 Okay, so good afternoon, welcome back after I hope you had a good tea, coffee, whatever. So before tea break, I requested you to just see that, you know, just take a perspective that how much area would be required just to deal with the landfills. And the question will be that whether this area is available in the cities in future or not and if not then what to do with this whole management system. In terms of, so it is not that the municipal solid waste management we do for good reasons but it is also by law and it is very much written in municipal solid waste management and handling rules 2000. In fact, we are about to have new rules which are under discussion and some kind of, it is in public domain, people, the comments are asked by different agencies, it is under discussion. So we will have new rules actually, so whatever was not written in this rules will be certainly in the new rules. It is very clearly written that it is the municipalities who have responsible for the whole waste management in city including collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal of MSW. And the interesting part is that as per rules, the biodegradable material should not go to the landfills. So that means anything which is biodegradable should not be sent to the landfills that means whatever system we have to dwell, we certainly need waste energy, anaerobic digestion or the composting kind of systems. We will see that how the new rules comes in and what are the different changes in that but this everything is as per the rules. So this is the environmental hierarchy of MSW management. You should not produce at first level, you should reduce whatever waste reduction that is what I tell the teacher the 3 hours, reduce, reuse and recycle. And then biodegradation is the next choice then of course waste energy, of course biodegradation also can produce some energy but then thermal is put below that. And the next is sedentary landfilling with biogas recovery with methane recovery and the last option to try should be the sedentary landfilling. But of course the open dumping nowhere comes into picture because that is not a acceptable in any case in terms of environment. So you know everyone and maybe your students will also be knowing that what are reduce and reuse and recycle. So probably I do not spend much time on that neither in the class nor here but this is amazing actually this especially recycling the concept of recycling and of course others too is very amazing. So for example if I have to produce a coca-cola or soda cane which is made of aluminum, so if I have to produce it from virgin materials let us say the new material I have to use. You may be knowing that for that the energy required to produce it from the recycled one that means which is once used and put it back it will be 90% less. So recycling is such amazing thing for example we are saving our resources, we are saving energy in many ways and you know we are even going towards sustainable management, sustainable development because who knows that you may be knowing, you may be reading that many of our materials which probably will not be available even in few years. Many of the materials which for example required for catalyst etc they may not be available because you know once we do not recycle them put it into landfill etc they are gone in fact it is very difficult to get it back from there. So recycling in many ways is amazing we should encourage recycling in different ways of course in India we have a good decent recycling but largely by the informal sector we are not doing it in formal that means it is only based on economics, it is not based on which are important materials so government has to do something on that in future. I also show this slide to my students this is the municipal waste management in 32 European countries it is the average out so but if you see here from last 10 years or so from 2001 to 10 the landfilling is going down and incineration is more or less constant and the recycling is increasing day by day so that means people are moving away from landfilling reducing the waste going to landfill and moving towards the recycling. You may be knowing that the Germany now they are towards the zero landfill that means approximately no waste no solid waste from Germany goes to the landfill that is you know that is an achievement for a country but you know it is not that simple that we can say we will start also having zero landfill sites it is also an integration of the industry so that the material is produced in a such a manner that most of it can be it can be recycled for example I was I was discussing it with someone who is who works in GIG told that for example the water bottles for example in India if you go to any conference seminar that is what we get right this is plastic bottles but if you are largely in the seminar or conferences where many people are drinking water the largely they have this larger bottles and they are made of glass and the material quality such that there can be recycled 10, 12, 15 times which is very different in India we largely use this plastic bottles so that kind of thinking that kind of thinking in broader perspective need to be done so that you know we can think of having just zero discharge or zero landfilling facilities otherwise it won't come so quick but that is possible and you know we have to study some models and some countries like for example Germany they are how they are able to achieve that in many countries the system which is used is for waste management is called mechanical biological treatment system famously called MBT so what they do is they have this waste coming in and then mechanical sorting they are moving the cyclo material going to recycling facilities and some rejects which are going to the landfills and largely the biodegradable portion which part of that is going by biological degradation happening and gas is produced largely waste energy or even simple gases like carbon dioxide and some liquid waste generated again treated and then RDF and digested so basically my mechanical biological treatment system it is a mechanical system which are largely used for separation and sorting and segregation and even size reduction etc and then the biological system used further for the treatment for the treatment of the waste and even after biological or even in tandem with biological degradation they are producing RDF and that actually can be even used further for generation of energy so that kind of system are developed especially in the Europe but there are some issues of course dealing with them you see as I told from as I told in the previous class also that all our solid waste management system need to be designed for the local condition number one it won't be that the system which is working for Europe for example Stateway work for India because our waste characteristics are different our system is different you know for example someone who runs