 As we all know that Mr. Vasant has demitted his office after playing in innings, which everybody tells us. And while charging duties, his passion for learning the English and translation, etc. Got to a higher notch. And during this endeavor, when he was in Bangalore, he also started taking classes. And thereafter, we started connecting with him. Now, after demitting the office, we were in connection with one another to how to go about it. So his passion to continue with that started off. Today, the topic is also special, just like Mr. Vasant preferred them. That is 13 special uses of tenses. Those who stayed logged in will see that ultimately, there are two more bonus special uses of the tenses. So do stay connected with us till the end of the session. And if you like the session, who gives a thumbs up on the YouTube. It helps us to understand what are you liking and what are you sharing. And also subscribe to the channel if you're not subscribed. How do you wish to put further? Thank you very much. My evening wishes to the facilitator Mr. Vikas Chaturjee and all the viewers present and future. So we have chosen a subject today by name special uses of tenses. It is part of our journey, which we started as polishing grammar. This time with a with a change. We have named it as special uses of tenses. It is a part of our grammar lesson. And I can tell you firmly, I can, we can take the example of this. See, there is grammar for everything. Now, just before starting this class, I struggled. Though because he was guiding me as I was not aware of the grammar of this computer PC and the app, which I am operating. I could not operate it to the satisfaction. I could not effectively operate it. And this happens with our languages also. Because the operating instructions of any instrument is same as grammar of any language grammar. I always quote that it is a law of language. So unless we know the intrinsic subtle points. Or that grammar of that language rather will not be able to operate it will not be able to effectively use it. So as a part of that, we have taken today's lesson as special uses of tenses. Before I hop onto the subject. Here it has been considered that we are all aware of the tenses of English language. We know the normal or the fundamental uses of each tense. But to set the platform. A foundation of my class. I shall just try to take you through the tenses first. As you all know, there are three main tenses. In English language for that matter all the languages because our conversation is limited always. To three times loss. Tenses are nothing but the expressions are the platforms which tell us the time slots in which that particular sentence is working. We all write be it verbal or written. Our communication is restricted to three times loss that is present. Which is now passed. Which is before this maybe 100 years ago or yesterday's whatever it is but it is before this not now. And one is the future, which is not now but ahead of this. So there are three basic or fundamental tenses three categories past, present and future. And we also know that tense is depicted only by the verb of the sentence. Tenses in present tense past tense or future tense. The change is brought in only in its work. No other word changes as per the tense. It is a word which decides the tense of the sentence. So, as I told you there are three tenses. If you go again into the subdivision of each tense. There are four substances in each tense. So I shall quote only one of them and it applies to all other. Let me take the present tense first. And as I told you this is only the bidding block. Present tense for that matter all the three tenses have got four substances in them. One simple. The simple is also called indefinite. I want to underline this stress it indefinite. The second one is continuous. The third one is perfect and the fourth is perfect continuous. When we address it to particular tense. We name it as simple present tense or present indefinite tense. This is one category, one subcategory. The second one is present continuous. The third is present perfect. And the fourth one is present perfect continuous. So the same applies to past tense and future tense. What is the subtle difference between these four subcategories? Take the example of eating a banana. That tells us the exact difference between these four. See I am holding a banana in my hand. I have not killed it out yet. When you ask me what do you do? I say I eat a banana. This category is that simple present tense or present indefinite. Why indefinite? The earlier I stressed upon this is there is indefiniteness in my statement. Because the action has not yet started. Simple present tense is the time slot where the action which is depicted by the verb has not yet begun. So that condition is expressed by simple present tense. So I eat a banana. I read a book. I have not yet opened the first page of that book. I hold the book and I say I read the book. I go to office. This