 Well, good morning, Gareth, or good afternoon, I guess, where you are. You're in the UK now, correct? I am good to talk to you, Jack. I am in Manchester in the UK. I understand from reading the newspapers that you're now the chairman and CEO of IMC. So that's a change. And you've also entered into a joint venture with the Australian company, Hexagon. Can you tell us, update us on that? Sure. So perhaps a little bit of background, as you know, IMC, Innovation Metals, is a private Canadian company. We've been working for some time now on the development of a proprietary separation and purification process that we call RapidSX, started working with rare earth elements and some other technology metals for that. It's an accelerated form of solvent extraction or SX, which, as you know, is the primary process that's used in industry for rare earth separation, and combines the benefits of the chemistry of SX with a new way of making the process happen at a much faster rate, reduce footprints or various benefits. So I think it was the spring of this year, I encountered the folks at Hexagon. They're an Australian firm, as you mentioned, they're listed on the ASX, and primarily involved in Graphite at that point. They have a couple of projects, one in Australia, one in the US in Alabama, but they've been getting into the downstream, looking at processing, looking at end uses, trying to expect into the sort of energy material side of things. And that's how we came together, had a conversation about what's going on in the sector, particularly with respect to processing. And I actually came on board with them as an advisor over the summer, and one thing led to another. They took a look at the RapidSX work that we've been doing. And as you said, we, I think it was a couple of weeks ago now, announced the formation of a joint venture company with them, and they're going to invest, or have the option to invest two million US dollars into that, which will allow us to build a demonstration scale separation facility to put the RapidSX approach through its paces at a much larger scale, and go from there. So that's exciting for us. Okay. As I think I mentioned on a previous video interview I did with another person, the US DOD has decreed that Canada is a domestic site. It reminds me of Yule Brenner in the movie, so let it be said, so let it be done. But I actually heard it said by a high ranking official of the United States government that as far as they're concerned, Canada is domestic with supply, and I'm sure that that would apply to processing, definitely. One thing I just wanted to make a point here. You and I have been looking at this for about a decade, and we were very much involved in the original rare earth buildup bonanza of the first part of this decade. I think now that all of that was a prelude to this, to what's going on now, which is a rational look at the supply chain. As you and I probably agree, what failed the last time was that there was nowhere to put it. Everyone was running around talking about mixed cons. I remember that. I used to say, where does this mixed con go? The Chinese will buy it, they said, well, they didn't. At that time, now look at it. At this moment, China's largest supplier of rare earths is the mine at Mountain Pass, California. They're sending net 12,000 tons a year to a Chinese refinery. That's to me the actual critical change now. I think the focus on building a rare earth supply chain must be on the downstream, because we're never going to make rare earth permanent magnets of the Western world again from the old Demi-Miran-Boron order, Sumerian Koval, without a complete supply chain, a secure complete supply chain, which leads me to this. I'm very much involved in the US government's reaction to this issue, and I know you're very much involved in the EU response, or shall we say, the soon-to-be UK and EU response. Can you tell us what's going on in Europe, especially with this new rare earth industry association being formed, and I know you're involved in that? Yeah, so much of the work in Europe, there's been a lot of academic work, as there has been in the US, in Canada, and Australia. There's been a lot of work funded by the European Union, as well as individual governments, looking at, they've put an emphasis on recycling and sustainability, but I think they are definitely seeing that you still need primary materials, you've still got to dig things out of the ground. There is a lot of work on, as you say, downstream processing, whether it's separation technologies, whether it's metal and alloy making, or production of compounds. There has been reluctance to potentially seek or see government involvement in, for example, bringing mines online. There are some great resources in the European area, but out of that did come this initiative last year to form this new rare earth industry association. It's a global endeavour. It was kicked off in July of this year, and interestingly, it's bringing together folks from naturally Europe, but also Asia. We have folks from Japan, Korea, even China, as well as Canada and the US, and so folks are coming together and having conversations. It's a very interesting arena of venue for the exchange of information to hear what's really going on in this space. So that's been going a couple of months now. Things are going well. Industry, academic, government people, all coming together to talk about this stuff. Are you involved with REA? Yes, so I'm currently the chair of the advisory board. There's various structures within it, so we've got a team of advisors, and there's also a newly formed technical committee, which will have some faces that will be familiar to yourself and others in the industry as well, to lend some support for the board of directors and the management team. I noticed that you joined, in some way, Adamus Intelligence, the industry reporting operation in Holland, or as you say, the Netherlands. Yeah, so as many people will be familiar, Adamus has put out quite a bit of good information on, particularly rare earths in the last few years, rare earth reports. Really top quality