 Felly, mae'r next item of business is the well-trailed members' business debate in the name of Jackson Carlaw on motion 2600 on Holocaust Memorial Day to be marked on 27 January 2022. The debate will be concluded without any questions being posed, but I invite members who wish to contribute to press the request to speak buttons now or as soon as possible or place an hour in the chat function. I call on Mr Carlaw to open the debate for around seven minutes, Mr Carlaw. Thank you, Presiding Officer. Holocaust Memorial Day is younger than this Parliament. It was first commemorated in 2005, and it's been a privilege in the years since I joined this Parliament in 2007 to have in some years proposed motions in others to have participated in the debate and more often to have just listened with appreciation to the contributions from all parts of this chamber. My life began in a community full of Jewish neighbours and friends. Many I know now had first-hand experience of the horrors of the industrialised Nazi-perpetrated Holocaust. For decades, their memories kept themselves off and even from their immediate family. Just as I remember that moment when Harry Patch died in 2009, the last survivor of the conflict on the western front in the Great War, it's clear that we are close to a moment when the diminishing number of survivors of the Holocaust will be with us no longer. I am profoundly appreciative of the fact that I grew up in a community so rich in Jewish heritage. However, the surviving elected parliamentary constituency representatives of my eastwood community, Kirsten Oswald, Paul Masterton and, in particular, Jim Murphy and my predecessor Ken McIntosh and I are in all likelihood the last who will come to know and learn from those who were here or who survived the Holocaust. In the last 18 months, eastwood has lost two of its most formidable yet charismatic members of our community, Judith Rosenberg, Scotland's last survivor of Auschwitz and Ingrid Wuga, a beneficiary with her husband Henry of the Kindertransport just a few weeks before the outbreak of war in 1939. Ingrid and Henry Wuga settled in Glasgow and tirelessly until her death in her 90s. Ingrid actively supported the work of Holocaust education and awareness in schools and communities. In her last five years alone, in her 90s, speaking to some 5,000 adults and children through the Holocaust Educational Trust's outreach programme. For her work, she was awarded the British Empire Medal and is survived by Henry, still a familiar presence where he lives in eastwood total. Indeed, I'm delighted that at a rather splendid age of 97, he was able to both participate in Scotland's national commemoration last night and grant an interview to Good Morning Scotland at this morning. Holocaust Memorial Day is commemorated on the anniversary of the date of the liberation of the Auschwitz extermination camp this day in 1945 by Soviet forces advancing from the east. I last met Judith Rosenberg, who died just a few days past in January last year at the age of 98, shortly before the restrictions brought about by the current pandemic. She was as bright as ever. What distinguished her testimony was that her recollections were of her experience at Auschwitz, not as an infant or even as a child, but as a young adult woman of 22. She could remember events with extraordinary clarity. Her story may be familiar, but nothing could be more affecting than to hear it first hand. The torches cattle truck train journey, during which her father helped pile corpses of those who had perished in the atrocious cramp conditions in a corner of the carriage, the lack of food and water, having to hack the floor of the carriage to establish drainage for waste, some thing not achieved by many. Most of all, the final message of her father as the train pulled to a halt at Auschwitz, somewhere that I know members of this parliament have stood. If the Germans ever offer you options, always choose the hard option, because there will be an ulterior motive. Although she was not to see her father again, it was his advice that saved Judith. Her mother and sister took it and chose the option of walking the final three kilometres at Auschwitz, when all those who opted for transport were immediately murdered in the gas chambers. She survived, but the privations and torments of her subsequent time there were appalling. Four months after her arrival, she was finally sent in September 1944 for a first shower in a building with a notice gas cammer. You can imagine her terror. However, for her at least it was just a shower. Sent to a munitions factory. She borrowed from a pre-war experience of her family watchmaking business, which was to earn her extra provisions and also save her sister and mother. With a facility for languages, she was employed as an interpreter. After liberation by the Americans in April 1945, she met and fell for a young army officer, Lieutenant Harold Rosenberg, who she said never left her side for the next 60 years, having lobbied personally and successfully for permission from Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery himself to marry. They settled in Giffnock in Eastwood, Presiding Officer Judith Rosenberg, Scotland's last survivor of Auschwitz. I've dwelt in Judith and Ingrid's stories because this was a holocaust visitor on people, on individuals, on those in our community now who lost parents, grandparents and countless relatives and friends, and we should never lose sight of the personal in any commemoration of the remembrance of the holocaust. Auschwitz may have been liberated in this day in 1945, but it was this week in 1942, almost 80 years ago, that the infamous Vansi conference took place and its notorious protocol was agreed. There, under the cold direction of Reinhard Hydrach, scryd by Adolch Eichman, that the world's first holocaust was signed off, an audit of a Europe's 11 million Jews and a systematic plan to murder them all as Nazi conquests prevailed and to do so without delay as to quote the minute, useless mouths should not be fed. The one surviving copy of the protocol, Colin Evans Nuremberg, is municipally bland, even if its meaning is anything but. This then was the final destination of Nazi antisemitism, of the relentless prejudice and persecution systematically prosecuted and entrenched since Hitler came to power in 1932. Hundreds of thousands had by then already been murdered, but now and within weeks extermination was to progress on an unprecedented scale and with an unprecedented fervour claiming the lives of six million Jews and millions more besides. Hitler's final solution. Presiding Officer, the theme of this year's holocaust memorial day is one day in history. Any day, of course, can be held in the memory quite differently depending on where you happen to be and this was true of every single day during world war two. The holocaust memorial trust offers chilling examples. The 19th of April 1943, where the Jewish inhabitants of the Warsaw ghetto fought back against the Nazis. The 12th of July 1995 in Bosnia, which was the last day large numbers of women saw their husbands, fathers, sons and brothers. Despite being designated by the UN as a safe area, Bosnia served soldiers, entered Sevrenica and started to separate Bosniac men and women and children. Eight thousand Bosniac men and boys were subsequently murdered in and around Sevrenica. On the 17th of April 1975, where the Khmer Rouge moved into the Cambodian capital, the entry of the Khmer Rouge resulted in a five-year campaign of terror and two million people were murdered by Paul Pot or the days a hundred of them in 1994 when around one million Tutsis and moderate Hutus were murdered in Rwanda. Presiding Officer, anti-semitism and racial, sexual and genetic prejudice were not the unique preserver of Nazi Germany. In a previous debate, I noted that the year after World War II, 1946, more Jews were murdered across Europe than in the 13 years combined before the war itself. Many were killed where they stood when they finally made it back to homes now occupied by others. Nazi Germany fell. Anti-semitism existed before and has prevailed since and has done so across our continent as much as anywhere else. Of those other atrocities just mentioned, 1975, 1994 and 1995 were all shamefully in my lifetime. How hollow the mantra never again. Holocaust Memorial Day serves not just as a commemoration