 Hey everyone, how are you doing out there? My name is Jessica Mione and I come from Northeastern Pennsylvania where I teach at Marywood University of Private College out there. I teach graphic design and typography. I did my master's thesis on the graphic design techniques and cultural history of radical publications, so I'm going to take you through what that means. To start with a quote by Steven Heller, the most disposable yet fascinating of all the magazines are the small do-it-yourself photocopied or off-printed fanzines. So when I'm talking about radical publications, what exactly could that look like? Would it look like something like this? Like this? Maybe this? Or maybe even this? What qualifies? Usually the subject matter is of a relatively small or controversial interest. It's usually created by the fringes of society, people with marginalized opinions, and relatively a small local distribution. And usually amateur design skills are used. These are people that may not have definite access to tools, maybe people that have never been educated on how to properly use these tools, but they go for anyways to express their opinion. And it's embraced within the do-it-yourself culture. Zines are not a new idea. People with independent ideas have been getting their word out since they were printing presses. So essentially this is going to be a historical overview of the technologies that came out and how that influenced the end result of their fancy. A lot of people think that this kind of all started with Johannes Gutenberg in Germany, but actually a hybrid of both Eastern and Western cultures produced the first results from mass communication. Alongside Johannes Gutenberg, centuries before, there was actually by Shang who created movable type systems in China. Sort of a reflection of Alice's talk. There was just so many characters within this system for movable type that they eventually went back to woodblock printing. And that's kind of why Gutenberg is seen more as the champion figure since the characters are so limited in Eastern cultures. As a result, they went back to woodblock printing, but you could see Gutenberg here at his printing press, which was derived from agricultural means and wine presses. And that idea to create a large stamping feature. And he's holding the Bible right there. The guy over there was leering and I think he might be jealous. Hark! That printing press yonder scattering pamphlets through the ranks of the army. So now we're taking you to the colonial era where things like the stamp tax, tea tax, sugar tax, and just general upheaval was something prominent within the new colonies in America. These were angry citizens early on. And therefore, one beacon of light, Thomas Paine is often credited with being one of the first zine makers, creating the pamphlet commonsense with the help of Benjamin Franklin and his press, which set up the ideas for the Declaration of Independence and our Constitution to break free from England. So there's Johannes Gutenberg again, which later from wood switched over to metal type, from wood type to metal type eventually to sustain the sharpness within the type as wood would often wear down. And we transferred over to Colombian, the Albion press and many other variations that developed throughout the decades. This led for many different groups to finally get their opinions out there. And that's what this is all about. It's about creating the tools that people may not have had access to normally. And different groups, such as literary figures, transcendentalists, labor union groups, feminist theories, all different groups were able to finally print their opinion. And then with the induction of the linotype and the monotype machines, this furthered the development of type, and this is where the surge of newspaper printing came from. Boys and girls in all parts of the country caught the printing fever and a new era of amateur journalism began. This is really where the first idea for fanzines comes from. It's at the turn of the century. This is an amateur writing group. And up until this point, there really weren't any magazines that were focused directly on youth. There were novels, of course, stories, but there wasn't really any kind of literary publication in the form of a magazine. So this is where Golden Hours, Young America, Golden Days came out with literature specifically for children and youth. And when they saw the reflection of these stories, they wanted themselves to write. And soon you'll see ads for a printing press of a much smaller nature, the Kelsey Press, which soon became known as a hobbyist press. So if your parents were generous enough, they could get you this hobby tabletop, Kelsey Press, where you can create cards for your friends and posters all on your own. So with writers being of interest to children at that time of horror and adventure and space, you could see Jules Verne, H.P. Lovecraft, Robert E. Howard. So more and more literature became focused on what youth were interested in, including the first appearance of Batman and Superman. And therefore, this became developing new technology that you might remember in some of your own classrooms. So this machine is called the Mimeograph, affectionately known as the Ditto machine. And you could see children here in school learning how to print. And with the influence of the adventure, sci-fi, and horror comics, and other literature, they used these machines in schools to create their own fanzines. So if you could remember back, I know that even when I was in elementary school, I remember that purple ink. And that's what it came from, these Ditto machines. Of course, at the same time, there are many art movements that were occurring. What attracted me to Dadaism was its radicalism. It stood for an outlook on life, which expressed a tendency towards total liberation. And in this sense, they took typography and turned it on its head. They wanted to break free of the norms. They wanted to experiment. And so their look on typography was totally experimental in this age. They were taking the tradition of letterpress. They were mixing with collage. They were just