a company in Germany told me that you know the system which they are using MBT system in Germany if they want to use in some other country but if the electricity failure is just for 5 minutes that whole system will fail so now you can understand that in India in many cities I won't be surprised that there is electricity failure for 5 minutes or so for example if we bring just system from other countries and implemented so many of system need to be checked whether they will work for our country or not so that's the challenge it's always a challenge okay that's why many of our system are not working in this country. So I also show this video which is in YouTube so I just want to show you also that how this is done in San Francisco for example it may be interesting I will show it in my class also depending on whether you would like it or not you can use it for your teaching purpose okay so I think you know this is one example which sometime I asked my student to see because it's interesting that different how the component different components are used and that's so that point is that it's possible to manage the solid based in the nicest manner in the best scientific manner only the thing is that we have to see that what will be the cost of the waste management and as I mentioned in my first class that how and who will pay it. So this is kind of assignment I give to my student probably I will leave it for the time being we can come a little bit later to this okay and this is largely what I tell my students what solid based management there are many other things which you can also which can be told for example different other technologies advanced technologies etc. For example one new technology is the bioreactor landfills but remember this is a class of the students which are from all different streams and we have a limited time for five hours so that means we need to see that what should be told so that's what I tell to my student on this then I switched to biomedical waste management but before we go to biomedical waste management I just want to ask couple of you that how you deal with this course so just maybe one one center should be fine. Tanjabur Sastra University hello so let me ask the question that who is whoever is teaching this course there so what else you teach in solid waste management. In solid waste management we inform students what is solid waste and how the solid waste can be collected safely transported and then disposed of safely so these are the points which we deal in the solid waste management we also tell what are the different types of solid waste as you have mentioned here that municipal solid waste biomedical waste and electronic waste these are the things that we teach in the classes okay this is a new thing that you have told that they need to be they need to calculate the solid waste and all yeah okay yeah another point question we have yeah which I have posted which I have posted it and the point is that the lot of waste thousands of waste speakers they their livelihoods are dependent on the municipal solid waste they pick it and they sell it yeah and once we dispose the I mean we generate the power from the solid waste the livelihood of these thousands of waste speakers in the especially in the urban area will be geopardized so what should we do to rehabilitate these poor waste speakers yeah okay so very good very good question and you know very important question regarding this rag pickers and etc you see first of all we have to find that what is the right employment for everything and you know I have talked to some of rag pickers and I have seen some of rag pickers who are actually collecting based not necessarily from the generation side from the but from the ultimately dump site etc they are living conditions etc really poor okay although we can say that we are they are getting employment but probably that is not the right employment and if we see their health conditions they are in the worst health conditions but nevertheless for example for recycling reuse recovery all especially for recycling purpose they can be trained they can be given proper equipments etc proper gear so that you know their hands they are not exposed to different or hazardous or the toxic elements of the the waste and they can be made a party to date instead of allowing them to do it immediately having for example many of NGOs are working on that so that is possible but just to think that if one person is earning with thousand rupee by being a rag picker in a month and then we say it's employment so probably we need to reseed we need to relook into whether this even can be called an employment or not okay of certainly there are some people getting benefited but then they can be made party even for our all kind of waste management system okay it doesn't mean that if you have waste energy system then they won't be recycling and reuse etc so those people can be used here in fact in a more cleaner manner in a proper trained and giving them proper gears which make them safe also okay thank you very much for your question so it looks like more or less everything what is taught here is is is told in different different classes so I go back to my slides and after I teach solid waste management another component I cover as I mentioned in the in the class is the biomedical waste management and and in also it's sometimes called hospital waste management so this in this biomedical based or hospital based is a interesting and important component because of certainly because of its characteristics and most importantly it is also generated inside our municipality where there will be people there will be health issues if there are health issues there will be hospital and always there will be biomedical waste generated so as per biomedical based management and handling rules 2011 it's again under the rule what is biomedical based it is a based which is generated during the diagnosis treatment immunization of human beings or animal or in research activities pertaining to the production or testing of biological so it's a little bit interesting and scientific definition but largely the waste which we generate in our hospitals in our health clinics nursing homes and medical research facilities which can be solid liquid sharps or even laboratory based that all type of based actually is called myodic and based and in fact in the waste which is generated inside our hospital etc there are two components into that one is infectious waste and another is actually non-infectious waste so for example this human anatomical surgical waste animal waste pathological waste syringes tubes blood bags etc they all actually are in can they fall in under hospital based infectious hospital based and the they are just 15 to 20 percent of the total waste generated inside the healthcare units or establishment or in the hospital and the remaining waste which is as high as 80 to 85 percent in fact generated