of those lost, not only in the Holocaust itself but in the multiple genocides throughout the near 80 years since. Importantly, it must remind us of an enduring and permanent duty, not just to pay lip service in days like this but to confront, challenge, educate and defeat the forces harboring and perpetuating genocidal schemes and all that underpinned and facilitate them. Presiding Officer, like many I have wept at the horror and barbarism of the Holocaust and the genocides in my lifetime. Have we failed? Sometimes overwhelmingly feels like we have. What must our response be? There can be no other choice. We must rededicate ourselves to meeting the challenge every year, every decade, every generation in so doing we honour those that were lost and I know Presiding Officer, as a parliament and as a country we will do this together. Thank you very much indeed Mr Carlaw. I now move to the open debate and I call Annabelle Ewing for around four minutes. It is as ever a great privilege to be able to speak in this debate this afternoon and I congratulate Jackson Carlaw on securing the debate and I commend him for his very thought-provoking speech. This annual member's debate is vitally important as we therefore can remember the six million Jews murdered by the Nazis and others and of course so that we can reflect on the genocides that we have witnessed since that time in our lifetime, the point well made by Jackson Carlaw. I am reflecting on what I hope to say this year, the 77th anniversary to this very day of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenhau. I kept coming back to the life of one young Jewish girl whose story has resonated across the world and that of course is the life of Anne Frank whose diary entitled The Diary of a Young Girl is known so well to us all and which I read for the first time as a young girl myself. Anne was just 13 years old when she and her family went into hiding from the Nazis in July 1942 in Amsterdam and her diary reflects the hopes and thoughts of every young girl of her time and of every time. Meet Gaze, who had worked for Anne's father and who helped the Frank family to hide and to stay hidden at great risk to her own life, it must be noted. Also wrote a book about those times entitled Anne Frank remembered and I commend that book as well worth a read. In her observations, she recalled that Anne's tiny bedroom wall in the hidden annex was covered with pictures, photos of the big movie stars of the day like Ray Milan, Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, Ginger Rogers and cut-outs of cuddly little babies, a photo of a big pink rose, a photo of chimpanzees having a tea party. Humour and compassion, glamour, beauty and the natural world, the many interests of a young girl even one who was in hiding for her life. And as someone who has been a young girl, I can well imagine the montage Anne had created and what it meant to her. Meet Gaze made near daily life-saving visits to the Frank family, bringing them food and supplies and books and basic humanity. Meet Gaze observed in the summer of 1943, Anne having turned 14 years old, that Anne was spontaneous and still childish sometimes, but she had gradually acquired a new kindness and a new maturity. Meet Gaze went on to add in her recollections of that time that Anne had arrived a girl, but she would leave a woman. As we know, Anne was never to reach womanhood. The Frank family were caught by the Nazis on 4 August 1944, after having been in hiding for 25 months. Anne, along with her older sister, Margot, died in Bergen Belsen in early spring 1945, just a few short months of what would have been her 16th birthday. However, Anne's diary lives on as it speaks to every young Jewish girl of the Holocaust, to those who did not, like Anne, reach womanhood as well as to those who did, but were unutterably altered. It speaks to those young Jewish girls whose entire families were murdered by the clinical-calculated killing machine that was Nazi Germany. It speaks to those young Jewish girls who therefore had no mother, no father, no grandmother, no grandfather, no uncles, no aunts, and no brothers and no sisters. It speaks to those young Jewish girls who had to try to make a life following liberation against the backdrop of barbarism and the obscenity that had been visited upon them. It speaks to those young Jewish girls who had lost their hopes, their dreams, their aspirations and their very belief in humanity. For every young Jewish girl, I bear witness. Thank you very much indeed, missy, and now I call on Sharon Dowie to be followed by Kenneth Gibson again for four minutes, miss Dowie. Thank you, Presiding Officer. It's a privilege to speak in today's Holocaust Memorial Day debate and join members in remembering all those who have lost their lives in the Holocaust and in genocide since. While we remember the victims of Nazi persecution, mainly the Jews, it is also worth noting that Roma and Sinti people, gay people, political opponents, religious leaders, Jehovah's Witnesses and countless others found themselves in concentration camps, suffering not just at the hands of the Nazis but their collaborators as well. You would hope with the arrival of the new millennium that we might have seen some change, but the list stretches on right up until today. For people in Myanmar or Kurdistan, genocide is not some distant memory but a reality that they must live with and we must confront rather than commemorate. Others in the chamber will discuss these stories with more depth and poinsy than I can do in four minutes, so instead I want to shine a light on some of the small but significant roles that people of years have played in the Holocaust. Take the story of Lord Zimmerman. Aged eight, Lord was one of thousands of child refugees who came to Scotland and the UK through the Kindertransport scheme. Having fled Germany to Prague due to our communist parents, Lord then came to Britain, finding herself at Rizale House in Eir under the care of Colonel Claude Hamilton and his wife Veronica. Then there is the story of Suzanne Schaeffer, a 12-year-old Jewish girl from Berlin who also came to stay at Rizale or Martha Rosensweig, again 12, for whom the Hamilton's found a home in Minishant. Meanwhile, the Fultons of Carrick Lodge took in five refugees five months before the war had even started, including an eight-year-old and a young man who had been in a concentration camp. In a 1939 edition of the Ayrshire Post, Mrs Fulton wrote, more refugees are expected in the near future before making an appeal for clothes and accommodation, and an echo of the arrival of Afghan refugees today. Then there is Ingrid Wuger, born in Dortmund, and who I know that the First Minister met before she sadly passed away. Escaping Hitler's Germany aged 15 on Kindertransport, Ingrid came to Ayrshire, finding a job sewing uniforms. Ingrid and her husband dedicated themselves to telling the tale of the Holocaust, with over 5,000 people hearing her testimony. Quite rightly, she was awarded a British Empire Medal for services to Holocaust education in 2019. That brings me to my final point. While those stories are touching and reminders that humanity can shine through in even the darkest of times, as times go by, the Holocaust will, unfortunately, cease to be a living memory. Many survivors like Ingrid directed education efforts worldwide, speaking about the horrors that they lived through, but that experience is slipping away, and as we all know too well, history is all too often doomed to repeat itself. At 8 p.m. tonight, I will be joining others across the UK and lighting a candle in my window in remembrance of all those who have lost their lives to genocide. Those small acts are what keeps the Holocaust alive in the public memory, and I would encourage everyone here to do the same. I thank Jackson Carlaw for bringing this debate to the chamber for his excellent moving and thought-provoking speech. I know that this is a subject particularly close to the Jewish community in Scotland, many of whom reside in Jackson's constituency, and my thoughts are with those who were murdered and who suffered through the impact of the Holocaust. This year's theme one day will mean different things to different people. We can hope that one day there will be no more persecution or genocide, yet the fact that a pressure of minorities has existed for millennia and