data analysis on rare earths, and there's some new stuff coming out shortly. I've known Ryan for a number of years, as I know you have, and we've worked together on a number of initiatives, and we decided to work together earlier this year. And my focus is on helping, obviously, provide what input I can on the technical side and rare earths and so on, but also doing a lot of work on battery materials and the metals and capacity associated with that, and also building, trying to build strategic partnerships, trying to tease data and information out of groups that will help the entire sector to better understand what's going on. So that's been an interesting project and initiative for the last few months, and I think it'll be interesting to see what's going on in the space, how it reflects in the data, and how we can use that information. Gareth, another topic I'd like to go over with you briefly is the new ISO standards for rare earths. So I know that the Chinese had been working on certainly national standards for some time. They approached the national quality body, standards body, approached the ISO organization, which people were familiar with perhaps ISO 9001 for quality management, or 14001 for environmental stuff, but there's about 23,000 different ISO standards developed by stakeholders for stakeholders. And so the Chinese approached the ISO organization in, I think it was 2015, and now there are groups. I'm part of the Canadian Mira Committee, each national standards body sets up these committees, and it's a fairly slow methodical process, but the standards that are being worked on now and going through the various stages include terms and definitions, traceability, packaging, testing analysis. So there's been quite a bit of work done. There's probably another, at least another two or three on the way. It's a pretty democratic process. So nobody's, you know, ramming ideas through, you get to vote, and the best ideas go forward. Are the standards for oxides, carbonates, oxalates, metals, halides, what are the standards for? So it's basically to provide consistent uniform, whether it's definitions or the ability to be certified to a particular standard for measurements, testing analysis. How do we do assaying? Are we doing it the same way here as we're doing there? Are we comparing apples to apples? Traceability is another big one. So it's to create this framework to allow companies to eventually be certified to those standards. Okay, that's going to be a big change in the western industry. So I definitely look forward to that. What I, my opinion, I think is fairly well known on what the US government is planning, is thinking it might accomplish in recreating a North American domestic supply chain. I think it's a very hard road to hoe. And I suspect that it may not be successful. What's your opinion on what's going on in Europe? Will Europe re-establish a domestic supply chain? The only thing ever missing in Europe, from my point of view, was a mine. They had the rest. Yeah, so I think there's a combination of, there is existing magnet production in Europe. But I think it's looking to me like more like an integrated approach, looking across, frankly, to the US, seeing what sort of initiatives are happening there, both in the private and public sectors. The capabilities are certainly here. I've always been an advocate, obviously, and I know you have the application of new technology and innovation to do things in an environmentally sustainable way, but also reduce costs. I think that will be the driving force there. You don't need hundreds of individual companies to service this industry. So obviously, if you can get a couple up and running in various locations, both in North America and Europe, then you're starting to get somewhere. But it has to be an integrated approach, as you say. Different layers in the supply chain have to work together. That's starting to happen in the US with the presidential determinations in terms of putting that on the map. And now it's the case of seeing how that will interconnect with private industries. Let me put you on the spot, as I love to do. Tell me, if I'm looking from a satellite, I'm saying, my God, the largest total rare separation plant on the planet and the oldest one in continuous operation is in the beautiful city of La Rochelle, France, right near the beautiful Isle of Ray. How much better? And yet, Solvay is shutting that down, and it now is operating on imported materials and only making washcoat materials with wearers. So tell me why IMC is going to replace, let's say, this 9,000 ton a year monster plant that oldest one in the world, which is shutting down. If Europe is so interested in recreating the rare earth supply chain, why the hell are they shutting down the best separation system in the Western world? Well, I guess the best people to talk to about that would be the folks at Solvay, but I will say that, and obviously there's a lot of sunk cost in a facility like that, excellent people, some of the best rarer scientists and technicians in the world either worked out or came out of that facility, many of whom we both know. So I think it goes to being able to be nimble. If you're going to do new things, you look at what new technologies available, improve reagents, things like that. What we're doing, ultimately, we believe we'll be able to reduce the capital costs for a new separation line or separation lines in a plant by fairly significant numbers, 80, 90%, depending on the feedstocks and so on, simply by reducing the amount of equipment and so on. So it's really a question of the dynamics of the market, the shifting, Solvay is becoming a very large company, has a number of companies in its group, different priorities, and ultimately if you can buy something cheaper from somewhere else and you're not too concerned about security supply, then that's what you do and that's emblematic of the entire supply chain until relatively recently I think. So Gareth, thank you very much and we're going to keep in touch because you're basically our man in Europe. Good to talk to you soon, Jack. Thanks.