 Now let's review the charging and rating requirements that we have earlier discussed it with specific focus on the internet protocol television and the voice over IP services We'll start off with the an introduction to how con converse services are provisioned on NGN and then we'd look at the implementation and we'd also quickly summarize various business models NGN basically is the room for providing the opportunity to converge various services which would otherwise exist on their own legacy systems Since it is the technology evolution that takes place in due course of time therefore the business aspects and the regulatory environment of a certain country or a certain region is also influenced by the development of technology for instance we know that the public switched telephone networks and the land mobile networks had always existed but with voice over IP in NGN architecture these two have truly converged likewise the broadcast television service as in terrestrial service and the digital video broadcast is now being provisioned through IP television while these technologies very much exist the internet native worldwide web has transformed into complete suite of services like IoT and web of the web of things services so whatever these technologies are if these are to be provisioned on NGN certain adaptation is required either in the business or the regulatory environment or the technology itself to adapt to certain customer base the implementation of whatever service on NGN is governed by a certain model this model is for the developers to understand how a certain technology is adapted to the NGN environment so it's a basically three-layer model vertically speaking we have the services and applications at the top layer you can think about it as the application layer of the TCP IP then we have the production the middle layer where actually the content is produced and the R&D layer the bottom layer which is the lowest layer involving the study of a certain technology so it means if a certain service has to be offered in NGN environment it has to go through basic research and development process it has to be produced in a certain way and then it has to be provided on certain user interfaces the provisioning of NGN services particular focus on voice over IP and IP television is through certain entities very obvious we have the end user equipment we've got the network infrastructure we've got the platform on which the services are going to run and then we have the content itself the delivery or the packaging of content is again a different subject altogether let's quickly look at certain variants of voice over IP because when we think about voice over IP we immediately start thinking about WhatsApp or Skype or Tango FaceTime etc but in in the context of NGN there is a certain taxonomical classification at the moment we are just considering voice over IP but specifically it is voice over IP and IP television either as such or with qs support it could be provisioned as voice for IP services with complete qs bundle along with best effort internet or it could be voice over IP service along with broadband access to internet as basically a resale product of service provider it means the service provider is giving it as as an additional service in addition to broadband sometimes it is also possible to configure or offer the best effort voice service where there's no interaction between the network provider and the service provider the example is WhatsApp Viber and Skype so from the from the network provider perspective these are known as OTT that is over the top services so the network as such does not guarantee any quality of service then in certain mobile environments we need mobile wipe service you may wonder essentially it is wipe indeed it is wipe but there are certain entities in NGN which specifically handle mobility so those services need to be invoked specifically with regards to roaming so this was a quick overview of the offerings that could be made in voice over IP similar to that we could have a certain range of services in IP television for instance we can have a full-fledged architecture for IPTV where the network provider and the content provider are the same in this case the requirements of ensuring quality of service become end to end starting from the admission control to providing priority based service to the NGN traffic involving multimedia traffic shaping for competing resources and on the receiver end to ensure that a smooth play out takes place a buffering requirement is also at the end of the network and service provider then we have IPTV service provider as such it provides IPTV streams to NGN providers usually these are known as podcast then we have the best effort internet television so best effort internet television could be web page embedded videos where the money to the service provider and the network provider is coming through clicks as in ad sense so this is how we can think about how the charging and rating landscape could be seen with regards to voice and IP television