is a statement. You can say it is my intent which I am expressing. It is my intention which I am expressing to you. The second one is present continuous. As the word itself expresses continuous. If I bring back you to the same analogy of banana. I have peeled the banana. Half of the banana is in my stomach and half is in my hand. And the process of eating is in progress. That's when I use the word and I use the tense present continuous. And I express it by making changes into the verb form. It is only the form of the verb which changes and the tense changes. I say I am eating the banana. So you all know the roots. We put ing and use the to be word as per the requirement. So this is one condition. The next stage is present perfect tense. I have eaten a banana. This is the time slot when I throw the peel of the banana down and you hear the sound. What I mean to say is the action has just completed. That is the time slot when I should use the tense present perfect. I set the book either reading whole or for the time being I have closed that book. So I read this book. It means you should hear that sound of setting the book. That is the exact time slot when I should use the present perfect tense. And you all know that the verb goes to be three form. That is I have eaten past. I mean present perfect. I use the verb form past participle. I use the to have verbs as per the requirement. This is the third form of the book. Then there is a fourth form which is used but it rarely is present perfect continuous. Here action has already started long back. Long innocent need not to be here also but yes it has started. It has been continuing and till date today also on this particular day I have completed it. If something is there of that sort and you want to express it. I say I have been eating a banana. It means somebody has advised me to eat. I started eating last month every day. I ate it for this complete month till date. I have eaten a banana in the morning also. So I say I have been eating a banana. Since June for a month whatever it is. But the action should be like this. These are the fundamental things based on which I decide to use a particular tense. And these are the normal use of that particular tense. In this way we have got 12 tenses 4 into 3. 12 tenses in English language as far as the action verbs are concerned. Then we have got to be worse where there are around 2 more tenses to do worse and to have worse. But as far as the action words are concerned there are 12 tenses in addition to the normal work which a tense does. We have got some special uses because we have got so many expressions to be conveyed to. So many ideas to be conveyed to the people we are communicating with. We have to have lot many expressions. The natives will not struggle. I do not struggle in my mother tongue. Neither somebody has taught me sitting like this. The special uses of present tense and so. But the non natives are the foreigners for that matter. As English is a foreign language to me. Foreign is a sense. It is not in use day to day use. I have to struggle. I have to learn. I do not claim that all natives use or speak or write English properly of their own. In a lighter way. In the lighter mode. Rahul Roy Choudhury is the CEO of the famous app of Grammar Lee. He is a second generation American. I mean Indian American. He is not a native but he is the CEO of that Grammar app. What I mean to convey is that one who takes interest in Grammar makes his language effective. Makes his language sharper. And that is all about the communication. So now as the title of the lesson go. We have promised you to share 13 special uses of tenses. And as our facilitator expected we have got some bonus also. So let me share a paper with you. That will visually also help you as well as me as a teaching aid. So that will not miss or spoil the rank. Let me take you let me share the paper with you. Yeah. Here it is. I think you can all see this. As I told you the simple present tense traditionally speaks about the banana in my hand which has not been been filled out. It is used just to express the intent I eat a banana. But when I say about the special use of simple present tense. There are so many. I can start with the first one that is to express habitual action. Please remember that I am dealing with simple present tense. I'm using it. Not to express the non filled banana the time slot of that I'm expressing it as a special case. That is the habitual action. As an example goes she exercises for an hour daily. This is an expression. This is an idea which I want to convey to you. Somebody is exercising in my home or my in my friends or relatives. I want to tell you that she is in a habit of exercising daily for an hour. So the grammar says you must use simple present tense to express this. And when grammar says this, let me make the point clear that if you want to be right. We don't have any other option but to follow. I can't make my own rules in grammar. It has