods that have been used and I can see that they continue to be used discourse analysis with naturally occurring data and ethnographic methods such as interviews and focus groups and observations and using a descriptive qualitative approach and I have been one of the People who have used these methods and continue to use these methods And I'll tell you more about that most of the research Traditionally has used relatively small samples. So case studies one case of a court case or medical consultation and so on and I think most of the time Traditionally including myself these studies have been carried out by single researchers from the field itself So this is a characteristic of community interpreting research that a lot of practitioners became Educators and then researchers and I'm one of those Examples one of the statistics. So I was a practitioner first a student first then a practitioner then a trainer and then a researcher and And most of the research has been done among people who now we call ourselves interpreting studies Experts I suppose or linguists So these Studies and the results of these studies have been instrumental in the development of community interpreting Both as a discipline and also in informing the practice through the training of interpreters and in different countries We have different Training regimes where these results have been used some more than others in Australia You may know that we've been Training community interpreters for many years and I am From the first cohort of those trained community interpreters back in the 80s And more are being trained and also we have a lot of international students. So So far up until that time Community interpreting research which has looked at the complexities of interpreting in this very different setting from conference interpreting, which is face-to-face and Dialogic or maybe sometimes even more than than that interactive interprofessional those complexities have caused Or have led to more research questions And this has crossed the boundaries into the practice by informing the training of community interpreters for the past two or three decades and there are some examples of researchers who have been instrumental in this phase of community interpreting research training and practice and that some whole cycle that is interconnected Now this presentation will describe some of my recent research studies, so I've chosen three I have others that I'm not going to talk about but I've chosen three because of lack of time obviously, but also to Show you about three legal interpreting situations which have been researched and I will talk about how these studies have crossed methodological disciplinary and professional boundaries and the research Studies that I'm going to talk about to to do with court interpreting one with police interpreting used mixed methods and during this conference we we saw people doing qualitative and quantitative and and sometimes Arguing which one is better than the other and so I'll show you now how these two types have been used in this projects and The researchers involved in these projects have been from various fields So obviously from interpreting and linguistics fields, but also from law from psychology sociology And others from health and so on using large samples So this is where we're becoming a little bit different from what had been done before what I had done before in particular So with these studies we have gone beyond the description and into The analysis of the effects of interpreting on all of the participants So I will give you an overview of three interdisciplinary projects So the first one is called interpreters in court funded by the Australian Research Council a linkage project Which means that it has to have industry partners and I'll tell you who they they have been or who they were and Interpreting in police settings. That's another funded project by the FBI when I say these people don't believe me but but it's true And the other one is another ARC linkage project about deaf citizens and jurors So here we've got a photo of the first project of part of the first project because of all of these projects multifaceted and using as I said qualitative and quantitative methods now one issue to do with experimental research which has been raised a lot here is the issue of Ecological validity so you can see here that we are in a real court With a person at the back that looks like a real judge But was an actor And and these two figures at the front were also actors and I'll tell you more about that and the reason why we had actors This is the composition of the researchers and this is an important detail It's it's one of the main points that I'm trying to make So we've got sociologist a criminologist Psychologist lawyer and then interpreting both spoken and sign language interpreting experts including Jemina Napier who you know and he's here today and then we have partner organizations The Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration Department of Attorney General and Justice of different States around Australia an architect firm you wonder why interpreter and translator agencies and the Federation of Deaf Society sign language communications and Ice design who design both the architects and these ones have designed a lot of the courts In Australia, so you can see that by bringing all these people together We're not only bringing a lot of expertise together from different fields and learning incredible an incredible amount of information and ways to do things from each other but also getting the linkage partners the industry partners Who are also learning about interpreting issues about the role of the interpreter about the needs of the interpreter and so on So these have been extremely important facets of these projects that go beyond the research questions that were the original Motivation for doing the the research, so I'll just give you a quick overview because these projects are huge But the the the main research questions Which were answered through the experiment there were other many research questions that were answered through the ethnographic Part of the research the questionnaires the interviews the focus groups But through the experimental part where these things was there any difference between the monolingual and the two interpretive conditions regarding jurors concentration Understanding and recollection of the fact of the case facts was there any difference in the jurors perception of the accused between the three Conditions and was there any difference in the conviction rate between the three conditions now in order to answer those very specific questions We had to mount a whole case based on a real case And it wasn't only once we repeated it many times at different times of the day with over 400 jurors And that's the reason why we had actors because the the whole script was scripted including the Interpretation so that the the accuracy of interpreting was not an issue was not a variable So we wanted to check these other variables the consecutive interpreting versus simultaneous and Time of day and how that impacted on the jurors So as I said included a lot of other ethnographic methods before that