 Abstract rivers are among the most dynamic and productive ecosystems on Earth, but their long-term and global characteristics have been difficult to assess due to the lack of consistent data sources. This study used Landsat satellite images spanning for decades to analyze changes in river extent, finding that morphological dynamics accounted for 20% of the global river area, while dam construction and hydrological signals accounted for 32% and 48%, respectively. Additionally, the study found that river extent changes varied depending on climate, geography, and human activity, suggesting that rivers are highly responsive to both internal and external forces. This article was authored by Qian Hanwu, Ling Hongku, Jida Wang, and others.