already been set. And I have to follow simply. If I want to express this. I have to use simple present tense as she exercises. I have made the word the verb bold so that you can have a glimpse of it that exercises. He's a third person singular. We should carry yes or yes with it. So I can't say she is exercising. It's wrong. If you want to express this. What is that? Habitual action. You want to express the idea of all habitual action of that lady. She exercises for an hour daily. My father walks a mile every day. My dog waxes tail whenever I come home. My dogs barks at strangers barks, wags, exercises, walks. This is the simple present tense and helps me to express habitual actions. Okay. Again. The second one. The second special use. Please don't take that simple present tense itself has got 13 special uses. No. All the 12 tens is together have 13 to 15 say special uses of them. I'm dealing with the simple present tense first and will go in a queue. The second one is to express universal truth. I don't have any other option, but to express it in simple present tense. I can't use any other option. It will, it will, you know, mislead us if I use any other option of tens. As universal truth as you all know universal, which is true in America as well as Japan. The sun rises in the East. The sunrise always takes place in East and it is also called a Tricala Satya in our language, which is true. For all the three times lost that is past future and present. Such expressions are to be in simple present tense. That is the sun rises in the East. The sun sets in the West. You can't say the sunset. Or you can say mother is the first teacher. Is the universal truth mother in every country mother every time. My mother, your mother is the first teacher and you can never say mother was the first teacher. As I told it misleads. If I say mother was the first teacher, it means she is not now mother is she has been replaced. It gives that meaning. So I should always use simple present tense to express universal truth. Number three, the future event that is rescheduled the future event that is rescheduled something has been scheduled already. For example, the next flight is at 7am tomorrow. If you take the time slot of that particular sentence, it is I am talking of tomorrow 7am. I am at 5pm today. I should have used future tense. The flight will the next flight will be at 7am tomorrow. It should have been there but as the flight is rescheduled the timing of its flight is rescheduled. I must use the next flight ease. I can't say will the train leaves at 5 o'clock in the evening. Suppose if I am at 7am in the morning. And if I am telling somebody I should say that train leaves at 5 o'clock in the evening because it is rescheduled. Daily it goes at that time. If somebody ask me when is the next train, the train leaves at 5 o'clock in the evening. So leaves tells us that the verb is in simple present tense. Though the action is going to happen in the future. As it is rescheduled I am sticking to simple present tense. Next, the fourth special use is vivid narrative. Vivid narratives are the one which we find in running commentaries. Something is happening in front of me and I am explaining. Contemporary. So we can recollect all our cricket commentary which we are listening and we have been listening. That it is told like this. Ali runs from Garwara end and bounds because he is seeing somebody running. That is the vividness. He is expressing straight up. Rustam lifts his opponent. WWF for a wrestling match lifts his opponent and bangs him hard on the floor. Lifts, bangs, bounds, runs. As I told you all are in simple present tense. And please concentrate only on the verbs. Because it is a verb which tells you the tense. So all vivid narrative. If we have been assigned tomorrow to give some commentary, please remember this. We have to stick to simple present tense. Then the fifth one is to introduce quotations or verbs. Please understand a bit. Quotations. Our quotation is something which I am quoting, which has been already uttered by somebody. Number one. Quotations are also usually the proverbs or as we told, I just, I discussed the universal troops. Let us first see the example of quotation. Somebody has said already earlier and I'm quoting. So this is my way of telling. Gandhi G said, he said sometime ago that there are two ways of quoting somebody. One is I should use the indirect form reporting form by putting that in between. Or the second example, which I'm using the quotation mark. But if I am reproducing a universal truth said by Gandhi G, Mahatma Gandhi G might have told many things. But the universal troops, which he has told somewhere in his lecture and I'm quoting it in his book and I'm quoting it. There is two ways of telling this. One, Gandhi G said and I quote. Otherwise I should say Gandhi G said that. He said, you all know that honesty is the best policy. If you recollect the rules of reported speech, indirect speech, we have