which informed the rest of the of the of the study including the mock trial It was a real courtroom acted out by professional actors to minimize the Variation it was repeated multiple times with 149 jurors and three conditions as I said now the main results We're very interesting the what we found was the conviction rate did not differ significantly between the jurors Who assessed the monolingual case without an interpreter and those who assess the bilingual cases with the same interpreter in either mode So the person who acted out the part of the accused or was always the accused first he spoke in English and then in Spanish through the Interpreter so that was a very good result because through very accurate Interpreting and by accurate I mean accurate in terms of content and manner So the the actor was trained to interpret not just the content But to copy the manner of the delivery we found that there was no significant difference in the conviction rate The time of the day made a difference to the jurors level of concentration and their ability to recall the facts of the case and The consecutive interpreting mode tended to distract them more in the afternoon So that was an issue that I think it's intuitive There were no significant differences. This is very important at all between the monolingual condition and the simultaneous mode And this seems to indicate that in order to place the non-English speaker in the same position as an English speaker The most appropriate mode would be the simultaneous because there was no difference in the in the two So it was the closest to the monolingual situation But there were significant differences between the monolingual condition and the consecutive mode With the consecutive mode eliciting more positive perceptions of the accused now I remember the consecutive mode was with the interpreters. I showed you in that picture the interpreter in view and so we suppose that the interpreters could Image reflected or positively on the accused It could be the opposite way if the interpreter did not have a professional image and was not introduced by the judge as a professional who was trained and with a good status So what are the applications of this? Study as I said you'll have to wait for the rest of the results because we're publishing all of them caught design That's one of the applications after this study and disseminating the results in many different fora The the designers of a number of courts have contacted us to ask us Where do you think the interpreter should be they had never thought about the interpreter before so there was no space for the Interpreter so now they're starting to think that maybe in the design of future courts the interpreter is Someone who will be a crucial element Court practices thinking about trials will simultaneous interpreting equipment Even if it's only for the trials the longer trials with two interpreters rather than just one and obviously there are always implications or applications for interpreter training The next one is a project which Jemina and I put a application together Jemina was the first Chief investigator on the application, but then she left So I became the first chief investigator, but we continued to collaborate and this is a different type of research. It's not an Experimental research like the other one with very strict rigorous methods And in experimental methods this one was more of a qualitative but also with a mock trial So we mounted a mock trial. We already had the the contacts from the previous study In the court so we were able to get the same courts and a lot of people on board and as you can see here This is outside the court with all of the participants who acted out the the mock trial. So for this one we have again Myself and lawyers as chief investigators and Jemina, Napier and Deborah Russell as the sign language Experts and then we have partner investigators as you can read and an advisory group Mostly to do with law reform with legal aid and New South Wales Departments of justice and with policy makers and there's a lot of Interest in the results of this research because it may very possibly lead to concrete policy changes So what were the the main aims now the issue with this is that this research is in response to what deaf people have been asking for they've been asking to be participants to to be an equal citizen They are citizens and to have equal Participation as jurors most people want to get out of jury duty and that's you know people who have a perfectly Capable and allowed to be jurors a lot of the deaf deaf people want to be Jurors, but they're not allowed to and so we wanted to see whether it was possible for them to act as jurors With interpreters with good interpreters So the first aim then to assess the ability of deaf jurors to access the courtroom trial and jury deliberations By interpreters to explore how a deaf person can participate in jury deliberations when relying on an interpreter and Examine the impact of having interpreters in the jury room and Investigate how the presence of a deaf juror impacts on the administration of justice from the perspective of all stakeholders The these aims are in response to the objections to having deaf people acting as jurors So we wanted to see if by mounting a case Again a mock trial based on a real case that had taken place not long ago This one was unscripted but prepared by the lawyers who had been involved in that real case And we had a retired judge and two random deaf jurors and random Jewry the rest of them the hearing jurors Actors for the witnesses and then we had the deliberation room now It's impossible to enter the deliberation room in a real situation. So this was the It's it's a good way to Analyze what goes on in a deliberation room. So they went into the real deliberation room and they deliberated and they took that extremely serious And afterwards we had interviews and focus groups and did content content analysis Now this is the picture of the deliberation room and how we you can see we've got the the sign language interpreters Facing the deaf juror we picked one deaf juror after the trial was over And then you can see how the deaf juror is in the middle and all of the other hearing jurors are around them So that was audio and video recorded now These are some of the preliminary results with regards to the deliberation room So the first question was if the deaf juror was able to participate to the same degree as the others The next one is if the interpreters would become an active participant because that's one of the objections that Interpreters cannot enter the deliberation room because they will become the 13th and 14th jurors and they will participate actively and influence the decision of the jury and If the other jurors were comfortable with the deaf juror and with the interpreters now I'll just show you quickly the number of turns We can see that the deaf juror is among the top one two three four five So it's the fifth one. The first one is the chair so in terms of number of turns taken to discuss in the deliberation room and then in terms of how much How long he spoke for he's actually the second one So he took a lot of the of the time of the jurors