 Good afternoon. My presentation refers to the research that we have recently undertaken for the exhibition reporting from Margea and other waterfronts, one of the three special projects of the 2016 architecture Biennale. This exhibition is an analysis and a comparison of successful waterfront regenerations already realized worldwide with them to stimulate debate on the future of the most important and partly dismissed industrial areas in Italy. The waterfront once sacrificed for industrial activities as partially deprived port cities of their relationship with the sea, often exacerbating phenomena of physical and social degradation in the surrounding areas. Over the past 30 years the transformation of port following the introduction of container shipping and the subsequent displacement of logistic and port functions far from city centre has opened up a unique opportunity to rethink our cities from inside out. The cities where the waterfront regenerations have been more successful share a resilient attitude. They have reinvented themselves, reinforced with a new diverse character, beginning precisely with the enhancement of their relationship with the water that surrounds them. Schematizing it is possible to identify for key moments in the evolution of ports and urban areas. The first moment, which goes from the origin until the end of 19th century, sees city and port as a single entity sharing the same spaces. During the 20th century ports required more space and ever greater depth to meet the renovated production and logistical needs and this led to the physical separation of port functions from urban areas. From 60s to 80s original port areas close to the city started to be underused because they were unable to fulfill the productive functions required by the new technological development. In the end, since the 80s, there began a process of regeneration of abandoned waterfront spaces. From our point of view, the fundamental elements that enable the success of waterfront generations can be summarized into six factors that are able to frame city's actions during the regeneration process. Through this framework, we have identified for each city the most important key of success. Cobb-Vanzuid is not just a transformation of an abandoned port area, but a project able to change Rotterdam's images as a whole. The key to success was the reunion of a divided city through the Rasmus Bridge that together with a new strong public transport accessibility unlocked the huge potential of the area in achieving both economical and social goals. This image shows Cobb-Vanzuid area with its busy port before the relocation of the Alba Westworld, which was the starting point for the underuse and abandonment of this place. This is how the area looks like now, a new piece of city with lively waterfront characterized by mixed use, development and attractive public realm. The world connected directly to the core city center. The Dublin Docklands with these 500 hectares is one of the bigger waterfront generation in Europe, run by the Dublin Docklands Development Authority. The transformation has been developed through a public-private partnership approach with them to create a new urban centrality in the former industrial area. During the 80s, the abandonment of the urban core by manufacturing activities resulted in changes in the social structure of Dublin with high unemployment rates and increasing social deprivation. To achieve social regeneration targets, private developers have been obliged to provide at least 20% of the new residential development by social and affordable housing. To increase job opportunities after a period of heavy unemployment, fiscal incentives, race remissions, rent and tax allowances, successfully attractive hundreds of international companies, such as Google and Facebook, which significantly contributed to the development of a cluster of digital and technology enterprises. Europe-Méditerranée is a huge transformation between the viewport and the central station, run by public sector development agency with a two-fold strategy. Developing the site and ensuring that the project maintains a balance between economic growth, social equity and respect for the environment. Until the 90s, a major part of Marseille Waterfront was underused, cut off from the city because of the physical barrier of the road and the place most affected by social deprivation. After the transformation, the same place has become the new center of gravity for the world city. With more than 300 sunny days per year, a strong attention was dedicated to the design of public open spaces. They represent the places where urban design could bring quality, making the difference between a gloomy or an attractive and vibrant environment, where people could spend and enjoy their free time. In Italy, a part of few isolated experiences, the regeneration of urban waterfronts is still one of the most important challenges to increase the attractiveness and quality of our cities. Venice and Naples, with all their differences, represent the two most important opportunities in this sense. Porto Marguerre in Venice, after having reached during the 60s, his maximum expansion providing job to more than 30,000 employees, started a slow and constant decline process. Today, the regeneration of the 1900 hectares is on top of the agenda, both of the municipality and the Port Authority. The main questions are about the uses to be allowed, the land remediation works and the way to link this area to the rest of the city. There are all the potentialities to become a gate to Europe, but without action, the risk to remain only the Venice's periphery is still there. The story of Bargnoli and Naples is related to the IWA company, one of the most important steel factory in Italy, which was closed at the beginning of the 90s. After a long period of stop and go for the regeneration of the site, things are starting moving further again. The challenge here is about the regeneration of the area into urban and cultural uses, but many questions are still unsolved. From the difficult connection to the city centre, to the way to attract private investors, or what to do with the big and protected industrial archaeological buildings. To conclude, almost all the successful waterfront regenerations that have been analysed have in common a series of key actions that could be taken into consideration to fit the debate on the regeneration of the Italian waterfronts. And those are the definition of a strong urban vision, providing simplification of planning process, looking for engagement with local communities in design process, aiming environmental excellence, promoting high quality of public spaces and targeting innovation. Thank you.