inside the kitchen offices etc even from the kitchen and offices of the hospital or in the other facilities that is actually non-infectious in nature so what what has happened is because in in many places we haven't dealt properly with that so what happens is we are not segregating infectious and non- infectious waste and we mixing together so eventually the whole waste becomes the biomedical waste and whole waste becomes the infectious waste so in fact we we are increasing our problem by 4 to 5 times by mixing the both of these ways so if we can just segregate first of all infectious and non-infectious waste our good amount of problem is solved okay you know there are different research papers not many though but telling that how much of waste is biomedical waste is dealt properly or scientifically and how much not so there is a discussion on that in fact with the awareness and you know the health concern people are becoming more and more aware so in fact many of our healthcare establishments in future will have a proper biomedical waste management system but one paper published by Mohan Kumar and all in 2011 says that 53% of healthcare establishments in India are operating without the obtaining proper authorization from pollution control boards etc and only 57% of the total waste generated is being treated either through common biomedical waste treatment facilities or in captive treatment facilities we have across the country 602 biomedical waste insulators and more than 70% of them actually has air pollution control devices and then we have more than 2000 autoclaves approximately 200 microwaves and 8000 or so of shredder used so that means we still need to work on on this issue and especially we have to bring all the small and healthcare units which do not happen haven't established a proper biomedical waste facility otherwise you can understand that how dangerous that can be actually what kind of hospital generate how much there is no there is no good data for that for that matter and there is no the method to calculate but on average each hospital is generated 1.6 kilogram of biomedical waste per day per bad basis that is it could be more in in some hospital it could be less in others but that's the approximate data and as per the rules as per of the biomedical based management and handling rules every occupier generating biomedical based irrespective of the quantum of base comes under the preview of this rules that means every small large clinic should have some kind of biomedical based management facilities either in individual kept up captive or combined facilities and every hospital generating biomedical based need to set up a requisite biomedical waste treatment facility as I mentioned earlier. So just to give you sense that what can happen if we are not doing the proper biomedical based management for example we have this sometime kind some kind of disease which are communicable for example the one which recently has happened is a swine flu right. So in swine flu what happened is the patients generally are kept in a different in different wards so that ward is actually you can call it a sanitize you should everyone is not allowed to go there and they are kept there but then think of this if the waste generated from those wards is mixed with the waste generated from other wards and then so many times in many places it is mixed with our municipal solid waste that means we are actually not controlling our spreading of these diseases like swine flu etc in the way because ultimately we are exploring the people okay. So the small steps of this separating biomedical based management are so important that otherwise it can you know you part of our whole whole health issues okay. So as I told tell to my student as solid waste municipal solid waste management there are again the elements of biomedical based management starting with biomedical based generated then of course we should minimize our production and then identifications you know there are different types of biomedical based which will come to which we will come in a minute but we have to categorize them it is little bit even more than what we do for our municipal solid waste and once we categorize them we put in color coded bins or colored color coded bags and after that we need to set a schedule of collection within the health care premises and also after that we need to then think of a treatment system whether an on-site or off-site okay and then ultimately the disposal and then we should keep the record that where this final our waste is going okay. So this is the elements of biomedical based management similar to municipal solid waste management but of course here we need to be a little bit more careful for example the even the rules says that the biomedical based how many days maximum we can store I think it is you should be more than stored for 48 hours so all these kinds of rules are there and if you are storing it for 48 hours where should we store it what kind of facility should be there so all these rules are everything is written in biomedical based management okay so the as per biomedical based management rules in India the best is categorized into 8 categories okay so this 8 categories of waste called category number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and category 1 for example is the human anatomical waste and category 2 is the animal waste similarly the animal tissues organs and for a human waste it is human tissues and organ etc so for all these categories in rules it is very clearly and categorically mentioned that which technology should be used okay for example this category number 1 and 2 human anatomical and animal waste we should just incinerate it that means it is not we are not given a choice but it is by law that the human anatomical and animal waste should be incinerated okay similarly microbiology and biotechnology waste which contains waste from laboratory cultures human animal cell culture infectious agents etc it should be disinfected and after that it should be put into secure landfill so what is the secure landfill it is similar to our municipal solid solid based landfill but you know the leachate collection system and liners etc little bit more sophisticated that means we have a double leachate collection system and double liner etc okay so then I when I teach this in the class I asked my student that they should at least remember part of it and you know many times I have you mentioned them that okay this will be asked in the exam one question will certainly come from this and I nearly asked them to remember that otherwise you know they will many of them don't find it the idea is that at least they should know what in what are the different types of category and what we are doing with the with the waste okay so these eight categories there is no much thing to discuss and only thing is that it if your student can read it once that should be good enough okay and this