and then when interviewing the spoken language is the hearing jurors They said that they soon very soon forgot that the interpreters were there And it's a lot easier with sign language interpreters to forget that they're there because they don't hear them And that they trusted the interpreters They were amazed at how good the interpreters were and how ethical they were at one stage They asked them what do you think and they straight away said we can't tell you what we think We abide by a code of ethics and they didn't ask anymore after that And and so it was a very very good experience for all of the the jurors involved So very positive response from all the other jurors They were very comfortable with the interpreters and the interpreters were very ethical So this is a very important point here that with any Recommendation that we will make we need to make sure that the interpreters are not only ethical But very competent and in the discussions that we had afterwards with deaf people and with lawyers This was a major issue the lack of trust of you know who will be interpreting and whether the Not only the deaf juror, but everybody else or in particular from the lawyers perspective whether the The accused will get a fair trial. So these are issues that will be discussed So the lawyers and the administrators they had suspicion about the interpreters ability to accurately interpret and not only Because they were interpreters, but in addition because there was sign language interpreters So there's this misconception that sign language is not a real language. Some of these people think that you can't interpret What is being said to the same degree of precision? concern about trial fairness and Logistical and financial implications. So that is a real concern that if deaf people want to be jurors then a lot of cost will be involved but The issue is that these people are citizens and they are demanding to be treated the same as any other citizen so the applications law reform and State-based and federal reforms and there is currently a case this lady Gay Lyons who took the Queensland government to court for Discrimination because she wasn't allowed to be a juror in a case where she was Called for jury duty, but as soon as they realized that she needed an interpreter They didn't allow her to participate. So we're looking forward to seeing the results of this case the third case is A project which is very very complex But I'm only going to talk about the accuracy in bilingual police interviews and the difference between Trained and untrained bilinguals the original motivation for this project was I don't know if you're aware about the police interviewing techniques which now are very different from the coercive Techniques that were being used Previously now the main Strategy used is rapport building and so the the FBI wanted to know if the same strategies in building rapport could be achieved through Interpreted situations and so that was one of the main issues that we wanted to look at and there was a whole Training package done before the interpreters even participated in this about the importance of rapport power for is achieved what sorts of Strategies that the police would use and so on and the importance of interpreters in Maintaining the rapport also that that package was Saying to interpreters or telling them what the protocols were that they needed to interpret everything in the first person that if they needed any Clarification they need to ask and so on so the reason why that was there was because the The funders wanted to know if they interpreters needed training if that small short training would be enough For them to to be competent so you can see here that it's a very Very realistic setting All police interviews in Australia are recorded so that's not something that is different and We've got two actors there as well, but the script was checked by the police before we used it so they learned it and The interpreters although we told them in the information sheet that it was a simulated Situation a lot of people don't read information sheets We and we figured because most of them thought it was a real situation And a lot of them got really stressed out Because it was a real police situation and they needed to interpret for this For this real case So the chief investigators here again psychologists lawyer and other psychologists and statistician Now the aims according to you know many other aims for these are the main ones I want to talk about to explore the differences in interpretive performance including accuracy management skills according to interpret our understanding of roles So they were given a questionnaire before the actual interviews According to the formal training and experience and the physical placement of the interpreter This is another thing that came from the US where The preference now is for this is what the and the police told us is to put the interpreter behind the accused or the This case the detainee so that they don't have a conversation with each other So that the rapport is directly with the police rather than with the interpreter now This is due I believe to the fact that they are used to working with interpreters who are not ethical and enter into conversations and side Comments and so on and so they detract from the ability of the interviewer to build rapport with the interviewee And so the interviewer becomes excluded whereas we have always taught Our interpreters to sit in the middle. So there's an equidistant and that is an impartial a visual Impartial sitting and also they can see both Speakers so what was interesting? Okay, I'll tell you the results later, but the methodology experimental and discourse analytical now with all of this It's a mixture of all the methods in terms of the methods of data elicitation and also analysis So we've got so much data to analyze from different perspectives. So obviously I do the discourse analysis The others do the quantitative Statistical analysis So we had a scripted interview with the actors and really interpreting But the actors knew that they needed to respond according to the answers that they Received they didn't stick to the to the script if the interpreter didn't interpret accurately or omitted something or the answer was not quite What they expected because of that the interpreter really was the one who had this ability to change things because the The interviewee was also an actor So it was video recorded transcribed and coded and we had a hundred Spanish speaking interpreters so big samples and they ranged from untrained bilinguals to highly trained interpreters with masters degrees and even PhDs with Their varying degrees of experience Now the important point here is that the bilinguals that the difference in bilingualism was Non-significant so they were all of them had a very very good level of bilingualism So that wasn't an issue. So everything else was what if it So summaries a summary of the results. We found that the trained interpreters Were more likely than bilinguals to perceive the role as neutral This is through the first questionnaire and a duty to interpret everything. So 89 percent versus 57 that the trained interpreters Scored much