 A review summarizes latest clinical and epidemiological evidence for gender and sex differences in COVID-19 from Europe and China, discussing potential sex-specific mechanisms modulating the course of disease, such as hormone-regulated expression of genes encoding for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, entry receptors and geotensin-converting enzyme, ACE, 2 receptor and TMP-RSS2 as well as sex hormone-driven innate and adaptive immune responses and immuno-aging. The review also elucidates the impact of gender-specific lifestyle, health behavior, psychological stress and socio-economic conditions on COVID-19 and discusses sex-specific aspects of antiviral therapies, emphasizing the need to better understand the impact of sex and gender on incidents and case fatality of the disease and to tailor treatment according to sex and gender. This article was authored by Katherine Gebhardt, Vera Rijitz-Sagrasek, Hanell O'Kane Neuhauser, and others.