is all about this is what about the color code it means there are for example yellow red blue and black color coding used in biomedical waste management as per rule 2011 for example this category 1 2 5 6 waste comes should be stored in yellow containers in the yellow in the yellow color bags and the treatment option for them is incineration similarly the category 347 biomedical waste should be stored in red bags and it should be treated as per given in the previous schedule which I just showed you similarly blue that category 8 category 8 waste should be stored in blue bags and the non the black you know the municipal waste we generated should be stored in the in the black bags if you see this slide many times you will find that we are saying always non-chlorinated plastic bags non-chlorinated plastic bags so why it is so because if you remember I told you that if I incinerate a waste which has chlorine into that and which has hydro carbon into this so ultimately that will lead to the production of dioxin and fumes that is the same case here because a good amount of our biomedical waste can be incinerated or should be incinerated so if we have chlorine plastic if you burn that then probably we will end up having the dioxin and furan formation that is why many of our these bags are recommended to be non-chlorinated plastic bags okay and then when we when we talk about the chemical treatment for the disinfection purpose they say that we should use sodium hypochloride solution 1% sodium hypochloride solution but because but for the waste which can be incinerated or should be incinerated cannot be pre-treated with the chemicals for example with hypochloride otherwise this chlorine will be will go into your waste and will lead to the formation of dioxin insurance all this kind of rules very categorically and very nicely written and if we follow them probably good amount of our problem will be solved okay so this is a summary of how much waste is generated in India what is the issue you know many of you even wrote in Moodle that they are in the small cities the waste is not properly treated and sometime even mixed with the municipal solid waste but at least by rule now we should have categorize it in different categories and put it into different containers so that everyone can know that which waste is what okay. So regarding the treatment you know every one of you know that what are the different treatment options for biomedical waste I spend approximately 10 minutes in my class to talk about the treatment options so this is the first treatment option which is called needle cutter and syringe destroyer it is it is very simple I would say the instrument which will cost you less than 1000 rupees what is that you just put your needle here and break it and similarly in this you put it there and just switch on the button it just breaks so what is the idea so that you know this needles shouldn't be used or reused for again for some purpose this small thing can help us in many ways because you may be knowing that 10 years ago there was little bit issues that you know a lot of biomedical syringes etc are recycled I should not say recycled but just used like that so probably it was leading to spreading of many diseases so the idea is I think it is now mandatory that all hospitals should simply break their needles once they are used okay so that it cannot be used further so in fact this 500 class rupees instrument or small dabbah actually it can solve our purpose and then there are incinerators you know the installation as I mentioned for example for should you look for class 1 and 2 materials this incinerators are recommended in fact this installation is a good technology for for biomedical based because of course then there is no question of having infectious material going in and around okay so this is an example of having a incinerator for biomedical based I just please spend one minute on understanding what are the different components of the incinerator this is and then I will explain to you just try to understand this for one minute and then I will explain you what is in the incinerator so this is a schematic of an incinerator it has basically this incinerators for the biomedical based has two chamber which is called primary chamber and secondary chamber and generally in many times we have to put additional fuel for combustion purpose here in the primary chamber and this flue gases which goes out they are further burned in secondary chamber that means we need another burner here so he is a primary burner and secondary burner and after that the flue gases which are coming out they cannot be allowed to go to the atmosphere right because you know there is these gases may be toxic in nature so basically you need air pollution control devices for example one which is shown here is a venturi scrubber which is basically scrubbing or shearing your solid particles as well as flue acid gases and removed here and then you can have another air pollution control devices depending on what is required and then this is this is a stack okay so if you see the incinerators used for biomedical based as per rule we should have two chambers for them this is called primary chamber and secondary chamber and this is at elevated temperature so idea is that all the waste should pass through the secondary chamber and should have at least spent one second of one second there so that they identified that many of the compounds in biomedical waste their destruction can happen their destruction removal efficiency is more than 99.9 percent at temperature more than 1000 degree so this temperature has high temperature as this is low temperature so because we want to have to pass this waste of flue gases through 1000 plus temperature that is why we have separate one otherwise if we put the whole single chamber system then probably we need a to have to maintain the 1000 plus degree temperature in the one reactor itself which eventually will make it expensive that is why we have two chamber system and as per law we have been given the operating standards that for example a combustion efficiency should be more than 99 percent the combustion efficiency is calculated as percentage of CO2 divided by percentage of CO2 plus percentage of carbon monoxide that means it tells you how much of carbon is actually converted into CO2 this is why law okay it is written in the law itself to make sure that your all your combustion system are working efficiently and for example as I mentioned the temperature of the primary chamber should be in between 750 to 850 degree centigrade and the secondary chamber should be between 1000 to 1100 degree centigrade that is why the secondary chamber is on the higher temperature. Similarly emission standards so these were basically we have two standards one are operating standards and the second one are emission standards for example your particulate matter in the flue gases should not be more than 