higher on seven separate accuracy measures, which I'll show you in a minute and that overall accuracy rating weighted by importance Also showed a very important difference trained interpreters 71 percent to 47 percent in the Marks that they got so these were the The separate accuracy measures so Propositional content was number one. This was based on the rubrics that we use to assess professional interpreters in the accreditation exam and in the courses that we teach and Especially in legal interpreting so propositional content followed by manner of speech in other words Maintaining the same manner of the original. So this is extremely important in legal interpreting not in other types of interpreting but in legal interpreting the way in which Witness gives evidence is as important as what he or she says. So that's very important There are poor features that needed to be maintained and there are many different types of features that were included there Using the correct protocol. So they introduced themselves. So that was part of The analysis how they introduced themselves as professionals whether they introduced the role How they will be acting with the there will be interpreting the first person Explaining that they will be interpreting everything that they heard if there was anything that they didn't want Interpret not to say it because they're under an obligation to interpret so setting the rules from the beginning Knowing when to interrupt how to interrupt how to manage the terms and interpreting in the first person Then the knowledge of the legal terms There were very specific legal terms in there that needed to be taken into account and the legal discourse as a whole and And the turn taking how they manage that And the language competence which I I said before So as a summary The trained interpreters I just need some water We're more likely to reproduce verbal rapport markers than bilinguals Across all of those Different there were seven types of rapport markers This is even when We had two groups some had had the the training that I mentioned to you So some had had the intervention some hadn't and they're all mixed So even when they had that intervention the untrained Interpreters didn't gain anything from it. They still did Anything that came to mind so they didn't follow the instructions if you like that they were given whereas the trained interpreters Did everything that the training said even if they didn't get that training because they had already Received it earlier. So that was an important thing The trained interpreters were unaffected by position change and maintain rapport throughout the interview This was interesting too because the trained interpreters resisted moving position now the one of the police Actors Halfway through said okay. Oh, we can't hear very well. So we have to change the position So they weren't told that they were changing positions because we wanted to assess which position was better And one particular interpreter who was an experienced trained interpreter said I can't I can't interpret from behind You know, I have to stay in the middle because I can't interpret from behind because I need to see everybody But anyway after a bit of convincing he did sit behind them and everybody else did and there was no difference in the accuracy So this perception that you can't do something when in fact they were able to do it So there was no that weren't affected by position the untrained bilinguals ignored half of the rapport Marcus Irrespective of placement and the trained interpreters rated more Afterwards the the act this were asked to they didn't know what the study was about what we were looking for But they were asked to rate the interpreters So they had a questionnaire to rate them or like at scales They didn't know who was trained or untrained So they they had to rate them and the trained interpreters rated more knowledgeable more trustworthy more confident more likeable than untrained Interpreters and then I'm yeah bilinguals by the interviewers the interviewer and the suspect so that was another interesting result So the applications We found that the ones who had had specialized legal interpreting training were superior to the ones who had had So the Continuum was like this trained at university level with legal interpreting specialization were the top Followed by trained at university level without the specialization followed by the technical College trained interpreters followed by the ones who were accredited and experienced but without training And then it kept going to to the bilinguals. So that is an important finding because Nati the national accreditation authority what translated to interpreters has gone through a review and one of the recommendations is To have specialist accreditation levels and they have agreed to that So that will come into force and also the professional association is also going to align with that and have specializations especially in legal and medical so they are very real applications now this Research was funded by the US, but we we use it for Australia as well and obviously we hope that they will Take on board the the recommendations as well there so now back to the To the theme of the conference. How did these projects push the boundaries? So the first boundary that was pushed was the disciplinary boundary now I remember when I first started researching that It not not only was interpreting a Discipline that nobody seemed to know about You told him interpreting that didn't understand what it was if you talked about interpreting the illegal Settings they talked about interpreting the law. So it was a discipline that wasn't very well known but also Not a discipline once you explain what it was. Well, so what do you need to research? You know, it's it's simple You need to do is what you this person says in one language you just say it in the other language So this lack of awareness about the complexities of interpreting that merit Doing research into it. So that's the first thing the second thing is that Researchers in other fields did not look at interpreting as Something that was worth researching even though we as interpreters. We don't work in a vacuum So an interpreter has to work with other professionals Otherwise, there's no interpreting to do. So this is a very important point. And so having sociologists criminologists Psychologists lawyers architects the police industry industry partners in addition to interpreting studies experts has been a very Enriching experience for all of us. I've seen how from the beginning these colleagues had many Conceptions about interpreting and as we worked in these Projects they started to become more and more knowledgeable about interpreting to the point of becoming champions of interpreters and Particularly the judiciary. I mean on on the side. I also have been training The judiciary judges and magistrates for many years and using the results of my research And I've been able to see the the changes in the attitudes from Judges and magistrates One judge said to me, I'll give you a couple of anecdotes She saw me after ten years After I had given a workshop and she said, you know from that workshop. There was not only mine