impacted all corners of the globe does not bode well for that premise. One day can also change a life. Setting in motion a chain of events symbolising horrendous times can make one person the face of 6 million. One such day was the warm sunny 4 August 1944, when the lives of the Frank and Van Pers families and Fritzpeffer changed drastically, as did those of their selfless helpers. After two years hiding in Amsterdam, Annex with no way of going outside, having to be quiet and living together with zero respite, nor him for chilling to be young, unable to stretch his legs or breathe fresh air, they were discovered. Of the eight members of those two families, only Otto Frank survived. As Annabelle Ewing told us again so movingly in her excellent speech, his daughters Anne and Margot, just teenagers, died of typhus hunger in Belsenbergen just a few months later. The outcome of a six-year investigation by an international cold case team, Lidbaratad FBI agent, concluded a notary and member of the Jewish Council pointed the Nazis towards a secret attic. I won't name him as I'm not convinced conclusive evidence has been produced. Concerns have also been expressed by expert Dutch historians in the Anne Frank Foundation who said that there's much to be said for following this trail, but the argument underlying the new betrayal theory is based on a number of assumptions and no conclusive evidence has been found more research is needed. It still hasn't been proven that betrayal took place and its possible discovery was collateral to raid on the offices in the front house where minor business illegalities took place. Furthermore, the alleged traitor and his family had gone into hiding in 1943 and remained so for most of the war. With so many factors remaining unexplained, how can we so easily accuse someone of sending people to their deaths? I believe that we should be particularly careful of adopting a narrative that Jews under threat of their own families being murdered are to blame for Holocaust deaths. I've spoken in many previous debates of horrific crimes inflicted on Jewish people, so I'll not do so today. What befell the few who survived? What happened when they returned to what they once called home? A young Jewish woman called Blanca Rothschild made her way home to Lodz, Poland, from Saxon housing concentration camp Berlin, where she had been a slave labourer. After a long, dangerous and arduous journey, the caretaker of the building she once lived in tried to stop before going upstairs to her family home. When she did so, the people who had moved into her apartment wouldn't let her in and threatened her. Wandering, Blanca was taken to a chaotic, spartan and overcrowded displaced persons camp, where suicide and despair were all too common, knowing no one and feeling the lost, traumatised and bewildered. Eventually, she ended up in the United States, and there are countless stories like this. Surviving Jews were driven away from their pre-war communities by the thousands and murdered by the hundreds in post-war Europe. 47 in the town of Kielts, Poland, and one particularly vicious programme were only 200 of the city's 30,000 pre-war Jewish population had survived. Today, persecutions continue and Myanmar against their hinga under the watchful eye of the formerly virtuous Aung San Suu Kyi. China has been killing, torturing and re-educating weaker Muslims for years, while the world merely gears up for the Beijing Winter Olympics. Rwanda and Srebrenica took place only in the 90s. Not only today, but every day, let us remember the millions murdered in the Holocaust and all other genocides who suffered concentration camps, getters and the killing fields, those who endured months and years of existing and secret hide-outs, and the heroic individuals who risked all to help and those who found refuge elsewhere. Finally, let us encourage others to speak out and challenge discrimination and persecution, then maybe one day it will stop. Thank you very much, Mr Gibson. I now call on Sarah Boyack to be followed by Collette Stevenson again four minutes. I want to start by thanking Jackson Carlaw for bringing today's member debate, but also for his powerful speech to the chamber today. As we gather to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day, it is an act of remembrance, respect and a commitment not to forget the horrors that Jewish people suffered, the fear that they experienced in their lives and the six million Jews who died as a result of the Nazi policy of extermination and also to reflect on the 11 million others who died under the Nazi regime. As colleagues have powerfully noted today, today commemorates the day that Auschwitz concentration camp was liberated by the Red Army. However, I want to use my speech today to reflect on the fantastic event that I attended yesterday by the Edinburgh International Faith Association. It was a moving event and it focused on this year's theme one day. It was a call for us to unite in solidarity against intolerance, harassment and intimidation that people still experience today because of their faith. The speeches we heard captured that need to remember now and in the future. In my studies at university, for example, the Holocaust was modern history. We still had a raft of family members who were alive during the Second World War. As a child, I remember my father's Jewish friend and colleague who had come with his wife to make a new life in Scotland. However, to young people today, the Holocaust is history. It will not have those family connections. The memories that survivors today share with us are especially precious. We need to share those experiences. I want to call on members to check out and share the video that was broadcast yesterday by the Edinburgh International Faith Association. It gives a platform to the voices of survivors, such as Henry Wuga, to say in a way that it is powerful, as well as emotional, just on one day how their lives were changed forever. However, it is also a challenge to us and to society to reflect on how we come together. As colleagues have highlighted across the chamber, in recent years, we have a genocide in Cambodia, Rwanda, Dhafwyr and Bosnia. There is a challenge to us as MSPs from different parties to come together on this issue to build a more inclusive society, because people are still being attacked because of their religious beliefs and their ethnic backgrounds. As Professor Joel Goldblatt noted in the Scotsman this week, antisemitism has been in the rise in the last decade, but a shocking 47 per cent increase in antisemitism in the first six months of last year. I left yesterday's interfaith event uplifted and moved by the art of school pupils from Preston Street and Longstone primary schools, whose art was inspiring. However, I want to say that we have a responsibility not just to keep memories alive, not just to communicate with young people, but to think about how we redouble our work to celebrate the world that we live in, to create a more diverse world. As Emma, a young Jewish student put it brilliantly yesterday, we need to recognise the importance of biodiversity, not just for our planet, but for humanity, to celebrate our cultural and ethnic diversity. Holocaust Memorial Day is a reminder that we have a responsibility to support interfaith dialogue, to live in harmony and to support peacekeeping across the world, to keep humanity safe. I thank Jackson Carlaw for bringing this important debate today. It is crucial for us all to reflect upon the Holocaust, an absolutely tragic part of human history and also the years preceding it. A vicious spiral of othering, of discrimination and of Nazi persecution of Jewish people and many others. Families forced to flee or live in the fear and fear of their life, children separated from their parents and communities destroyed. We must never forget that 6 million Jewish people were murdered in Europe in that barbaric period, but we must also remember the personal stories of those whose lives were taken too soon and of those who have survived. I commend the work of the Holocaust Educational Trust, which is vital in that regard. I welcome the UN's recent resolution to further tackle antisemitism and Holocaust denial, but it is painful that those prejudices and hate towards entire groups of people, including Jews, are still here. Just as the defeat of the Nazis was not the end of