 Yeah, good morning. I don't know if you have heard about the Africa City's report, which the World Bank did last year. This was a research for about three years. The lead author, Shomik Lal, is a lead author with a lead urban economist. Unfortunately, he was unable to travel because of an urgent assignment. So I'm standing on behalf of him to take you through a few slides on what that report is about in terms of really responding to some of the questions you raised. Africa's urban population, I think really covered most of this, the current population, 472 million. This is going to increase by 2025, another Nigeria, 615 million. It's going to be 1 billion and about by 2040. So you can see Africa is urbanizing. Is urbanization an opportunity or a challenge? If it is a challenge, if we don't address the challenge, then this is going to be a serious problem, particularly the Belgian youth population. So urbanization is positively related with economic growth. That's really the opportunity. As you can see in the picture, you can see South Korea, they made it in about 40, 50 years. South Korea, around 30,000 US dollars per capita, which is an urban country, above 80% urbanized. China, again, highly urbanized. Economic growth, highly associated, correlated with urbanization. But are we doing what we're expected to do when we come to Africa? Look at Nigeria, quote, diva, it's a challenge. When you look at the level of urbanization, quote, diva, Nigeria, more or less similar to that of China, but still look at the per capita of Nigeria and quote, diva. So urbanization, as I said, is an opportunity. But if only we can manage it, if we can manage urbanization, it can be an opportunity. There is no country in the world which has actually grown and which has become middle income without urbanization. So urbanization is an opportunity, but only if we can really manage urbanization. Again, what are the challenges in Africa? You've seen that urbanization is happening. Africa is urbanizing. But the economic growth is not keeping pace with that of urbanization. One challenge we have is African cities are costly for families. They are costly for firms, particularly in the international tradeable goods, goods and services traded internationally. Why? If you look at, as I said, Africa's cities are expensive for people, for households, as well as for cities, particularly in the international tradeables. If you look at the purchasing power parity index, you can see most of the African countries compared to other cities in countries with the same level of income. African cities are very expensive. In fact, they are expensive by 29% on the average. And most of this is accounted by housing. As you can see, in Asia, about 70% of the firms are engaged in internationally tradeable goods. In Africa, it's only 50%. If you look at the yellow, that's the yellow is international tradeables. And the white is the non-tradables. So most of African cities are engaged in non-tradables. So what are you saying? As you can see, African cities have closed their door for business, for international tradeables. They need to open up. One of the reasons is most of African cities, African countries, the natural resource development is actually crowding out urban development. If you can see the two categories, you have countries specialized in exporting resource-based exporters and non-resource-based exporters. If you can look at urbanization, it's highly associated with manufacturing and services when it comes to non-resource-based exporters. But when it comes to resource-based exporters, where most of African countries are, look at the association of urbanization with that of manufacturing and services. You have a very weak relationship. So as we say, the other reason that's contributing to this, in addition to the natural resources, the physical form of cities. How are cities evolving in Africa? Look at how economic densification helped these countries. If you look at London, this is how employment densification is in countries that really densify, that really cluster firms in a small space. So what's exactly the problem with African cities? They are crowded, disconnected, and costly. This report actually took 64 cities. It took 64 cities. And through the years, it looked at how cities evolve, grow, especially, as well as taking economic data. So when you look at the economic data of African cities, you can see Latin America urbanized at 40% urbanization. This was the per capita income, 1,860. And look at Africa, 1994, East Asia, 3,000. Middle standards, Africa, 1968, it was 1,800. Africa, it's about 1,020 certain. You can imagine urbanization is an opportunity. But why is African cities lagging behind? Number one, they lack capital investment. Most of the African cities, they really lack the level of capital investment is meager. Buildings are not dense. Particularly, investment in housing is very low. If you look at the low-income countries, countries like probably Ethiopia, the investment in housing is about 4%. Whereas for other countries, it's above 8%, 9%. So you can see the level of, the low level of investment. And if you look at this graph, I don't know if you'll be able to see, yeah. Again, the share of, if you look at the land use of cities, Nairobi 5.9% of the land is used only for commercial and industrial space. Addis Ababa, it's only 1.1% of the land is used for industrial and commercial uses. So if we don't have these industries, if we don't have these commercial activities, how are we going to use, to provide jobs to the use? That's a challenge. We need to think about that. As I said, the reason for this urban form is because of disconnected, the urban centers are developing as disconnected. And people, because of this fragmented development, it's very difficult for people to communicate, to interact, and also very challenging to go to jobs. This is Kibera in Nairobi, probably, you know this, place where this is one pocket of the city, which is really not provided very well with services, transport, and that kind of thing. Again, this shows really how land is being developed in Africa. This was one was in 1990 and the other was in 2000. You can see how land is being developed in a fragmented manner in Africa. So that's one of the challenge for urban development. Again, this fragmented development is another challenge for providing transport. For, you know, if you see from CBD, from the center, sorry, maybe I could come. It's a challenge. You need to have the density. You need to have the density in order to provide mobility, in order to provide transport. Like in Nairobi, 42% of the people, they work to work, and they can only access 11% of the jobs. Again, 20% use Matatu, but they can only access 20% of the job. So what are we saying? We're saying Africa cities, they need to open their doors to the world in order really to capture the benefits of agglomeration. What should they do? They need to build credible institutions that lead with land administration and also that deal with land production, land transfer, as well as land supply. We need really, I think, Ricky, you mentioned about governance. Governance is critical when it comes to land administration, valuation, and so on, and the use of land. Look, for instance here, this shows really, if you look, sometimes we put restrictions, which the cities cannot enforce. Look at Dar es Salaam, the minimum square meter is 375. In Philadelphia, 28 square meter. But look at the built-up area. This is not in accordance to the regulation. So sometimes we put regulations which are advanced to respect, but we cannot enforce it. So I think in conclusion, what I'm saying, institutions are very important. We need to have a reform, really to reform the land. We need to really dynamize the land market. We need to develop institutions, and we need to also to invest in really infrastructure, particularly in upgrading neighborhoods. This is a neighborhood in Dar es Salaam. As a result of upgrading, as a result of really providing services, you can see how the value of land has changed in this informal settlement as compared to the other areas. So that's about it. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.