150 milligram per normal meter cube for NOx it should not be more than 450 for HCl they should not be more than 50 milligram per meter cube and the minimum stack height shall be 30 meters above ground okay so that is an interesting idea especially for the dispersion purpose but remember that many of our houses or many of our buildings inside cities are even more than 30 meters so that could be interesting to see that whether this stack height is enough or what can we do on that and the VOCs should and in ash shall not be more than 0.01% so that means even if we do incineration there are operating and emission standards capped for these incinerators and the regulator the operator has to follow them so in fact it is a it is a one way of controlling the emissions if they can fulfill this standard probably some of things are saved you can see that although I mentioned that there can be dioxin and furon formations but there is nothing mentioned about those component here in the biomedical based incineration. Another technology which is used for the biomedical treatment biomedical based treatment is called microwaveing so microwaveing is nothing but similar to the same concept which is used for our microbes in our houses we are using more or less everyone is using now microwaves so basically it is the energy the thermal energy produced by microwave which will basically disinfect your waste remember that this will not burn it or something like that but it will simply disinfect it so for example what we do is we grind that waste and put it at under the high intensity microwaves radiation could be as high as 300,000 megahertz and basically what it does is it effectively neutralize your biological waste and then that means that is actually disinfected. The simplest another one for disinfection probably you called autoclave this is one of autoclave this is the vertical one and then the horizontal one this is nothing but a simple I would say the extension of a pressure cooker where we build pressure and when the steam is built at high pressure and of course in high temperature if it then it is passed through the waste it the the bio what you call the infectious material is getting disinfected basically the whole idea is disinfection okay so and once we have done this microwave you autoclaveing of course we have to ultimately dispose it this waste further okay many of you may be having this kind of instruments in your labs for the microbial disinfection. The another technology which is used for waste biomedical waste treatment is called gamma radiations or irradiation technology basically the these gamma radiations are produced from a co-op source and they are actually used to sterilize the base basically all these technologies are used to disinfect the waste of course this technology is little bit expensive there are concerns whether this radiation this radiation can expose can this workers who work on these systems can be exposed so there is little concern because they are the radioactive substances but that is also used for especially in 12 countries therefore in some few places that is used for biomedical disinfection. And someone in the in the in the first lecture today mentioned that what the pyrolysis the plasma arc actually the plasma arc actually is also used for disinfection purpose you know this plasma torch basically can generate temperature as high as 20000 degree centigrade at the core and you know this this this plasma technology has been used or at least tried for the for the disinfection in fact it is not only disinfection it is a pyrolysis basically we disintegrate our waste in of course in in the absence of oxygen and there is a someone I read somewhere that they are trying actually 10 facilities in India and one of them is at Goa medical college with the capacity of 15 kilogram per hour that means 15 kilogram of waste can be disintegrated which of course is low but this was a demonstration plant I think. So another another facility so what has happened is with this treatment facilities because you know many of our healthcare units or clinics etc could be a very small size for example 5 bed 10 bed in fact even no beds you know very small there are only one doctor and just small hospital or small facilities there. So if you ask them that you know they should have a facility independent facility dedicated facility for waste management that probably won't work because first of all the cost will be really high and probably there won't be any space and then there will be it will be too difficult someone to ask having just 5 member hospital saying that we need 2 percent to deal with the biomedical waste. So the what has proposed and what is done is that there are common biomedical waste treatment facilities what is the idea that wherever the biomedical waste is produced it is collected by the facilities and then dealt in a particular place for example they have insulators they have microwave they have let us say autoclaving facilities and then of course they have the landfill facility. So that instead of having individual facilities which are having captive facilities which probably won't be possible for very small hospitals this common waste biomedical treatment facility can take care of them. So this this is all what I to tell what the biomedical waste management to my students in small towns for example with the population of 5 lakhs or so they also have in fact it is not encouraged now but they also mentioned that the deep burial is also a lot. So what do you do you have a 2 meter deep trench and you fill your waste up to let us say 50 centimeter with let us say 1.5 meter you fill with the with the biomedical waste and after that you fill it with the lime. So lime actually the disinfectant so in fact that is why it is put on the top of that and then you take make sure that no one enter this facility and it is away from the stray animals etc dog shouldn't dig it in and it should be away from groundwater etc. This is not encouraged now but if you have a very small town and there is no way out there is no place to put your waste probably in those places this can be tried but remember that wherever we store it if the flooding etc we happen then probably it will contaminate the whole water in the area. So this is only recommended for the small towns etc. So this is all I tell to my student about biomedical waste etc and the another thing which I also cover for my student is e-waste but before we go to e-waste I just want to give you a small assignment so that you can answer it and maybe I will take a few questions because may be interesting to know how you deal with different things in your class. So this is a this is a small assignment I generally ask my student to do maybe I request you to do it in let us say in 5 to 7 minutes and then I will ask you that what you have solved and what are the answers to these questions so maybe I will give 5 minutes to all of you and then probably we will interact with 4-5 centres. So how much the how is MSW managed in your city so you have to write of course we will know it but what is the name of your city and what is the approximate population and what is your opinion are you satisfied with your MSW management in your city or not or what do you think what should be done and what is actually happening and what should be done so these are the three questions I would request you to do now so that we can talk about that and then maybe also take few of your questions that what should we cover and what is not covered in biomedical and minister of solid waste. 