been asked to change this ease. That is the word of the reported speech as per the word of the reporting speech. As the reporting is said is in past tense. I should change this ease to boss. But if it is a quotation, if it is a universal truth, I am not supposed to change this. I should keep as it is because honesty is the best policy is a universal truth. Nobody can deny this. It is true throughout the world. It is true throughout the time. So when I'm quoting somebody of the universal truth, this is the expression. Or there is one more example. Swami Vivekananda says, I have taken this because I am quoting. So this says also I should take because I'm quoting as it is. I'm just reproducing his words. Vivekananda said in the 19th century also. But I'm quoting now. I should use simple present tense and say Swami Vivekananda says, use the quotation mark. This doesn't appear in my colloquial language in my verbatim. But the tense I use expresses that I am sticking to the simple present tense. The verb form speaks that. Swami Vivekananda says arise, awake and stop not till the goal is reached. This whole sentence, all these verbs arise, awake, stop not. Though it is an order form, they are all in present tense. And mainly I should concentrate on this that Vivekananda says. And this is also for your kind information out of the day's topic. This has also been quoted from Upanishads by him. Uthisthata, jagrata, praptivaran nibodata, awake, arise and stop not till the goal is reached. So my stress is on the word says, whenever I quote somebody, I should use this. Whenever you quote universal truth, you should stick to simple present tense. No other tense can be used. Then number six, there are sentences where we go for using complex sentences with conditional clauses. Conditional clause is the one where as first of all the clause, the word clause comes in when we use more than one sentence is to one club the sentence is to. So conditional clause is the one where I put some conditions. Then I speak. Usually there are two forms. One is I put condition of the past and speak, one is I put condition of the future and speak. When there is a combination of future, when there is a futureity for that work, I should use simple present tense. Usually the conditional clause is or the sentences start with the words if, unless, when, while, before, after, until, etc. Just see, I shall, this example I am quoting you, which will make you to understand it in a better way. I shall glance over the album. I shall glance over the album. I shall glance in future tense. I shall glance over the album till you finish your lunch. Somebody is due for his lunch. It is a time of his lunch. I am telling him I shall glance over the album. Otherwise I should have told. I shall glance over the album till you will finish your lunch because he has not started. He will take time and finish it after some time. Though the finishing should happen after some time in futureity. I am forced to use this by grammar that this is a conditional clause with till in the middle. I shall glance over the album till you finish. Till you finish is the verb which is in simple present tense. Till it is wrong to say till you will finish your lunch. Till you finish your lunch. The second one, if it rains, I shall not come. See, you just visualize the situation. I am in the morning hours with some of my friends and we are chalking out a program. I am telling them if it rains, probability it has not yet. If it rains in the evening, I shall not come. I shall not come. I should have used. If it will rain, I shall not come. No, it is a conditional clause. So I must use. If it rains, I shall not come. I am giving only the glimpse of it. Note it down. Remember it. This lecture will be posted on YouTube. Go through once more and convince yourself and remember this. The next one is just I am quoting some examples. I will help you in your testing times. I will help you in your testing times. Condition is if you help me today, if you help me today. So my conditional clause is in simple present tense. So we have seen up to the sixth rule. I shall take you to the seventh one. The seventh one is bit shocking. It may bring some tremors. That is, there are verb forms which are categorized as statue verbs. Usually verbs are the words we show some action. Or in the to be verbs and to have verbs. But the statue verbs are the one which look like an action verb. But practically there is no action in them. Those are the statue words. Usually what we do with our senses, what we feel like, I feel my feeling may be love, like, hate, dislike. These are my feelings. These are the verbs. These are the actions. But without any dynamism in that. So if such are the words used in your sentence, it is barred to use it in continuous tense. You may be shocked to know I am loving is a wrong sentence. I am loving you. I am liking you is wrong. I am loving you gives altogether a different meaning. It is always I love you. I