There were many different sessions. She said the only one I remember is yours and the only one I apply Consistently is how to treat interpreters. So another judge told me now when I see people treating interpreters Incorrectly or not using the correct protocols and so on. I really get frustrated. So we get these champions from other Powerful professions, you know, these are the judges who can help us achieve our goals and I think Since this has been happening, I can see an acceleration of the improvements to interpreter status working conditions and It's going a lot quicker because more people are working towards this Improvement of not only the knowledge of bad interpreting practice, but also how that can impact on Working conditions for interpreters so that they can perform better. So that has been a real asset not only that Researchers in other areas now are asking me to join their teams because they are now thinking about Including in the research studies issues to do with interpreting and translation which Previously they had not thought about So that's another important point mixed methods There is so much benefit to using mixed methods and not to compete with each other But to complement each other and and to look at the the data from very different perspectives and to support The results from different perspectives. So that that has been a great outcome as well large samples Now we can use statistical significance to back up the claims that we Figured through naturally occurring data through discourse analysis and so on but we couldn't really Replicate and we couldn't really say well. This is the cause and this is the effect So now we can use both in order to make much stronger claims and to also have Not only one section of the research Community listen to us, but many other sections of the research community as well As I said researchers learning from each other raising interest understanding and awareness about interpreting issues and creating allies to help us achieve Results, which is what I just mentioned Okay, so in conclusion the results That we and there are more results as I said coming but have been used to recommend policy changes And I'm currently working on a huge project with Committee which is the the judicial Committee for cross-cultural awareness I can't remember exactly the name but Writing Rules for judges on how to work with interpreters and for interpreters and how to work in the court And this will be national standards that will raise the level the status the working conditions and so on so this Will be a major breakthrough Educating medical and legal practitioners and how to work effectively with interpreters There's the medical project that I didn't talk about now. And so in conclusion I argue that interpreting studies in this way are pushing the boundaries of Their own academic and professional community into the wider community with which interpreters interact. Thank you Thank you very very much Sandra Now we take some questions comments from the floor anyone No questions. No that cannot be This is not an option. It's because you said it all Sandra Okay, okay Hi, and thank you. That was really interesting and I mean actually the results especially from the last study seemed a bit too Beautiful to be through the the advantage of training seems to be really I Mean really clear so I wonder if there are some maybe other areas which you didn't talk about because they were not really significant Well, bilinguals were actually Had an advantage over Indurabitors and also wonder whether you took experience as a factor as for example between a bilingual with 20 years experience And the young graduates would it be a difference in quality or yes, I wonder. Thank you Thanks for that question. Yes. They are very useful results Bilinguals I have to say in Australia very few bilinguals that are not accredited will be interpreting Okay, so these bilinguals were people who maybe had helped out once with the friends or family But they didn't call themselves interpreters. Okay, so there was a whole range. So with the experience They didn't have much experience some of them had some experience I'm not with the ones who call themselves interpreters There was that variety of the trained and untrained and the ones with experience without experience the the ones who Were just graduated from university Did as well or much better at times than the ones who had not received university training or even tape training so that the Early graduates of university did much better than the experienced ones who did not have training So it was a major difference now some of the issues that we saw in the bilinguals was that they They didn't know how to manage that was the main thing. They didn't know how to manage the situation So the script was very difficult. It was very purposefully the Spanish speaker the detainee was very aggressive and he didn't want to he wasn't very cooperative He didn't want to respond wanted to have side conversations with the interpreter wanted to have the interpreter as an ally Then the police wanted to have the interpreter as an ally. So very challenging situations The bilinguals, you know how what to do they just omitted most of it They they started talking to one or the other the professionals were very professional about it They knew how to manage it to the point of switching mode of interpreting for example They when they started overlapping speech, they started simultaneous interpreting. So it was very smooth Everything worked well And and obviously the the two actors who didn't know anything about interpreting also saw the difference Thank you. Thank you very much for this interesting presentation Sandro Sorry say your name. Oh, sorry. I'm Sabine Brown from the University of Sorry Just to follow up on this question about experience. I was wondering the especially with your study in the police area Did you also look at the experience that the police officers had I assume they were real police officers, right? that But the script was okay written in conjunction with the police Yeah, okay. No, then the question is whether I was wondering whether you had noticed because I think that would also be very interesting to look at Obviously, whether you had noticed whether the experience that a police officer has in working with an interpreter whether that had actually also influenced your role place and But not in this one. I have to say that we do training for the police Not me personally, but the the new South Wales police. For example, they have a training Department that trains them on how to work with interpreters that most police will know how to work with interpreters Thank You Sandra Henry you from feet And always an excellent presentation Sandra to see all the work that you've been doing particularly in the cross-disciplinary aspect of building bridges following up on that question on the significance of the of the University trained and with legal interpreting background the university trained versus the non-university trained I Assume they are all significantly different. Yes Is there a particular bridge being the widest in other words was University training the most significant or was legal training the