5 minutes for answering this you may feel free to talk to your friends who are from the same city and they may be knowing something which you may not be knowing and then we will talk. Coimbatore can you answer the question please. Yes sir the first question is how is MSW managed in the university. So in our city in Coimbatore city the municipal corporation is collecting the waste door by door their doorstep itself and then the collected waste are stored in a particular place in the which were four four street as well as five street corner and then it will be collected through municipal lorries to the which are the dumping yard and the second question is are you satisfied with your MSW management and you said yeah we are really satisfied with this which one program. 45 days back Coimbatore managed to try to get a Guinness record which was delayed in the different segregation that means recyclable recyclable as organic as that means in the case of organic as well as non combustible sorry which one the decompostable materials. Third question in our opinion how the MSW should be which one managed a university yeah which one standard which one standard as well as a particular area is the value dumping yard in the dumping yard we are collecting the waste as well as the corporation is spending a lot of money for that one that means more volume of budget to make we have a plan to make in the dumping yard we have a plan to make as you say as like you said that means making of garden as well as the goals we are we are going to make. For the first two questions my colleague has given an answer and the third question with respect to the satisfaction sir our corporation commissioner along with some NGOs are organizing zero waste management a project called ZUNIA project we are organized we are managing the solid waste management with respect to the zero waste management so we are satisfied with that sir along with the municipal corporation some more over NGOs are also taking part in that sir. So when you say zero waste management we along with the youngsters are also playing a vital role in that okay very good but zero waste management sir yeah but what are you doing with then this dirt and dust sir we are collecting it and we are segregating it sir on a degradable waste and non degradable waste okay but what are you doing with non degradable waste we are segregating it and after yes sir we are going with non degradable waste okay but what are you doing after segregating then after sending it it will be recycled sir okay very good but the process we will be sending it for the process of recycling oh very good okay but I personally think that you know there are some certain some portion will be remaining probably need to be dealt in a landfill or in somewhere else so it is amazing that you have started to work on zero waste concept I wish you luck and do you have any other question okay thank you sir thank you very much sir okay hello Agra Hindustan Institute so can you answer the three questions yes one of the details which I have on my pc that is laptop is that we have a population of 14.27 lakhs in Agra which is an urban population okay and we have the total length of the roads roads 1724 kilometers we have 200 open dumps nine the last one in 16 dust beans and 2865 saram karam sarai karam charis are being deployed for this very good and we have 96 vehicles doing the job day in day out for mswm activity okay and are you satisfied and expenditure and expenditure is in 28.1 crores annually for dumping this or dumping the msw annually this is the annual figure okay and are you satisfied yeah pretty much if we compare it with the other cities in Uttar Pradesh yes Agra can be considered as one of the okay cities I will say okay city not one of the best but okay city as far as mswm is concerned very good but is there any treatment happening recycling are you referring to yeah recycling composting sanitary landfilling as far as physical observation of us is concerned we don't have any recycling plant as such but landfilling is still there but is it open dump or is it landfill landfill landfill okay okay any other question you have thank you sir it was a good presentation as far as this msw is concerned we would like to take it as a project for the students in our classes sure sure but as such we don't have environmental or biotechnology branch thus so that this can be done but yes definitely the presentation is very good thank you sir okay thank you sand gates college so please answer those three questions so we get a perspective what's happening in term of waste management in Kerala sir actually in our city there is a treatment plan arranged by the government the treatment is done by the municipal municipality itself okay what treatment they are mainly doing a landfill by this bio waste okay landfilling of bio waste so are you satisfied with the treatment facility in your city no no no okay what should be done then but actually we need to go for any kind of you other than this landfilling we should go for such a whether we can produce any energy from this bio waste okay okay okay okay thank you hello sand Joseph college Quotium so can you answer those three questions please yeah we are from Quotime city and our population is six to seven lakhs approximately and the waste management is by dumping actually there is a dumping yard at what about door that is not a proper way there is a lot of resistance from the local populace actually it should be separated and treated in a scientific way that should be the way it should be done actually okay so what do you recommend to your city what should be done sorting and then sorting and then dealing each type of waste separately okay and our students also have done a study on that area actually project work the groundwater is also contaminated because of the what to say number of years of dumping over there okay so even groundwater is contaminated in the area well contaminated yes and there is a lot lot of local resistance the people are what to say they're having the ministers and things like that so that the things get set right and their life is healthy okay very good so do you have question for us for me your class was good we appreciate we what to say it was informative and okay thank you so you also teach more or less the same