antisemitism nor was the Holocaust the end of genocide. Sadly, as Jackson Carlaw points out, since 1945, the world has witnessed genocide in Rwanda, Darfur, Bosnia and Cambodia. This year's Holocaust Memorial Day theme of one day gives lots to think about. Clearly, we hope that one day there is no more genocide. As politicians, it is right that we talk about and reflect on the horrors of genocide, but it is also necessary for us all to champion equality and tolerance. Support organisations like the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust spread the messages from today's debate in our communities. In one of his books, Eli Wiesel mentioned a peer in Auschwitz who talked about the need for hope that one day, quote, we shall all see the day of liberation. Thankfully, many people did see that day. On that theme, I want to talk about Lanarkshire's own Ian Forsythe, who sadly passed away last month. Ian was one of the first soldiers to arrive and liberate the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. Having witnessed the worst of man's behaviour towards fellow human beings, that day never left Ian. For the rest of his life, he dedicated himself to Holocaust education. A couple of years ago, I visited Calder Glen High in East Kilbride and I heard Ian speak. I was very humbled by his speech and I hope that his story helps our young people to keep alive the memories of the millions of people who suffered in that dark period of time. I hope that everyone will reflect today, Holocaust Memorial Day, on the atrocity of genocide. Through education, we need to ensure that we build that ethos of intolerance and respect for all. We need to remember the words of Ian Forsythe, who urged us to stand together against oppression whenever we see it. We need to act to ensure that one day, genocide will be a thing of the past. Thank you very much. I call Maggie Chapman to be followed by co-capt Stuart again for around four minutes. Thank you, Presiding Officer, and thanks to Jackson Carlaw for his motion, for securing this debate today and for his very passionate speech earlier. The Holocaust does not sit in isolation. It emerged from a broader culture of racism based on conspiracy theories. Whilst the actions of the Nazi regime stand out, they are a part of a history of oppression of minorities in Europe, stretching back centuries. Antisemitism was widespread in early 20th century Europe. The tsarist forgery of the protocols of the Elders of Zion crystallised a number of accusations against the Jews of Europe. Many of the antisemitic tropes we see today, including the spurious claim about control of finance and the media, feature in those protocols. At a time when the circulation of myths and untruths in the media are especially problematic, we must learn from this situation. Just as mass literacy allowed credulous people to be taken in by forgeries, so mass communication allows for fake news to spread. Antisemitism was common at the highest levels of society, from Henry Ford to the British royal family. The actions of the Nazis were horrific but were based on a set of beliefs that circulated and were accepted widely. One antisemitic conspiracy that we must confront is the replacement theory, expounded by associates of former US President Donald Trump and others. As recently as 2017, near Nazis marched in Charlottesville, North Carolina, chanting, Jews will not replace us. Given the determination of many to import US trains wholesale, we must ensure that we reject this pernicious idea. It is dangerous to isolate the actions of the Nazis from those of wider society. As Primo Levi points out, I quote, monsters exist, but they are too few in number to be truly dangerous. More dangerous are the common men, the functionaries, ready to believe and to act without asking questions. Violent sprung from a well of prejudice and was not limited to the years 1941 to 1945. It sits in a long history of attacks on Jews, a history that stretches from the massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower in York in 1190, through the persecution of the Jews of Iberia in the 15th and 16th centuries to the starst pogroms of the late 19th and early 20th century. Each of those rounds of persecution was the result of threats to the established order. Lashing out at minorities is a common tactic, and we must not forget that it is not just Jews who have been treated in this way. The Holocaust was an act of power that attacked Roma and Sinti people and LGBTQI people. In the week when the UK has been criticised for its growing culture of hostility towards LGBTQI people, we need to take that seriously. We, in this Parliament, need to consider our actions very carefully. We have seen an enormous rise in anti-trans hate crime. We have seen Roma communities and Scottish traveller communities used for the cheapest of political point scoring. We are at risk of contributing to exactly the atmosphere of hate against minorities from which the Holocaust sprang. Hate does not always come in jackboots. Sometimes it arrives wearing an eye suit, muttering about justified concerns, creating an environment where prejudice can slip into violence. It is a task for all of us to prevent the atmosphere of hate that leads to violence, so we have a duty to tackle prejudice right now, not just when hate turns violent. Then, one day, we will have created a better world. I now call on co-cub Stuart to be followed by Alex Cole-Hamilton again for me, Mr Stuart. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I would like to express my sincere thanks to Jackson Carlaw for securing this motion, and I am honoured to speak in this debate. I would also like to acknowledge the educators up and down the country and across the world who are teaching about Holocaust Memorial Day to our next generations. It can be difficult to know where to begin or what words to use when attempting to contemplate such an atrocity, something that was expressed by Holocaust survivor Sonia Weitz in 1995, 50 years after the liberation of Auschwitz. In a poem that was read aloud to a group of middle school students in the United States, she offered, come, take this giant leap with me into the other world, the other place where language fails and imagery defies. To educate ourselves and confront the most painful, depraved aspects of our history is to take this giant leap, and in our struggle to comprehend the incomprehensible, survivor testimony has always been one of the strongest tools we have. As such, I would like to thank the Scottish Heritage Centre in my constituency of Glasgow Kelvin in Garnethill for sharing stories with me and for keeping those memories alive through an extensive collection of refugee testimonies, documents and information about how the Nazi regime impacted the lives of people here in Scotland. Jackson Carlaw is quite right to emphasise the personal as we commemorate, and on my visit I saw two such examples of the personal that struck me in particular through the archives that were left. Dorothy Marianne Oppenheim was Jewish. She was just seven years old in July 1939 when she left Castle in Germany and came to Scotland on the Kindertransport just weeks before the outbreak of the Second World War. Her grandfather received an iron cross for his services in the Red Cross in the First World War, as did her father Hans Oppenheim, a dragoon's officer. That could not save them, though, from the Nazis. Dorothy's parents were unable to follow their daughter to Scotland and later perished in Auschwitz. A young Christian couple from Edinburgh, Fred and Sophie Gallimawr, took in the young girl. Dorothy lived and worked in Scotland later marrying Andrew Sim in 1952 and raised her own family in Ayrshire. When Dorothy passed away in 2012, her family gifted thousands of documents, letters, photographs, papers, books and artefacts to the Scottish Jewish Archives Centre. The other story that struck me was of Hilda Goldwag. Hilda was the talented young Jewish artist living in Vienna with her widowed mother. She escaped to safety in Scotland in April 1939, thanks to the Domestic Bureau, a Jewish and Quaker initiative that secured her a UK domestic visa. Hilda was then exempted from internment as a refugee from Nazi oppression and was permitted to work whilst living in Glasgow raising funds for the war effort. Later, she worked as a textile and graphic designer and