most significant Is there a particular aspect of it being more significant than the rest? I haven't got the the actual figures here with me, but the the legal interpreting Training gave them the skills with regards to The legal discourse and terminology, which you know, there were very good interpreters who didn't know how to interpret caution For example, and so they had to stop and ask, you know, what does that mean? They knew how to manage the situation But they didn't have that so there was an extra layer of difficulty. Yes, but it was very specifically legal Okay, can I ask you okay Oh, sorry Okay, so you go first now we'll because we have Brian you wait a second, okay, you can't you can't start competing, please Okay, thank you. Okay. Shea number other minds University. I have a methodological question It just I think compliments or adds to what Sabine Brown said Or maybe it's it's just taken from there You just told us that you take mock and simulation situations. They are Inactive situations and you take them somehow as real situations. Do you Problematize do you somehow reflect upon this situation of being enacted of having of working with Experimental sit with an experimental situation in your research. Is this also included? Is there a part in your research? Just reflecting upon this methodological Situation that would be quite interesting because I don't think that we should Only concentrate on the real life on the field on the the empirical But this is something maybe that should be included in the more theoretical reflections in you in the research Did you do that? Was that part of the program? That's obviously something that you know when we write the articles will mention I come from All my early research is naturally occurring data. So that has informed Everything else. So I have described how interpreters work in many different settings and that has informed everything else In addition to that we did a lot of observations and then replicating as Much as possible a real situation. What is real here is that it's not that we asking the interpret The just interpret one segment or one text and so on it's an it's a Real interview because they they didn't they had to do the interpreting of an interview in the court It was it had nothing to do with it because that was a scripted interpreting situation So that was a different thing It was to look at the effect of the interpretation on the evaluation of the witnesses, but in this case If we want to analyze specific Practice then we need to be able to replicate it a hundred times with a hundred interpreters There is no way that we can get naturally occurring data With the same exactly the same Interview with a hundred Interpreters, so that's the best next thing Yeah Brian Moss from Toronto, Canada as any of your research concerned the gender of the interpreter for example if the If a male suspect is being interviewed by a woman police officer, does it make a difference? Whether the interpreter is a man or woman? No, but that's one that we have thought about because especially with the results of the first study that I mentioned where the accused was viewed as more Likeable and everything more positive because they saw the interpreter through that we we don't know exactly why but through the consecutive Interpretation and it may be that it's because it's a female as opposed to a male So that's another research question that we we have thought about that is very worth looking into One last Sorry, sorry because I think I was the sort of source of the previous question I Would like to second what what Santa was saying. I think for this type of research It is it doesn't also really matter that it is a role-play in addition to what you have said Sandra I also think and it was comparative you wanted to see what's the comparison me so basically what you are measuring is only the difference between the trained and the untrained bilingual so and What the other people are doing is then not so I mean my my question wasn't intended as criticizing whether and I was Simply curious whether you had any insights in that but I think for there is a very good place for this comparative experimental research for Replication purposes and I think we have to be careful that we don't sort of throw out the Baby with the baths here and saying this kind of Experimental research can very well be valid in this particular Case and that's why I argue that we have to use all methods and the research question will determine the methods So, you know if we want to compare across then we need to do experimental if we want to describe what happens Then we do the the naturally occurring Yeah, that was a good last point Yes Thank you very much Sandra Could I We will proceed. Thank you. Thank you very much. Sandra. Can you you will stay up here, please? Andrew Can you come up here? please Sharon where where are you Sharon? Can I have you up here? Thank you car Okay, we'll just you know, we'll give you one second and then just proceed directly to the closing session Okay Okay, as whoa, okay, may I have your attention again, please May I have your attention? Could could I ask you to perhaps sit down again? We will as I said proceed directly to the closing session. You're probably all tired So we have opted for a short session Beginning with the announcement of the winner of the best poster award which is sponsored by John Benjamin's The chair of the scientific committee. Can Corning Setzen will announce the winner. Can we are looking forward to that? The floor is yours. So it's my great pleasure to announce that well first of all 124 Participant votes were cast which I think is quite impressive for the first first poster award we've ever had At an EST Congress So 124 votes and I'm happy to announce that the poster that received most votes was produced by Laura Laura Iwaska is Laura here. I can say that Laura is from the University of Turku in Finland and You produced a poster with the rather specific title of Indirect translations of modern Greek prose literature into Finnish from 1952 to 2004 And the best poster award has kindly been sponsored by John Benjamin's publishing company and it is a book grant to the amount of 700 euro Congratulations So yes, congratulations to Laura. Thank you all. Thank you Congratulations Laura that was very well done. Okay and Now we'll go to the next item on the agenda impressions and highlights from the old Congress as seen by our keynote speakers We will just present them in the order in which they have given their speeches Beginning with Andrew Drew Chesterman Andrew. Would you would you come up here, please? Can I say all that all that? Do I do either important bits or the not important bits first? Well, okay here goes my first impression that I will carry away from this conference is a red t-shirt I Have been really impressed by your friendliness You're always in the right place on the corner of some building where I'm trying to find some room somewhere And when I go down the wrong corner, you come along politely and say no, actually it's not that way And I think you've been just great. Thank you very much and then I think I must follow Mr. Bean And I would say that my other my second