thing in the class or it's different from what I teach and what you teach it's different what I personally deal the subjects but out of interest I have sat in this no I mean in environmental studies do you teach solid waste management and that no no no no I do not stage any one of the studies for the engineering students okay thank you so it was interesting to talk to some of you it was you know it's all of us know that in many places still we are not dealing up with our with our waste scientifically but it looks like in few cities there are taking some steps for example at least the storage generation and collection is happening in little bit better Coimbatore city of Coimbatore they said that we are moving towards zero waste so that's very interesting and we have to see that how it has worked and how successful it would be in future and then whether it can be implemented in other cities also okay so in addition to this this biomedical waste I in fact cover very briefly the electronic waste also which is you know a very important component of solid waste and more so will be important in future because of the first of all the the trends for example we are producing more and more electronic waste I remember you know for many years we used to have a you know one TV and that lasted for many many years and then out of sudden we started having many TVs and same is with the phones and everything every now and then in two three years we everyone of us is having a new mobile phone so electronic waste is one of the major important concern for many of us you know so what is electronic waste in fact is the waste generated in the form of electric and electronic equipments and which is no more required by the by the user at the first place it includes household appliances for example refrigerators toaster etc it and telecom devices computers printers and then consumer equipments like radio mp3 player cell phones cell phone more and more actually and then lighting equipments electric and electronic tools automatic dispensers medical instruments detectors twice even electronic toys are there so basically there are many many types of waste which in the category of electronic waste which is we are generating and more so will be generating in future how much of that we generate in the country there are different numbers there is a little bit of ambiguity in this but by one study in 2010 says that and that is actually that 2010 study was based on the national waste electric and electronic equipment task force which was set by government of India they said that we generate 146,000 of waste in a year and however one study in 2000 says that it is 330,000 tons per year in 2009 there are some another study which says it is 420,000 tons per year so nevertheless it is I think in the range of 2 to 400,000 tons per year that is lot of waste we are generating and please remember that is not including the waste which is coming to the country illegally actually because there is lot of waste imported to our country legally as well as illegally also so that is not included in this that means this number is should be much much higher out of the waste which is generated in the country we are generating a lot of waste in terms of refrigerators for example 100,000 tons of refrigerators 275,000 tons from TVs that is very interesting and then 56,000 tons from personal computers 4,700 tons from printers so actually in future this refrigerator will be going up TVs I would say in terms of the total mass total tonnage it should certainly be gone down because the mass has decreased because we are using less cathode rate based tube based TVs but you know the mobile phone etc we are increasing day by day so that is another problem which our country will be facing or is already facing in fact and the biggest problem is that if you are not managing it properly that means a good amount of it is going into our municipal solid base and if it is going into municipal solid base then it creates another kind of problem for our biological treatment systems and also for insulator because then many of the flue gases generated would be toxic in nature. It is generated from individual houses, public and private sectors, manufacturers, retailers, importers and it is very complex you may be understanding that when I ask you what is inside your mobile phone tell me the components you can tell there are so many things paper this plastic there may be copper there may be even some say it is a gold etc but as e-waste can consist can have thousands of hazardous and non-hazardous elements that is the biggest problem many of them have a direct impact on our health and many of course would have will have indirect impact. So for example we do not have a very good study for India but for Europe for the Europe they did a study and they realized that 47-48% of our electronic waste basically is iron and steel and 15% is non-flame retardant plastic and 5% is retardant plastic 7% is copper and approximately 5% is or even less than that is aluminium and then there are other materials. So if you see in nutshell we have plastic we have iron and steel and we have aluminium and we have copper so many of these industries who are working illegally or legally in India in unorganized sector actually they are more interested into the extraction of basically copper and aluminium and in some cases they say even we can extract small amount of gold etc. There are several of these components in electronic waste there are hazardous in nature for example the lead the new story nowadays everyone is talking about lead but basically if you see lead it is neurotoxin that means it is toxic to neurons it affects kidney reproductive system high quantity can be fatal affects the mental development in children etc. So basically all these heavy metals lead chromium mercury beryllium cadmium antivenin arsenic they all exist in our electronic waste and many of them not at all are good for our health and you know then there are these polychlorinated biofinals even if we burn some part of that then can be converted that eventually are converted into dioxin and furor. So that is a new kind of threat that kind of new problem in terms of our waste management and how we are dealing with that or what can we done actually I would say the most of the components of our electronic waste or any electronic waste are recyclable and reusable only thing is few of them are in very small quantity so extraction of them is complicated and very expensive also for example. So we can extract at least many of metals even plastic etc and the remaining is can be disposed in the landfills and even in the incinerators. In India most of our electronic waste activities are actually profound manually and by unauthorized sector you will find that there are several videos or several stories that how badly this electronic waste is managed and actually you will find that to extract this copper etc they are using