was a prolific painter. Hilda lost her family in the Holocaust and remained in Glasgow for the rest of her life. For those people and the estimated thousands upon thousands of Jewish refugees that came to Scotland before, during and after the Second World War, this country was their salvation. We represented safety, acceptance and a light in the darkest of times. Without Scotland, the face of many of those individuals hardly bears thinking about. In conclusion, as this debate has demonstrated, it is rarely an unproductive or fruitless endeavour for a nation to consider its role in history. Countries must take ownership of the individual parts that they have played and reflect on the lessons learned, however painful. In this chapter, Scotland chose compassion for those who had been denied the most basic human rights. We must take this opportunity here, on Holocaust Memorial Day, to consider those in need of compassion today. Before calling the next speaker, I am conscious that there are a considerable number of members who still wish to participate in the debate, so I am minded to take a motion without notice under rule 8.14.3 to extend the debate by up to half an hour. I call Jackson Carlo to move that motion. The question is that we extend the business for up to 30 minutes. Are we all agreed? Thank you very much indeed for that. That is agreed, and with that I call Alex Cole-Hamilton, who will be followed by Emma Harper for around four minutes. Thank you very much indeed, Deputy Presiding Officer. It is a solemn privilege for me to rise for my party this afternoon to mark Holocaust Memorial Day, and I am very grateful to Jackson Carlo for bringing that motion to Parliament, and for his typically excellent and very moving speech at the top of the proceedings. When we remember the Holocaust, we are reflecting on one of the most horrific and barbaric acts in human history, the mechanised slaughter of 17 million people, more than a third of them Jewish, entire communities and huge segments of entire races. Indeed, any one that the Nazis found to be in any way deviant or defective as they saw it in their world view, they were rounded up and shipped to camps like Auschwitz, Belsen and Murdoffs. Today is also an important opportunity to remember the victims of other genocides, and we have heard something of them today around the world in our own time. We are Muslims living in China today who are facing persecution as we speak. All of them are tyrannised, oppressed and tormented simply because of who they are. Presiding Officer, as Maggie Chapman reminds us through the words of Premier Levi, monsters are real, and they may wear business suits or military uniforms, but they have walked amongst us. We see the evidence of their works in the bleaker chapters of human history, and today we mark the darkest chapter of them all. Monsters are real, and the horrors of the Holocaust are grim and obscene reminder of what can happen when we fail to recognise them, when we turn a blind eye to them. Horrific acts of this kind are enabled often times by the passivity of those with the power and the agency to act but choose not to. Eli Weisel himself, a survivor of Auschwitz, warns us against this when he tells us that we must take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never ever the victim, and that silence helps the tormentor, never the tormented. The Haunting Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, standing as it does in the heart of Berlin, symbolises the particular horror that can occur when those in power become corrupted and domination trumps any sense of service to one's fellow human being. There is no limit to how bleak things can become. We must remember that this regime was only made possible with the blind capitulation of thousands of otherwise normal people. The Nazis were successful at mass murder because they desensitised it and normalised it. They endured every level of government and military to atrocity with endless layers of bureaucracy. They reduced millions of precious lives to simple lines in a ledger book. It was described as the banality of evil by Hannah Ardent in her book about the trial of Adolf Eichmann. In these times of relative harmony and liberty, it is vital that we do not become complacent to the danger of something like the Holocaust that is ever happening again. Indeed, if you had warned somebody living in Bremen or in Cologne in 1930 of what would unfold in the coming years, they might well have told you that something like that could never happen here and certainly not here. We must not become complacent, we must remember. I often tell the story of an incident in 2019 when I spent some time in hospital and the man in the bed opposite volunteered his belief that the Holocaust was a hoax. In the argument that followed on the ward, he revealed that the basis for his position was rooted in videos that he had seen on YouTube. Just this week, a school board in the United States voted unanimously to ban a Pulitzer prize-winning graphic novel, An allegorical Tale, about the Holocaust. Challenging anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial falls to each of us. We have seen the grim evidence of its revival in the rise of casual anti-Semitism in UK politics and in the mass shootings and hostage-taking in US synagogues. That is not going away. We must do everything that we can to stamp it out. The fact that we are here, living amongst many of the communities and the minority groups at the Holocaust and the Nazi regime, is thought to extinguish. The fact that we stand united in this chamber in our remembrance of them and these awful events and in our opposition to the twisted ideologies that they were born out of, is evidence that the Nazis failed. That sort of darkness will always fail and that the human spirit will triumph over evil. Let us ensure that, with every fibre of our being, that that remains, sir. Thank you very much. I call Emma Harper, who will be followed by Stephen Kerr for four minutes. Thank you, Presiding Officer. I am thankful to have the opportunity to speak in this hugely important Holocaust Memorial Day debate and to congratulate Jackson Carlaw on securing it and for his powerful speech. Holocaust Memorial Day provides us with an important opportunity to reflect on and remember the tragedy of the Holocaust and the atrocities committed. Presiding Officer, it is extremely important that young people in particular have the opportunity to visit the sites of the concentration camps and experience for themselves. What, for me, was only reflected in school history books. I recognise the work of the Holocaust Educational Trust and its continued commitment to supporting our young people's education. I also want to mention the work of Vision Schools Scotland, started by the University of West of Scotland, which I became involved with after being invited to join by Jackson Carlaw in 2019. I was due to visit Auschwitz with young people from the programme in 2020, but that was unfortunately cancelled due to the pandemic. As many young people, particularly in Scotland and across the western world, have no lived experience of far-right extremism and of the hatred and intolerance that comes with it, I agree that education is key in ensuring such atrocities do not repeat themselves. Presiding Officer, I will share with members an experience that gave me a physical connection with the Holocaust, which I have mentioned in chamber before, but which is worth repeating as it demonstrates the impact of the Holocaust on survivors. I was a recent arrival in Los Angeles in California in the 1990s, and I was in the operating room at Cedars Sinai about to assist a surgeon with the removal of a gallbladder from a 76-year-old patient. The woman who was of German origin had been resident in LA for 50 years. She was very frightened of her surgery and of being put under anesthesia, and I reassured her that we would look after her and keep her safe. I held her hand and, when I looked down, I saw her outstretched forearm on the surgical armboard, and on her arm there was a tattoo, pale grey set of numbers, 162753. I was overwhelmed with quick flood of emotions, shock, anger and compassion all at once, so much so that I am not even sure I remember the correct numbers. I definitely remember how they made me feel and what they still do today. What is burned in my memory