like you. I understand you. The child recognizes his mother. Suppose a child grows up to three or four months. We usually say the child is recognizing his mother. No. Because recognize is a work of the brain or say mine. But without any action, action in the sense without any dynamism in that. I'm not moving my hand. Like run. Read. Speak. Okay. So please take care. Please. I'm drawing your attention to the word statue verbs. They cannot be used in continuous tense. They should always be used in simple present tense. So she loves flowers. She is loving flowers is wrong. She likes flowers. My child recognizes her mother now. Usually we go wrong. My child is recognizing her mother now. This is the usual expression. But as I told you, no native speaks like this. And there comes the difference. Right now. So the seven special rules. Where from the simple present tense. Then we'll move to the next one. The eight one from the present continuous tense. The present continuous tense was the one from our analogy that half of the banana was inside. And half was in my hand. And I was using the expression. I use the expression rather. I'm eating a banana. Right. So. Usually we use I'm teaching. We are learning, etc. So what is the special use of that particular tense then. That is for a temporary action, which may not be actually happening then. Please understand the situation. For a temporary action, which may not be actually happening. This means when we are talking, when we are visualizing that situation, that may not be happening then. If somebody asked me, or in a conversation I say, nowadays, I am reading Dr. Bindre. I'm Dr. I'm reading Dr. Bindre. I'm reading Shakespeare nowadays. What do you mean by that? It is not necessary that I opened a Shakespeare drama. In front of the person with whom I'm conversing. And I'm using this tense. No. It is in my shelf. But I have already read some pages. Kept it there. Usually I read it at night. It is in progress. It may take another five or six days to complete it. But when I express that action, I must use this tense that nowadays I am reading Shakespeare or nowadays I am reading Dr. Bindre. Whatever it is. She is rendering service in an old age home. I'm just giving you the context of what I have written. She is rendering service. Rendering is in present continuous. She is rendering. Visualize the situation. I'm sitting with my daughter. She has just finished her graduation. Somebody comes and asks, what is she doing? She has completed her graduation recently. Then I say she is rendering service in an old age home. It doesn't mean that she is there in the old age home and serving some old lady or a man. No. Nowadays she takes out some time of her routine, goes there and helps. And she does it daily and she has made up her mind to do it for some time. Then I say she is rendering her service in an old age home. You can't say you can't use any other tense to express this. As I told you, these are the special uses. These are the expressions of social situations. So if you want to express that, you have to use this present continuous tense. So I think I have made myself clear that a temporary action which may not be actually happening then. My daughter is sitting beside me. You can visualize. She has got a free time after finishing the graduation and she is rendering services. Then the ninth one is for an action which has already been arranged. My brother is arriving tomorrow. I am going to Bangalore tomorrow. He is arriving. I am going at the work forms in present continuous tense. But I am speaking of tomorrow. I should have shifted myself to future tense. But as it has already been arranged, like our example, schedule. Arrangement and schedule is a difference. Schedule is a continuous work. It leaves or flies daily. This is a temporary schedule. And I am expected to arrange everything so that I reach Bangalore tomorrow. So that time I say my brother is arriving tomorrow. I am reaching Bangalore tomorrow. I am going to the drama tonight. My tickets are booked. Everything is arranged. I am at 6 p.m. now. So I am going to the drama tonight. Actually it should have been in future tense. I am going to take that literal meaning of the tenses. But these are the special uses which are used. This as I am stressing on the point that these uses differentiate between the natives and non-natives. No more and the non-nower of grammar. Then present perfect tense. As I told, we can come back to that example which I gave you. The present perfect tense is the one where I have eaten the entire banana. I have just dropped the pee into the dustbin and I heard the sound. And so also the people around me. So I say I have eaten a banana. That is a condition. That is the actual use of that particular tense. But in addition to that, the 10th one of special use is started sometime back and still on. Almost similar to that of the present perfect tense. This is one more way of telling. That is I have lived in