going in a totally different direction. And you could see here another movement, the Surrealist movement, which quickly bridged from Dadaism. They, too, had their own zines. These people had their own opinions, and they wanted to express how they felt about art through these mediums. And then in a totally separate direction, Bajas, too, had their own fanzines. They used this, of course, in a totally different way, where they took it in a more geometric and solidified pattern. What does a social movement look like? Now we're entering the 1960s. Over the course of this time, these art movements are occurring. There's a lot of social upheaval within the United States. One of the most prominent things of a design tool that helped people at this time was the Selectric typewriter. And in this case, this enabled the user to put in a ball of a different font to create headlines that was different from the body text in their document. Also at the time, cold type was coming out, phototype setting, similar to like a first iteration of maybe InDesign or Illustrator laying out advertisements. And of course, PasteUp was the norm in the 1960s, 70s, and even 80s. Another prominent feature was Electricet. All of these tools that were coming out were enabling people with very little design skills to get out there and express their opinions. And therefore, a number of different literary magazines were coming out this time, The Seed, The Other, The Oracle, Berkeley Barb. All of these were all over the United States. In fact, all of these were all over the world. And using the social upheaval at the time, plus the skills that they could have used in and out of school, enabled them to create these pieces. Things like Women's Movement for Rights, The Vietnam War, Opposition, and Racial Tensions at the time all produced these kinds of magazines. Many people don't really realize that even the Black Panther Party, too, had their own literature. You could read semi-literate blokes making a decent fist out of what's going on, the story of punk rock. So at this time when we're getting slowly past the 60s, you could see that fanzines of this nature are totally engulfed within the punk rock culture. They become an entity, an element, something that collectively becomes a network for opinions. And with fans early on, in the late 60s, I should say, there was this sense that anybody could do it. And this is kind of where the DIY culture is really coming forth. Kids were picking up guitars, they were forming bands, and they were trying to find ways to express themselves musically, but also literary. And so it's predecessors before Rolling Stone. There was actually Craw Daddy and Mojo Navigator, and actually the writer of Craw Daddy was one of the first teenagers to come out and say, why are we talking about the fashion of these bands and shouldn't we be talking about the music instead? So it was a real focus on the content of their music at the time versus what they're wearing or gossip. And then from there, more commonly seen magazines, Cream, Circus, of course, than Rolling Stone, all followed suit. 1977, huge year for punk rock. A lot of really prominent albums came out at that time. And again, zines were the force behind sharing shows, sharing music reviews, really getting people interested in this culture. And also at that time, as far as technology is concerned, Xerox Machine was very prominent in office spaces and different stores. And this is where the distribution for this type of medium came about. This completely stripped the artwork of its value of hues of colors and made it very black and white high contrast and kind of throws back to that dataism. If you can recall, the kinds of colors that they used weren't very many and they used collage and wanted a high contrast look and the Xerox Machine provided that for them. Also at this time, it's still influenced in the punk rock culture. Now we're heading kind of towards the 80s. And of course, hardcore music was coming out at that time. This is Black Flag. And then two came out with Maximum Rock and Roll, Search and Destroy and Fact Sheet Five. And as you can see here, the little cartoon on the right hand side is showcasing that process that they would use of cut and paste and Xeroxing. As the atmosphere became more and more violent, another social movement came about at the time. And that's of course of the Riot Girl movement of late 80s, early 90s, which swings that kind of really back here in the Seattle Olympia Washington area. So bands like Bikini Kill, Bratmobile, Heavens to Betsy, all of these groups, mainly female focused, wanted to voice their opinions about how they felt kind of marginalized in this boys only club of punk rock that was happening at the time. And so they took Riot Girl forward and made their own zines as well, which was a huge part of the Riot Girl movement. So swinging back today, there's this loss of doing things with your hands, but with Letterpress, you're much more invested. So what I've come to find in my research, I was heavily involved in Letterpress printmaking. And I do so in my teachings at Marywood University as well, where I feel like the physicality of the type is probably the most important thing to research. It's the thing that gets students to grasp onto these abstract ideas of X heights and glyphs and other nature like that, because we're actually holding the type in our hands. We're using that to print and we're able to see the process that way instead of strictly on a computer. A lot of us spoke about that today, I think. So that's me at the Laser Letterpress conference in Iowa two summers ago, working on that same Kelsey press that that young man did earlier on in my presentation. And the point I think I want to get across is that there's always going to be that resurgence that we're going to want to go back to using tools with our hands. There's always going to be that feeling that you want to see the process from start to finish and create ideas from its very earliest beginnings and research that history and why influencing students to see where things came from is such an enriching part of teaching. Thank you.