is that pale grey tattoo, the significance of those numbers and the rush of emotions. I was 26 years old when I looked after that lady and I thought about how, when she was 26, she was there, she was a survivor. The numbers that had been forced on her or assaulted on to her on her delicate skin had made a permanent lifelong mark, but more important it was proof that she survived the horrors and nightmares of Auschwitz. The inhumane imprint on that woman had been part of my memories for 25 years, and the visits that ensure that Wayne's are involved in learning and that the memories of that survivor have contributed to my continuing care about other victims of oppression across the planet. I want to conclude with a mention of Jane Haining project. It is a new group that is creating a national essay writing competition so that we can continue to remember Jane Haining. She is a daughter of a farmer in Dunsger, near Dumfries. She was an amazing brave woman who died in Auschwitz after refusing to abandon Jewish children in her care in Budapest as a missionary. Jane Haining is the only Scot to be honoured as righteous among the nations. The term was used for non-Jews who risked their lives to protect Jews from extermination by the Yad Vasham Holocaust Memorial Centre in Jerusalem. Using the words of Jane Haining, she said, If these children need me in the days of sunshine, how much more do they need me in the days of darkness? Thank you, Ms Harper. I call on Stephen Kerr to be followed by Paul MacLennan for four minutes. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. A mention of Yad Vasham brings back memories of a visit that my wife and I made to Yad Vasham in Jerusalem and all the emotions that go with that. I would like to thank my colleague Jackson Carlaw for not only securing this debate and giving an excellent speech, but also for all of his work over so many years as a champion for the Scottish Jewish community. Before I began, I also declared my interest as a member of the Board of Trustees of Freedom Declared Foundation, a charity that aims to promote freedom of religion or belief within the United Kingdom, because, like other members who are present in the chamber right now, I am a member of a religious minority myself, which has seen a long history of persecution and misrepresentation, and it is maybe because of that religious heritage that I feel acutely aware of the dangers of marginalising and othering people because of their faith, resulting in my own personal sense of mission to call out religious persecution in all its guises. The Holocaust remains one of the most terrific examples of religious persecution the world has ever seen, and it is right that we have a specific day in the calendar to remember it. Would he agree with me that one of the positive ways that we can remember the Holocaust is that, for all members and for all political parties to endorse the IHR definition of anti-Semitism, and until all parties in Scotland do that, there is always going to be a black mark against us? Mr Kerr, I can give you the time back. Thank you to my colleague Jeremy Valper for that intervention. I do find it regrettable and almost beyond belief that the First Minister has invited two ministers into her government who have refused to sign the international Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of anti-Semitism. I hope that, given the fact that the First Minister stayed for the very first part of this debate, she might reflect on that as a result of this debate. I was saying that when reflecting on the horrors of the Holocaust, I am always brought back to the words of the renowned BBC journalist Richard Dimbleby, reporting what he experienced on entering the concentration camp at Bergen Belsen as it was liberated by British soldiers. A report so graphic and so distressing that the BBC initially contemplated not broadcasting it as he had sent it, Dimbleby said, in the shade of some trees lay a great collection of bodies. I walked about them trying to count. There were perhaps 150 of them flung down on each other, all naked, also thin, that their yellow skin glistened like stretched rubber on their bones. Some of the poor, starved creatures whose bodies were there looked so utterly unreal and inhuman that I could have imagined that they never lived at all. It is just a glimpse into the horror that Richard Dimbleby witnessed and reported on. For any member who has not listened to Richard Dimbleby in his own words and in his own voice make that report, I urge them to listen to it on the BBC website as part of their commemoration of today. A question that I often ask myself, as others have posed in this debate, is what lessons have we as humanity really learned from this destruction? If we had truly learned, would we have seen the genocides at Darfur or Bosnia or Wanda? If we had truly learned, would we see the current situation in China? Last December, the Weijer Tribunal in London concluded that the People's Republic of China had committed genocide, crimes against humanity and torture against Weijers and other minorities. The tribunal found evidence of enforced abortions, the removal of the wombs of women against their will, the killing of babies immediately after birth, and mass sterilisation enforced through the insertion of IUD devices, which were removable by surgical means only. To honour the memory of the Holocaust, we must stand up for the Weijers and other minorities in China and elsewhere. While it is right to call out religious persecution overseas, we also have a responsibility to ensure that every member of the Scottish population feels welcome in Scotland, regardless of their faith or belief. It is too easy for insults to become intolerance, for misunderstanding to become misrepresentation, and for principle to become prejudice, we must be on our guard. Deputy Presiding Officer, to conclude, it is my hope that Scotland, alongside the rest of our United Kingdom, will be a world leader in stopping the spread of ideologies that promote hatred and division. It is unacceptable to marginalised people because of their faith or belief, race, ethnicity, sex or sexuality. One day, may we collectively, as a human race, recognise one another, brother and a sister, and treat each other as such. Thank you very much indeed, Mr Kerr. I now call on Paul McClennan to be followed by Paul O'Kane for four minutes, Mr McClennan. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer, and thank you to Jackson Carlaw for tabling this motion and his moving speech. I'm genuinely humbled to be speaking in this debate today for the first time. 77 years ago today, Soviet soldiers marched into Berkenau. The liberation of thousands of Jewish people left to die by the SS was not part of their plans. They found 88,000 pairs of glasses, hundreds of prosthetic limbs, 44,000 pairs of shoes, 6,350 kilograms of human hair. They also found 648 corpses and more than 7,000 starving camp survivors. I've visited Auschwitz Berkenau in 2019. I've seen the extensive creons of scale. It is incredible. The original camp blocks, the guard towers and the hundreds of thousands of personal possessions brought by deportees. Deportees who had no idea that they were brought there to be immediately killed in the gas chamber or forced into slave labour by the Nazis. My experience of Auschwitz Berkenau has stayed with me since. One particular memory on that day I watched around 20 Israeli teenagers standing round the Star of David flag praying in tears. I can picture that right now. It will stay with me. He saw that in Whitton Farm School was a shelter for Jewish children seeking refuge in Britain as part of the Kind of Transport mission. From 1939 to 1941 the school was home to 160 children whose parents were killed in the Holocaust. This year's Holocaust on World Day 3 one day calls on us to use one day to remember the past and create a world that will one day be free from fascism, genocide and the politics of hate. For those who suffered for days, weeks, months, years, focusing on just one day is a starting point. A snapshot in time helps to bring a small piece of the full picture to life. One day is a way for us to learn about what happened during the Holocaust and the genocides that followed in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur. One day to hear the testimonies, the life histories and the names of the