Bangalore for 10 years. I have lived in Bangalore for 10 years. It means the nine years and so many days already lived. And today I am telling on the final day. I have lived in Bangalore for 10 years. Because this is a usual expression with this is a usual conversation which we have with our friends and, you know, our kitten king. In a society this is a usual top. I have lived in Bangalore for 10 years. We have not met Gopi for several months. Several months actually should have been a past tense. Past several months, no. But today I stand and tell I have not met Gopi. We have not met Gopi using the present perfect tense. And this is the right expression, right way of expression rather. Right usage of the tense. So we have not met Gopi for several months. As I told you, please note down these examples. If you are not knowing it early. Then form your own examples and get convinced. Then the 11th special use is a past action. I'm talking of present perfect tense. And see this a past action whose time is not known. Whose time is I'm not sure of the time. Like my father has visited Japan. I don't know when did he visit. It is a past action. My father went somewhere. I don't know at what time and which year he went. But if you ask me now, when I'm not sure of the timing. I say my father has visited Japan. My father has been to Japan has been also in present perfect. He is a base word like visit visited visited. He was being. I'm again using the past participle of B. So my father has visited Japan. I'm not put any data. Because I don't know that is a time when it requires. Then have you played cricket? What do you mean that I have played cricket? Because this communication has to touch has to touch your heart and brain. You should know what the other person wants to tell you, convey you. Unless we know the special use of this. Yeah, this is this is this. The meaning doesn't touch our heart. No, it is like a overpick ball. Bouncer, which goes above our head. We don't know enjoy it. No, there is a saying that who enjoys the sugar cane the most. One who has strong teeth. The other person who has the weak teeth. He also finishes a length of sugar cane showing it, but he doesn't enjoy as good as a person with a strong teeth enjoys. And this is happens. I mean this happens with the ground. One person who is well worse with the grammar enjoys a particular write up for a book or a work more. It is directly proportional to his knowledge of grammar. Worldings can be found out. There is a dictionary. There is a Google. I can type it and find out the meaning of it. But the grammar has to be digested. So I enjoy this when I know this. What is he asking by telling? Have you played cricket? He's asking me about my past life. He's not sure of the timing. Have you played cricket in 1970? He's not asking that. He's asking, have you played cricket? Has she read Vivekananda? She read Vivekananda. He's a, you know, he's impressed by somebody's talk or somebody's knowledge in a particular field. And he's asking, has she read Vivekananda? Okay. Please visualize. That's why I'm keeping you in, you know, with that example. Present perfect tense is used when the action has just completed. Is just completed. That is the time. But here we are using it in different time slots. But these are the special uses of that particular dance. Then the next one that is 12th one is the past actions whose effect gets prominence than the action itself or than the action when it has taken place. Just visualize again a situation. A guest has come to your home. You offered him a cup of tea. And you are searching for biscuits. You open that particular box where you usually keep your biscuits. And to your surprise, you see that only the wrapper has been left. The entire packet has been emptied by your son or daughter. So that is the thing. Past action, because you don't know when your son or daughter has finished those all the biscuits, you don't know. It has definitely once packet is empty. It is a past action, but the prominence or the effect is now in front of the guests. So I say he or whoever is there, she has eaten all the biscuits. Oh, she has eaten all the biscuits. Has she eaten now in front of the guests? No, it is a past action, but the effect is troubling now. Effect is affecting now. So I must use present perfect tense. He has eaten all the biscuits. The second example, she has hurt her finger. This is another example. Just visualize that somebody is doing some kitchen work or say any writing work or typing work. And she's not able to type it properly or use a particular finger properly because she has heard she has got a cut on that finger somewhere. Say two days ago, but the problem or the problem face the effect is now. It is holding her back now from typing properly. Then I must use. She has hurt her finger or say after I use it is bleeding. It is bleeding now. Oh, she has hurt her finger. Not by typing. It has happened somewhere else. But its effect is showing