 I'm Andrew Vance from the Cyber Institute. My colleagues, Axana Boulder from Gantt University and Taylor Vance from the Cyber Institute, are honored to share our research, international law and cyberspace, the need for collaboration and coordination to promote international peace in the fifth domain. Our research involves analysis from the United Nations Global Cyber Law Tracker, the Asian School of Cyber Law's Global Cyber Law Database, and NYU Cyber Security Center's International Law Repository. We'd like to thank the program committee for its interest and support of our research. Hello, my name is Taylor Vance and I am a senior researcher from the Cyber Institute. According to the 2019 World Economic Forum's Global Risk Report, the fifth-grade strategic and economic risk that nation states report they are facing is cyber war. With the escalation of cyber attacks, nation states are struggling to institute effective cyber laws. The purpose of our research was to identify the current challenges relating to international legal framework. The fifth domain, otherwise known as cyberspace, is the newest theater of warfare joining land, sea, air and space. It represents an evolution of nation-state capabilities, but unlike the other domains, the conflicts in cyber war to date have not involved military-unmilitary conflicts. However, there is a conflict between evolving international policies. The goal of our findings is to influence international political processes to evolve in order to ensure collective societal protection in relation to societal values, rights and freedoms. Good day. My name is Oksana Bull-Dunn. I am an LLM student in international business law at the Gantt University in Belgium. The main international instrument available to address cyber attacks is the Budapest Convention. Certain sexual and regional treaties taken together provide a disjoint patchwork of regulations for cyber activities. All through these frameworks indicate that cyberspace is not beyond the reach of international law. Our research indicates that the sufficient internationally accepted regulatory mechanisms governing cyber activities are still lacking. The United Nations draft articles on the responsibility of states for international wrongful acts with commentaries is one of the most widely accepted international agreements currently being considered to adopt to cyberspace. However, it does not adequately address cyber attacks. The U.S. cyberspace strategy identifies potential international legal challenges and gaps as it denotes the continuous confrontation of adversaries throughout cyberspace in order to gain operational advantage. This is in conflict with the UN Charter, which prohibits the use of force by states accepting unilateral or collective self-defense in the case of an armed attack. The effects of a cyber attack are completely different in nature than a military operation or other conventional uses of armed force. If international law is to be an efficient governance structure, it must be adaptable to this new phenomenon without the need to reinvent an entire regulation framework on each occasion. Good day. My name is Oksana Bulldown. I am LLM student in international business law at the Gantt University in Belgium. The main international instrument available to address cyber attacks is the Budapest Convention. Also, certain sexual and regional treaties taken together provide a disjoint patchwork of regulations for cyber activities. All through these frameworks indicate that cyberspace is not beyond the reach of international law. Our research indicates that insufficient internationally accepted regulatory mechanisms governing cyber activities are still lacking. The United Nations draft articles on responsibility of states for international wrongful acts with commentaries is one of the most widely accepted international agreements currently being considered to adopt to cyberspace. However, it does not adequately address cyber attacks. The US cyberspace strategy identifies potential international legal challenges in gaps, as it denotes the continuous confrontation of adversaries throughout cyberspace in order to gain operational advantage. This is in conflict with the UN Charter, which prohibits the use of force by states accepting unilateral or collective self-defense in the case of an armed attack. The effects of a cyber attack are completely different in nature than a military operation or other conventional uses of armed force. If international law is to be an efficient governance structure, it must be adaptable to this new phenomenon without the need to reinvent an entire regulation framework on each occasion. The problem of attribution and accountability in cyberspace pertains to the difficulty in determining the identity or location of an attacker and holds those accountable. The Council of Europe has set important international legal standards in this field, through its conventions on mutual assistance in criminal matters, on the prevention of terrorism, and on cyber crime. Nevertheless, serious obstacles still hamper the investigation and prosecution of cyber offenses, particularly in the context of cross-border networks. The legal framework for cybersecurity measures still has no definition of hybrid war. Therefore, the law enforcement actions are extremely limited. Building on the emerging normative convergence, nation states should be able to reclaim their central role in the international legislative process. In the immediate future, nation states should become more forthcoming in expressing their opinion as to the interpretation of existing international law to cyber issues. This will enable the applicable opinion jurists to consolidate and facilitate the process of transformation of state power into obligations of customary law. Finally, there must be an iterative process of state-appropriated norm-making to result in the adoption of comprehensive multilateral undertakings, possibly commencing what the definitional matters to pave the way towards future consensus building over more substantive issues. My colleagues and I would like to thank the 9th annual Cambridge International Law Conference for allowing us to present our research and findings.