millions of men, women and children who were murdered during the Holocaust and genocides since because of who they are. As the horrors of the Nazi Holocaust begin slowly to fade from the living memory, it is so important that we actively remember the events that conspired on other survivors and educate ourselves about those who lost their lives and suffered. So today I am thinking about those victims and survivors, families and communities whose stories have all been bit lost. I am reflecting on the hate that caused the Holocaust and other genocides and I am taking a moment to commemorate Holocaust Memorial Day and remember those who lost their lives to oppression and hate. As George Santiana famously said, he does not learn from history is doomed to repeat it. Today is a day for commemoration and action to build a better future for all of us. We all have a moral obligation to tackle challenge, debate, discuss, expose and teach about attitudes and behaviours that allow the Holocaust and other genocides to happen. We can never, never forget the inhumanity of the Holocaust as a work today to protect human rights in today's world and may we never allow such human atrocities to happen ever again. My thoughts today are with everyone whose life has been impacted by these horrors. Thank you, Deputy Presiding Officer. It is an honour to rise and speak in this debate as we mark Holocaust Memorial Day 2022. I wish to pay a warm tribute to Jackson Carlaw for securing this debate. I have known Jackson for many years and we both sought to serve the interests of the people of East Renfrewshire, our home. We have often sparred on various policy matters, but on the vital importance of Holocaust remembrance, we have stood for square, particularly with our Jewish friends and neighbours, for whom this remembrance is so deeply personal and important. I am sure that he will join me in commending the on-going efforts of East Renfrewshire Council, the Glasgow Jewish Representative Council, interfaith groups and the wider civic society in East Renfrewshire, for their on-going commitments to remembering the Holocaust and seeking to build bridges of respect and understanding between the many diverse communities that we are proud to serve. I should also take this opportunity to acknowledge the excellent work of the Holocaust Memorial Day Trust and the Holocaust Educational Trust, among the custodians of remembrance of the Holocaust in the UK. In particular, I want to mention another East Renfrewshire name, Kirsty Robson. Kirsty first became involved with Holocaust education whilst at school, participating in the lessons from the Auschwitz programme, which takes groups of young people to the site of the camps that we have heard from other members today. Kirsty then took the opportunity to share her experiences with fellow peoples at Barhead High School and beyond. Kirsty now works supporting the Memorial Day and Educational Trust, and her passion and determination is really an inspiration. Kirsty has also brought together survivors from Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur to share their stories, and she continues to work on modern genocide prevention and education, including the investigation into what is currently happening with the Uighurs in China and other human rights abuses around the world. Although we say never again that we know that all too often it does happen again, and with each passing generation, and as we lose more of the survivors of the horrors of the Holocaust, it falls to all of us to pick up the flame of remembrance and education, to call out anti-semitism, racism, homophobia, transphobia and disabled views and actions when we see them, and to speak truth to power when we see discrimination hatred and the othering of people. This year's theme for Holocaust Memorial Day is One Day, and we are asked to reflect on one day in the magnitude of what happened to reflect and learn from it. Today I want to reflect on One Day that really opened my eyes to the real experiences of the Holocaust. When I was a fairly new councillor in East Renfrewshire, I had the great honour of helping to host a civic afternoon tea for Judith Rosenberg, Scotland's last outfit survivor of whom Jackson Carlaw has spoken so powerfully. I remember that you could hear a pin drop, as Judith told her story. She spoke of the day her life changed in 1944 when at 22 years old she was deported by the Nazis from her middle class life in the town of Giau Hungry to Auschwitz, with her timber merchant's father, mother and sister. On the platform at Auschwitz, the men were sent to the left, and the women to the right, and it was the last time she would see her father. For those in the chamber who, like me, have visited Auschwitz Birkenau, I am sure that the memory of standing at that particular spot is forever etched in our memories. Indeed, I also think that on the theme of one day, on that day that I visited Auschwitz Birkenau, and the overpowering deafening silence on the long walk from the site of the gas chambers along the railway tracks to the infamous Watchtower, the memorial reeds forever let this place be a cry of despair and a warning to humanity, a warning that we all too often fail to heed. But for all Judith Rosenberg endured, I never sensed bitterness from her. She said, after the war, I felt that though Hitler was bad to me, not all Germans were bad. When I was a child, my father taught me that all people are equal, that it doesn't matter who or what race they are, they are just people. I think that we should all remember that, if we do, and I am not pessimistic. Those words are some of the most powerful I have ever had the privilege to hear. As we have heard, Judith passed away last year, almost to the day. In concluding, in remembering the six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust, alongside the millions of other people killed in the Nazi persecution of other groups, and in the genocides that followed in Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Arthur, let us remember Judith Rosenberg's words and turn all our efforts to one day truly being able to say, never again. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. First of all, I want to congratulate Jackson Carlaw for securing this important member's debate and also to thank him for his powerful contribution. Jackson Carlaw is correct that, across this chamber, there is a unified position in our determination to help educate future generations. The Holocaust Memorial Day debate is an annual debate, and that is absolutely right. We should never forget nor allow the atrocities of the Holocaust to be forgotten. The Holocaust is an example of how brutal regimes have a long-lasting effect upon societies in perpetuity. I have spoken in some of those members' debates in the past, and I have previously highlighted my experience when I went to visit Auschwitz a number of years ago. Nothing can prepare you for the experience and effect of going to Auschwitz and what that effect will have upon you. I and others at least had the chance to leave that day. 960,000 Jews were murdered by the Nazis, and 6 million Jews were murdered during the Holocaust. Attending to comprehend the sheer scale of those atrocities is impossible. We owe it to present and future generations to do all that we can to educate and work with the various organisations that work in our schools and with our young people to ensure that they know of this particular part of history. That will be an activity that must happen long after every one of us is no longer working this earth. In my opinion, the day society decides to stop telling this part of history is the day that the world gives up. Two days ago, it was reported that a Dutch tourist was fined after giving a Nazi salute at Auschwitz. First of all, this action is abhorrent. Secondly, it shows that there is still a job to be done to educate people about the Holocaust. There is no justification for any such action to take place anywhere. When I walked into Auschwitz, I became numb, that the silence was deafening and the eeriness was startling. I have never felt anything like it and I do not want to again. As you walk about Auschwitz, you see the various rooms that were tortured took place, the shower rooms where people were gassed, the crematorium where bodies were burned, the wall where people were shot. Probably one of the most