its prominence now. I must use. She has heard the present perfect tense. She has heard her finger. He has eaten all the biscuits. Right. So present perfect continuous is a tense, which is normally used to its fundamental use. So I have put no special use of this particular tense I have come across. Simple past tense. The next one, as I told you, this simple continuous perfect and perfect continuous occurring all the other two tenses. So in the past tense, the first one is simple past tense. Usually, we use this particular tense saying I received the letter yesterday. This is the normal use. That's why I'm not putting put the numbers on that. This is a normal use that particular tense. I received the letter yesterday. I met him a week ago. Or I left the school last year. With the time I put this. Now, when the time is implied. This is especially 13th one, that is when the time is implied, that is not expressed directly. If you know, then it troubles. Okay. When the time is implied. When it is not expressed directly. We should use. I learned Hindi in Bhopal. I don't know in which year I learned Hindi. I learned Hindi in Bhopal. I could not sleep well. What is implied here? I learned Hindi in Bhopal means when he was in Bhopal, he has learned Hindi. The time is implied. Indirectly told. You need not worry about that. Once he says I could not sleep well. He means last night. Taking into consideration that people sleep only in the nighttime. So I could not sleep well means. Last night. He didn't sleep well. That is implied. That is hidden. That is not told exposed. That time we must use. Simple past tense. Okay. Now, as I told you bonus in the sense in the course of. Noting the tense, I could get some more very important rules. And I added. The past habits. Past habits. What do you mean by past habits again visualizes the situation. Two friends have met. And. They're discussing about their school days. You know that geography teacher. Madam. Which dog. Which madam are you talking about. She always carried her handbag. You know. What do you mean by that. It is her old habit. She always carried a handbag. What do you mean by past habit. Either that lady is not there. Or if at all she is there. She is not carrying it now. That is the past habit. She always carried a handbag. I'm referring to the her past habit. So that my friend can recognize. Who was she. So I'm using the word carried. Which is simple past tense. She always carried her handbag. Then he studied continuously for many hours every day. It was a friend's past habit. You know. Oh, he's working nowadays in ISRO. Oh. He studied continuously for many hours. Every day. That is the result. He's there in ISRO. So. We are talking of the past habits. Of somebody. We should use. The. Simple past tense. Otherwise. The past perfect tense should have been used. To tell you. The literal meaning of past perfect tense is. One which has taken place long back. We usually use past perfect tense, but with a past habits, when we talk of this special thing, special situation, we must use. Simple past tense. Then. For the past continuous tense. As past continuous. Comes with a to be verb was where, et cetera. And an ING. That it was getting darker. The light went off. Well, I was reading. Something like that. But. The special use is. Persistent habit of the past. Persistent habit of the past. That is. He was always grumbling. He grumbled always is not the correct thing. The persistent habit. From the childhood till the end. Finish of the childhood. Somebody sitting in front of me now. Oh. He was grumbling always. This baby was crying. This baby was crying throughout the childhood. That is continually. Always. Which was the frequency. Then she was continually crying throughout the night. That is a persistent habit of the past. It is not just yesterday. She was crying or she was grumbling. Her past habits. Are depicted by this. Are expressed by this. Then comes an interesting part. The last one rather in the series. Is the past perfect tense. Just visualize again one more. Situation. That there are two actions which have taken place in the past. Two past actions. When I say two past actions, they must have a knowledge. One must have taken place. First. And one must have taken place after that. Then only there can be two actions. So. The one which has taken place. First. Earlier. To the second one. One which has taken place first. Must carry the past perfect tense. With the example you will come to know clearly. See. When I met him. When I met him. He had lost all his riches or riches means well. He has lost all his wealth. He had lost. Is the past perfect tense. Met him. Is simple past tense. So. Both meeting and losing are the two past actions. But losing of the well has happened first. And I have met him later. So as I told you. Two past actions. Happen. The. One which has happened before earlier. To the second one. Must carry. The past perfect tense. So here losing of the wealth. Has