either acid or sometime even burning plastic etc just in open. So they are generating lot of air pollution and you know that is another kind of big source I do not know how big but a good source of air pollution and all kind of problem and then think of that acid basically they are just putting your let us say electronic boards etc into the acid. So basically this this bio this plastic etc is just removed just charred out and the remaining copper or aluminum etc is extracted and then acid etc is once it is of no value that is actually discharged in into the other sewers etc. So that is another kind of complex problem has has emerged. You may be knowing that is informal sectors no safety gears in fact they the people work in very poor conditions that means we need an organized and formally waste management I do not think there are I think we have 10 plus facilities organized facility in India but in future we need more. We have a very interesting rules which came very recently in 2011 and they were implemented from May 2012 basically these rules clearly says that what is included in in e-waste management and ending rules I just want you to read those what is covered in under e-waste management please spend one minute in reading what is what comes under e-waste management. So if you see in this in this slide largely every kind of electrical and electronic equipments which we used in our houses in our offices etc is covered under this most of the elements are there and now we have our rules has entered the new responsible responsibility for the producer which is called extended producer responsibility that means those large companies who are producing electronic equipments their responsibility does not end just by manufacturing in fact they are responsible for collection of e-waste not only during manufacture but even after for example if they have sold it so there should be some centers where we can give our electronic equipments back and then they should be collected transported and then even dismantled and processed and that comes under the extended producer responsible that means the big company has to set a centers where you can give back your electronic waste which was produced by the company and then it need to finance and organize a system where you know there should be a environmentally sawn management system. So that is a very good step taken but we need to see that how it works for example you will find that in coming time or in some places that already that there will be centers for example from let us say from videocon where you can take back your TV telling that this is the old TV I want to give it they take it back send it to recycling and then manage it very interesting then but need to see how it works if those companies under extended responsibility do not work they will be penalized a few lakh rupees of fine and of course there is even imprisonment but so if they are not even complying with this rule probably they will be in trouble in future that is a very positive step but still we need to see how it works. So you know because I mentioned earlier also that there are so many things to talk to tell about solid waste management and depending upon how many lectures you take how many in how many lectures you have to cover in your course they have to decide what to be covered and what not to be covered but because in my classes I have to cover it in four lectures also so I do not go beyond that I just cover that part and many times I give couple of assignments which some of the questions I already have given to you also. These are the few books which I used for solid waste management for example one is introduction to environmental engineering and science it is written by Gilbert Masters and Wendell Ella it is interesting book it is published in India now and I think it is not that expensive also because it is Indian version of that some of information is of India is also available there and then there is an interesting and standard book of environmental engineering by P. V. Rho famously called P. V. Rho and it is written by Howard P. V. Donald Rho and George Chauvinogloss and then you nowadays we have a lot of web resources EPA website United States Environmental Protection Agency Center Pollution Control Board our own Pollution Control Board MSW rules etc and then UNEP etc they have all this information for our for our whatever we are teaching so I generally refer these books and in fact you will find there are hundreds good books written on this subject okay in addition to the electronic resource. So this is what I teach on solid waste management largely tomorrow I will talk about what I teach on global warming and climate change in one lecture briefly so we have just two minutes so if you have couple of questions we can take probably. Rajaram Bapu Institute where Sangli there is a basic problem regarding this waste so do we have any proper segregation method so that at least we can segregate that waste and whatever segregated waste which is a organic in nature so that can be utilized for the generation of composting as well as for the different type of energy sources very good question and yes we have a very good segregation method and that is you and me I and you segregated nothing better than that okay so the point is that once we do not segregate once we do not segregate it manually or by at our homes and then we mix it and then want to segregate it then probably we need to use a series of series of systems right and then depending upon whether your waste is dry semi dry wet what kind of conditions one technology may work another may not work so the best thing is to segregate by me and you if not then use all expensive technology which will segregate it partially be it on the size be it be on the basis of you know then manual sorting etc there is no standard technology which can solve all our problem after as we know in terms of IIT Bombay we are practicing different type of municipal solid waste management things in which we are segregating that waste but after segregating that waste it is not properly collected and disposed by the government of our local government municipal government of Mumbai so do we have any comment on this one no we have pushed them we have to find some ways we have to find the governments which agree to deal with the waste and I think that is the way it is it is not high end you can comment and do it okay it is already five so thank you very much sangly people should come quite frequently to IIT Bombay you are the closest one probably then we will talk about tomorrow what are the remaining questions bye bye thanks very much thank you everyone across the country please send your comments please send that what you teach please discuss on the forum that what do you what others things should be teach in a 4 to 5 hours lectures and then everyone will be help or benefited by that thank you for today and then see you tomorrow bye bye