impression of this conference is It's big Some of you will know the film that I'm referring to It's really huge and This has on the one hand been a source of tremendous richness and variety On the other hand for me at least it's been a source of a bit of frustration As you know, I'm well known for my statistical quantitative mathematical contribution to empirical science And I have carefully worked out that I have actually although I have been to every possible session that I can be a I have actually attended 11% of The total of 63 panel sessions even jumping one panel to another occasionally and I feel as if I've only Scratched the surface of this conference and I think that's a feeling that many people must have I've come across some wonderful papers Some of them by serendipity Interestingly enough because I come along To one which I've marked that I want to hear and I'm a bit early or a bit late And there's another one going on. I think geez that's actually really interesting And I get carried away into something quite different than I hadn't prepared for which is very nice very good I Not too keen on the speed presentations For anybody over 25 it's quite hard to keep up and If you're actually presenting it must be pretty hard to realize that you've got 50 slides to go in two and a half seconds It's it's maybe not always an optimal solution. I I think I Do go for the posters. I've seen some great posters I was especially struck by the one that didn't win, but I really liked it the one dealing with What was the one image that you would put on Wikipedia if you had to choose an image for an article on translation? I thought that was really nice. I got stuck on that for a long time. Oh Was it well, I I liked it. I like it. That's I know I probably shouldn't mention names But I really did like that one otherwise I got to say I really liked that that presentation and that one and that one And I perhaps I shouldn't do that On a slightly more serious note how I got another half an hour Two minutes. Oh here we go again, so a speed presentation It's a great theme moving boundaries is a really good theme because it can be interpreted in so many ways It's so topical In many ways, which has come out immigration and goodness knows what else I think it's a wonderful theme and I challenged Ellen Bosch to come up with something as good That will be quite interesting challenge I'm trained as a linguist and I came into translation studies as a linguist And I noticed that there's a great absence of linguistics at least in the 11% that I tasted Linguistics seems to be oh so last Thursday as they say if you're under 25 apparently I'm there must have been some but it's a very striking indication of how Translation studies has moved in the last 30 or 40 years away from its core We're now all going cultural and social and increasingly political I was surprised how many of the events I went to here have brought into a political brought in a political aspect to Translation studies politics and policy and things like this Just two more small things I'm also impressed that a great many of the papers that I listen to have a kind of underlying implicit Interest in quality quality used to be a bit of a no-no in the days of descriptive translation studies But it's coming in back I think kind of creeping in you know under the carpet if that's the correct So that can't be the correct English metaphor You can imagine it coming in somehow Because a great many people are motivated not just by improving the translators working conditions or improving the quality of a translation, but also improving Life social life more generally and such like Which I thought was maybe that's something that will come back. I don't know it obviously answers questions about social relevance What are we all here for well? We're trying to make life better in some way Better machines better better use of technology better in better ways of dealing with technology and a great many other betters and betters and betters We're all becoming cyborgs. I suppose a bit But to end on a really serious note one thing I shall remember is Ambulatory because I had a long argument about it with Helle actually I've spent a good deal of time Googling And it still seems to me to be a strange word This is where we had that meal last night we were in the ambulatory or ambulatory Still puzzles me I should remember it and of course I shall also remember as I'm sure all of you will remember who were there last night 39% I'm not going to take very much time because I know everybody's really exhausted and tired after Such a long number of days, but I do want to start just by saying Thank you so much to the conference organizers for a really wonderful Conference, please join me in thanking them. It's actually impossible to select highlights because of What Andrew just pointed out that we haven't really attended everything So it would be really unfair to say this was a highlight or that was a highlight So I'm going to give you some very scattered Impressions of my experience of the conference the first thing I would say is that I saw some great speed presentations So they can be done brilliantly and They opened up a lot of time for discussion, which was was really good. So There there's a good way of doing the speed presentations. I think Because I couldn't pick highlights I've been talking to people about what they thought were the highlights or what they're taking away from from the conference so when one of the things that comes back again and again is How big the area of translation studies has become So if you look at all of the themes, we've had things on religion. We've had things on media on Technology on Sociology and so on so it's it's really really big Something that keeps coming back in the comments that I got from people is How we're collectively very interested in a lot more than text and language So I want to just give you a number of the the phrases that people gave to me in terms of what they thought was really interesting, so the ecosystem of the translator and translation the socio-technical system The relevance of translation to society as a whole Translation and its impact on social quality and Translation and social inclusion. So these are some of the the keywords that people gave to me As being really a highlight or something that was was very very important to them I want to just finish off by picking up on what Sandra said towards the end of her talk where she demonstrated that the research that they've been doing has been pushing boundaries and opening up interpreting so that it's understood in many other domains and Just a little anecdote About my experience recently. I was in a large gathering of academics from Irish universities and People were introducing themselves and saying what fields they came from so we had people from Engineering from nursing from social science from psychology from language and literature and then translation studies and When you said I'm from translation studies, you could see a complete blank look on all of the faces So then they ask you well, what do you do? You teach language or you teach linguistics or you know What is it that you do and you try to explain