 to turn on their microphones and be completely silent afterwards. So can I have everybody turn on their microphones? Are we good? Are we good? Sanbonhane. So what's going to happen now? I'm going to need a response from the floor. If I say something, you need to respond accordingly or appropriately. So Sanbonhane, can we speak into our mics all of us at the same time? There's a point I'm going to make. Sanbonhane. Sanbonhane. Sanbonhane. Tumelang. Tumelang. Chambo. Chambo. Maybe English has failed me. Let's start again. What I'm trying to do is get you guys, let's see how many of you are confident in responding appropriately to the greeting. So let's go again. Tumelang. Tumelang. Chambo. Chambo. Huyemora. Huyemora. Hello. Hello. Bonjour. Bonjour. Well, the point I was trying to make with this greeting was to say, well, you'll quite surprise me because many of you could respond or say or greet in some of the African languages that I used. But since we are to speak on issues of social cohesion, I'm quite uncomfortable with the fact that the two languages that we have to choose from, or is it three, are all European languages. In these translators, there's no chambo, which is a greeting in Swahili that many African people, language many African people use. My son, Bunani, I'm sure, was strange to quite a lot of you. I think if we are to really win with social cohesion, it needs to start at these platforms. We need to start recognizing and giving agency to all parts of the world instead of focusing everything on Europe. Now, before I greet and introduce the panelists here, I want to introduce you to the headgear that I'm wearing. Again, to make the point about the importance of culture to social cohesion and the importance of youth as agents of social cohesion and integration. Now, the headgear that I'm wearing is called Umkele. It's, in English, you'd call it a warrior headband. What it symbolizes is a distinction between men and women. So men in the Zulu culture would wear Umkele that looks like this. There are various types of Umkele. It's also used in the Zulu war, cultural context to identify rank of different people within or different hierarchies within the Zulus. So on a lighter note, I want to say I'm sure the British would know quite a lot about Zulu warriors. I thought I'd get a chuckle for that. Does anybody know why I said the British would respond or would know more about Zulu warriors? Is there an answer from the floor? Yes, sir. At the back, I ask. Is I'm Zulwana? Yes, Isanglana. Isanglana, that's the war that was fought between the Zulus and the British army. The Zulus were carrying traditional weapons. And the British were carrying guns. And the Zulus won. So if we want to speak about social cohesion, really, everybody needs to have agency. From this point on, let me just read for the interest of time. Let me just read the submission I made. I wrote about Umkele. And then we can proceed with the program. So I arrived here two days ago. And how Umkele made me to be identifiable to two fellow South Africans and help them start a conversation with me. So when I got here, I was supposed to take a video of myself outside the hotel to let IOM South Africa know that I've arrived safely and for them to share with everyone who knew that I was invited to Geneva to come and share my experiences of migration. Now one of the two South Africans that I met, after she had asked me why I was here, asked me, well, told me that I was not a migrant. So what was I doing here? My response to her was that we are all migrants in one way or the other. And still on the subject of Umkele, as being migrants, I'm not sure what other thing Switzerland is famous for. But what first brings to mind for me as a sports fanatic is Roger Federer, a Swiss tennis player whom I hear has South African heritage. Well, I also know that Switzerland is famous for watches and chocolate. But I highlight the point of Roger Federer because I think it's important for the subject of migration. Now yesterday, the submission by a Senegalese minister who spoke from the audience was along the lines of Senegal having had at least 18 soccer players in total in the last CAF Africa Cup of Nations that was held in Egypt. He said that that majority of players were all based overseas. So where they were, they were migrants representing their country. And excellently so. We have people like Sadio Mane from Senegal who arguably, if I would say, if all things were really equal between all regions, I would have argued that he should have won the Ballon d'Or this year, or at least rated higher up. But I think because he's African and worse because he's black, he didn't get the recognition that he deserved. You look at the French team, I'm talking sports because I'm a sports fanatic and I come from a sports crazy country, South Africa. So if you look at the French team that won the World Cup, excellent players, many of them have African heritage. When I say the French team that won the World Cup, I also want us to acknowledge that they also exist and excellent French team, which is the women's team. But because of the way things are, the structures in the world, it's the men that get more recognition. But lastly, again, going back to the subject of Umkele, a Facebook friend of mine, Kaya Stolle, who religiously attends Wimbledon, wears Umkele everywhere he goes. Now Kaya is a South African, one of the brightest young minds we have. He's a thought leader. He's available in many spaces. He gets a lot of airtime even in the media. He has very progressive ideas. Now I said that he attends Wimbledon and he's almost always wearing Umkele. So when I was watching tennis, one of the days it was Wimbledon, the cameraman spotted Umkele from Okai and the commentators made a mockery of him. They made a mockery of him because they were ignorant of what Umkele was and what it represents. The man who was a commentator, I'm sure didn't even care what Umkele was and what it represented. The man was European. So I'll now move on to greeting the panelists or introducing the panelists rather. My fellow panelists here. On my right is Mr. Mohamed Abdi. Mr. Mohamed Abdi is the Secretary General of the Ministry of Employment, Youth Sports in Mauritania. He holds a master's degree in science and technology from my Institute of Science, ISS, from Norcott. I'm not sure if I pronounced that right. Sorry, if not. And then on my left here, I have two beautiful ladies. The one is Alessia Falon and the other Falon. Alessia is one of the members of tandem that is a students committee in PISA. As a mentor