striking was the room full of shoes of the victims of people who perished at the hands of the Nazis. I have had the privilege of hearing the testimony in this Parliament of survivors of the Nazi regime. The theme for today's Holocaust memorials debate is one day. That is fitting and it provides a sense of hope. Without hope, we have got nothing. One day we hope to live in a world with respect for others instead of what is all too often the case. The Holocaust and the numerous examples of genocide MSPs have raised today are examples of how much we still need to do. We do need to rededicate ourselves to do all that we can and I would like to think that one day respecting religious and ethnic backgrounds and their eradication of intolerance becomes a reality. Deputy Presiding Officer, can I begin by thanking Jackson Carlaw for tabling the motion and highlighting the significance of Holocaust memorial day and what was an incredibly powerful speech. I have to say that all the speeches that I have heard during this debate have been very moving and very powerful, but Jackson Carlaw's speech was particularly so. His very fitting tribute to the life of the late Judith Rosenberg was very, very important as Scotland's last Auschwitz survivor, so thank you for that. I just wanted to also reflect on Jackson Carlaw's reference to the end of living history and how significant and important that is. I guess my own personal reflection of that is that my late mum was in a school in Manchester when a number of children arrived and this would have been the start of the war on the kinder transport, and none of the children as well had any idea why those children were arriving. There was a real lack of awareness of the absolute horror of what was unfolding hundreds of miles away, but during the course of getting to know those children, my mum had a real awareness raising of the horrors of what was going on and prejudice and racism and anti-Semitism, and that had a profound effect on her life and her views of politics, of fairness and a real interest in the international community of things that were going on that shouldn't be happening. She, I guess, passed a bit of that on to me, and I've tried with my daughter to tell her of some of those lived experiences because they are so powerful. However, as we see the last of that lived experience, unfortunately leaving our earth, we have to find ways of capturing that testimony and making sure that the next generation and the generation after that hear that first-hand testimony of what happened. We must continue to remember all those from minority communities who were persecuted and murdered by the Nazi regime and, of course, their collaborators, as we've heard millions of people from the Jewish community but also disabled people, gay people, Roma, Sinti people and anyone else who was deemed to be different, the othering of people. While we honour the memories of those who lost their lives, it's also important to amplify the voices of those who survived the Holocaust and we are fortunate to still have some of them alive today. I was privileged to contribute to the official Scottish National Holocaust memorial ceremony last night and, in particular, there's testimony of Henry Wuga who remembers the destruction of synagogues and homes of his Jewish friends and family being destroyed and many being taken away to concentration camps. Eric Eugenie Murangwa, who was protected from being killed during the genocide in Rwanda by his fellow football players, is heart-wrenching but also inspiring. Henry and Eric and others like them, who have born witness to the depths of evil, embody extraordinary resilience to ensure the horrors of genocide are never erased from our collective memories and to remind us of that vital refrain of never again. It's natural for us to want to consign those painful memories to the past but a key component to preventing further acts of genocide is the sharing the truth of this dark period with the new generation. Our children, our children's children, have to understand where hatred and intolerance can lead when left unchallenged. As time passes, we must do all we can to ensure that the memory of the Holocaust doesn't fade and moments like this in our Parliament are important. Yes, of course. Jamie Greene, I thank the cabinet secretary for those words and lessons absolutely should be learned. Is it the case, therefore, that the Scottish Government will unequivocally condemn those in Scottish society who are calling for boycotts and sanctions against those of Israeli descent, which are fueling much of the antisemitism, the least in Scottish universities and educational institutions, which we are clearly seeing arise in attacks of antisemitism in those areas? Will the Scottish Government be absolutely clear that all members of its Government absolutely condemn all sorts of language that is fueling this very unfortunate and unwanted rise? I think that language is important and it's really important to distinguish between the Israeli people and actions of a Government. I think that it's legitimate to criticise actions of Governments across the world but not to put that on to a people because that is wrong. Language does matter so I hope that that helps to answer Jamie Greene's point. I wanted to go on to Professor Joel Goldblatt because he reminded us recently that Holocaust Memorial Day is critically important for the current as well as future generations because through their enlightenment there remains the hope that future Holocaust and genocide will be less likely to occur. That's why the Scottish Government continues to support Holocaust Memorial Day Trust to promote and support the Memorial Day in Scotland. Of course, the Scottish Government also continues to support the Holocaust Educational Trust's lessons from Auschwitz project, which has been delivered as a bespoke online educational programme throughout the pandemic. We've heard from across the chamber some of the ways the theme of one day can be interpreted. Sadly, the one day of liberation of Auschwitz, many were waiting for, did not bring an end to the types of suffering the world witnessed during that period. As times passed, hatred and intolerances continued to blight the lives of many across the world, with more lives lost to those pernicious forces in places such as Cambodia, Rwanda, Bosnia and Darfur. Sadly, millions of people across the world today are forced to flee horrendous violence and the threat of being killed, yearning for one day free from such unimaginable strife. Days like today remind us that our work is not yet done. Indeed, Scotland has a long history of welcoming people from all nationalities and faiths, including those seeking refuge and asylum from war and terror elsewhere. That includes Henry Wuga, who fled to Glasgow from Nuremberg on the Kinder Transport, leaving his family behind. Henry Wuga will never forget his newly adopted home, where he settled with his wife Ingrid and had family of the room. Focusing on one day allows us to recognise and reflect on all those individual journeys, challenges, feelings of displacement and loss, and those are hugely personal and unique. That highlights the importance of putting lived experience and equality, inclusion and human rights at the heart of our policymaking here in this Parliament. To conclude, Holy Cross Memorial Day not only allows us to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust and subsequent genocides, it also reinforces our on-going collective duty to the present to counter all forms of bigotry and prejudice. Hate must always be confronted and condemned and the humanity of each individual recognised and celebrated. Those are the foundations of a decent society and it is something that I have no doubt unites every one of us here in this chamber. This evening I will be joining others at the UK National Holocaust Memorial Day Trust virtual event. I will light a candle with others to light the darkness by lighting a candle in my window at 8 o'clock to remember those who were murdered simply for who they were. We will never forget. It is their suffering that should ignite in each of us a desire to build a kinder and more just tomorrow, one day free from hatred, prejudice and intolerance. Thank you very much indeed. Cabinet Secretary, that concludes the debate and I suspend this meeting, albeit only briefly, until 2.30.