taken place earlier. So I say when I met him. He had lost all his riches. Or the easier example which we can visualize easily is. I went to the station. I went to the railway station. But the train had left. But the train had left. What do you mean by that? That is. The train left at 455. I reached the station at. Five. Reaching my. My reaching the station at five is the later action. The earlier action is leaving of the train. So I use. The train had left. And. The later action. Is in simple past tense that is I went to the station. Okay. So these are the special uses of the tense. Or rather I could list it. Please. Remember or say visualize this importance of this. Special uses of the tenses. Tense. As we study only 12 tenses. And they are fundamentally used. We concentrate usually we are made to concentrate rather. Are not the end all in that. These are the special uses. These. No are used. Day in and day out in each and every book. Each and every write up we use it rather. It has been used. It is only us to understand it properly. And as I told you. Stronger the teeth. Greater the taste. The enjoyment. More than enjoyment. Okay, so. Because sir. I'm done with a day's topic. It was quite fascinating. So. If you could explain all this in a summary manner. How do you explain that. In a Hindi for the audience who has done. Would like to understand him maybe. In a short test manner. No, it is like this. You can say a lot of things. Many things go. You can say a lot of things. You can say a lot of things. You can say a lots of things. Many things go. I was impatient. My occupation with it. Mahjabho Gabi. Me. Gonna ask you. I children. I'm not outside. We're really sick of. I think. I see it. is in past perfectance. Nobody has told us holding your hand. But being, as I told you, there is an advantage of being native for that particular language. But in a foreign language like English, there are some special uses for that. For example, when grammar is used, it has to be followed. There is no choice. Because, as I told you, grammar is a law of lesson. So grammar is used. So the rule is used. You cannot cross the rule. If you make your own rule, it becomes yours. We can't be at par with the English-speaking people. And the main thing is that there will be fewer people listening to us. For example, to make our future, there are so many books to read and digest. So if you are aware of that, then you can understand it very well. Otherwise, you will have to cross the rule. That is why it is very important to pay attention to it. And at the same time, as in legal fraternity, if I talk about teachers, advocates of legal fraternity, then our life is based on writing. We have to read and write from books. So we have to be master of this. So this is the way to attend classes like this. Because Mr. Satyaj is a little more educated. He is in a very great task. He is telling his friends to express their views. Like once you share that here also take a look. Sir? He has to unmute it. Yeah, yeah. Once again, Mr. Patwardhan, Namaskar and Vikas. No, sir. I should say Namaskar. In fact, it's my pleasure. I must thank you and Chatharaj Ji both. Because you have been bringing such wonderful, very educated and informative sessions. Really helpful, not only for the advocates around, but then it will be helpful for anybody who would like to excel in his profession. Because the correct expression is the basis of any success or progress. A comma here and there, an apostrophe here and there tends wrongly used can lead to many complications. Not only in the job of advocates, but also in our leaders, especially those who are dreaming to become great leaders. It would always be ideal to know any language that they have to use to use it in the righteous fashion. Tabito, like you said, dan tagra bant hai. And the chewing and tasting becomes all the more better. So thanks once again and you made it so easy. It's not so easy a topic. It is a complicated topic, but you made it so easy to comprehend with the examples that you have cited starting from banana. And then giving all the relevant examples of all those 13 plus three bonuses. It was really excellent and hats off to you. Jai Hind. Thank you so much. Thank you Mr. Srikanth and Mr. Vasanth. Sir, if you can allow me for a minute. He is my Guruji, my mentor. He is group captain Srikanth Hegade. Just recently rested, taken leave from his active service. And he's a well read person. So his complimentary words, I can take only as a pat on my back. Nothing more than that. Thank you, sir. Thank you once again. Yes, sir. Thank you, Mr. Madan and Srikanth. And otherwise, what you have explained in such a subtle manner. Otherwise, they say tens are tenses. And so do stay connected with us tomorrow at 6pm. We have Mr. Venkat Sudarshan. We will be taking part two of the Transfer of Property Act. Do stay connected with us. Thank you everyone. Stay safe. Stay blessed. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.