and then you can see the cogs turning again They're thinking there's a whole discipline for that Yeah, so Maybe community interpreting has managed to push itself out there and to be recognized for its importance But I think that we still have a very significant job to do in relation to translation studies We have a very rich field, but we have also huge challenges ahead of us. So let's keep working on that. Thank you all very much. I Will not say too much. I I had prepared a number of slides But I'm not going to share them Now I say Ditto to everything that Andrew and Sharon have said And I have really enjoyed mingling with so many people getting to know new people and meeting older Not oldest in age, but people have known for a long time and I'm really appreciative of of Andrew's Ability to guide me so that I wouldn't get lost The city so that was very useful, but I think one thing that I like to stress or to highlight is that I manage or I try to go to most of the interpreting sessions and I managed to Select the positives of the different presentations about interpreting and so some of the positives that I Was able to hear was for example that community interpreters in a big survey Consider that the the work is very valuable that it has very Social strong social value, and I think that's a very important thing that the younger generation Optimistic more optimistic than the older generation about the future of interpreting and of their career that the graduates of universities find that the the training has been very useful and that they Appreciate what they've learned in the training. So I think through all of these results I've been able to see a number of the misconceptions or myths or some maybe not so but That have been around for a long time that there's no Relevance to theory that there's no link between the practice and what you learn at the university that That there's no hope for interpreters the working conditions are appalling and so that that's not what I heard or Some of that has been said but I chose I chose not to highlight that I like to highlight the positive because I think that that's the only way that we can keep going if we highlight on the small Wins on the small battles that we win Then we have energy to keep battling to keep fighting to keep going And we will see slowly the changes that will lead to improvements And I I know I've seen this in the work that I've been doing and I know that if we all look at the positives We can go a lot further. That's all. Thank you No, but but but can I close first? No, no I want to finish I want to finish This is cheating but because it's I get an extra go But I think this conference has been so extraordinary that it should be celebrated in a work of literature And I have spent my nights composing a brief poem a limerick in honor of our hosts You know a limerick. I'm sure with the rhyme scheme a a b b a and I invite you to join in With the last word of the fourth line which you may be able to predict Are you are you concentrating? I was challenged at first by trying to find a rhyme for the city in which we are and I have solved this problem in Using the multi-languaging strategy There is a great group in or who's who set up a conference whose Theme Was the best because it was And no one went home with the blues. I think we should give a bigger applause to our Organizers really once again Thank you very much This is just so Andrew But you know what I should have been before you because I was going to thank the rest of you, you know I know you're tired. We're really at the end and all but But there are a few things that I need to say Well, so now I'm at the acknowledgments and credits Well, there are so many people that I'd like to thank that it's been almost impossible To decide where to start and where to stop. Well, I tried to stop But to take it chronologically. I'll start by thanking the previous EST president and board Anthony Alshandra, Wucha, Isabel, Ivona, Carol, Michael, and Kiriaki most of you decided to make host the venue of the 8th EST Congress and All of you afterwards helped planning it. So thank you very much Our keynote speakers you were next actually it's two years ago. I started corresponding with you Andrew Sharon and Sandra you all did so wonderful. So thank you very much our scientific committee The many many members they scrutinized assessed and rated almost 600 submissions So thank you very much for your work. It has been voluntary unpaid and Still excellent. So professional still I want I Actually want to mention them. It's aunt. Well aunt It's Henry Gottlieb, Kaisa Koskinen, Bigita, England, Dimitrova, Hanna Risko, Klaus Schubert, Frans Pöschhacker, Daniel Schiele, Christina Schefner, Nike, Nike and Gemina Napier, Brian Bair, Michael Cronin, Christina Abdalla, Heledam Jensen, Cam Daniela Meyer and not least the steering committee. Anna Scholler Is Anna here? Anna is here. Martin You Martin is Martin here. Is Martin not here? Where is he? Oh, he is up there. Look up there Without him there would be no program There would just not be a program. He has been so wonderful. So Khan Koning Setsen, you were the chair. Thank you very much. Okay Okay Also all the people and organizations that have supported the Congress financially as I said when I opened The Congress has many sponsors They're all on the Congress website basically But at this point I wish to mention just a few important ones So first of all the main conference sponsor communication and spore. I mentioned you already At the very opening your hair yarn pier has he gone home? we also had substantial grants from the Danish Research Council and The heat of foundation and well many many more So it has been really good to be able to operate a low enough conference fee to enable many scholars to attend the Congress Then I also want to thank all my co-organizers. So I'll just mention them It's Khan yen and yeah and come one and come to the other hell Well, I'm the first hell and then there's the other hell Marian Matilde Martin Tina Catherine Christine and also Casper The administrator team the administrator team. That was a many that was too many words Well all syllables VBica. Are you here? VBica? Are you here? Yes VBica? Sine also and Sophia and Anitta and Thomas he's probably doing the streaming now, but actually he Is our streaming guy and he did all the online voting and stuff and he has been really really great So and then I also wanted to of course mention our red t-shirts, but you already did that But I think you did really really well. So So I just want to thank you all for working With me with us. It's been great to working with you And it's also I think perhaps a tiny bit nice that we are now at the end Then I also want to thank all you all of you out there in the auditorium You decided to attend the eight EST Congress. So thank you very much for coming all the way to all who's we know It's not the center of the world. It's for us. It is the center of the world, but not to you, of course So you all contributed to making this Congress a milestone I think in translation studies history and an unforgettable event altogether So safe trip home and make sure to come back You're free to go actually