together with a team, she provided administrative, academic, and social support to several students with my creative background. She is also the focal point for social and communication activities within her team. Warm greetings to you, ma'am. And then last but not least, we have Ms. Rola Issa. Ms. Rola Issa, apologies. Ms. Rola Issa addressed the tandem students committee in Sapienza, asking for support with some procedures. She's now involved in the mentorship program and she is in 10, contributing, supporting other students with my creative background. Now I want to ask the following questions. I think I should mention that this session, the topic is viewed as agents of integration and social cohesion. The questions that will be put to the panel, the general questions, which will also need engagement from the floor, about integration of young migrants, primarily taking place, are centered on the reality that integration of young migrants primarily take place at the local level, local level. How can we support the integration of young people in the local setting and improve the role of local authorities in creating spaces of social cohesion? So good morning, everybody. So I think that the problems that we're having with migrants nowadays, they're becoming always more and more important. And the thing that we can notice is that the migrants are most of the time young people coming to our countries. Mostly Southern European countries, our project that we worked in is a project that is settled in some Southern European countries. And what we could face while during the months that we work with this project is that there isn't much help given to the people coming here. The people come here and they find themselves alone, unable to speak the language. Often they come to a small city, they go to offices around. It's never easy to find help and to find someone that is willing to help you to just easy things. Just working with papers and getting your permissions and getting the easiest things that would allow you to stay in the country that you arrived. So I think that it's very important to find some new solutions altogether. And we, as young people, as young students, we are trying to use what we have, which is the places that we have, mainly the universities to start from something from there. So we are trying to help these new coming students in our universities to help them go around the different offices, go around the different places that we have. So we're still at the beginning. We're still finding a lot of barriers, a lot of difficulties for the new incoming students, but we're trying to move in that direction. We are starting in some universities to work together, young students to help other young students coming to us to make them become a part of the university. For us, for me, I speak as an Italian student studying in an Italian university. Entering a university has never been something difficult. Everything is so easy. We can do everything very, very easily, enrolling in university. A foreign student coming from a non-European country arriving in a university in Europe finds so many difficulties. Sometimes we were working together with the people at the offices in the university. They come and they have a pile of papers that they need to take with them to just to enroll university, and nothing is easy. So this is what we need to do. We need to make everything easier, especially for the younger people that can settle in a new place and need a new place for them to welcome and to settle. That's a lovely contribution. I'm gonna move on to the next question. How can youth as not only beneficiaries, but active agents work with authorities to create integration policies that are responsive to their needs? So I thank the assistant, I thank the moderator. I prepared a presentation because I found that everything we heard yesterday was something very important. All of what we heard this morning, too. You know, social cohesion is a very important thing. Youth is important, too. So I think that it would be nice to talk about the interactions between all of these subjects. So I would like to make a presentation on this subject. So I think that first of all, we need to start with the definitions. What is social cohesion? Social cohesion is living together. And a society is collective life in a group. It is the place of emancipation of human beings. Social cohesion is the unity of the parties of this group. When we look closely, we see that in the countries we have, there are different groups and currents. There are the forces of the assembly that are trying to promote the general interest according to their ideology and their understanding. There are currents that are more or less extremist that take a change at all costs. There are groups of countries of pressure, groups of pressure put in general by economic interests. And there are young people who want to integrate into the system when they don't necessarily integrate and want there to be a change. So all these constitutions, the supreme sex in the world today through political parties, different obedience, syndicates and organizations of civil society, independent press, social networks, traditional powers and religious powers. What are the main challenges of social cohesion? The main challenges of social cohesion is that social cohesion is difficult to implement because we always have to seek a compromise that is equal to the different ideological, political, economic, generational currents of the same community. The integration and the insertion of young people whose demographic point is necessary to increase in the countries on the site. And we also know that the gap in arbitration between the constitutions of a society is still the best engine of armed conflicts in which the gender is used for the destruction of countries instead of being a construction tool. Well, we also talked about the displacement of populations and immigration. Immigration as such, it is neither good nor bad, but it depends, it is good nor bad, but it depends on the context in which it takes place. When we look, for example, we know that immigration has been in our world today as an origin of armed conflicts in the Middle East, in Africa and even in Europe. We know that what people call the Arab Spring and what I call the social revolution because it has not always been a spring, has engendered anarchic episodes that have affected the existence of the state. We have heard yesterday of the striking examples of this issue. There is the clandestine migration, which since 2011, after this crisis, there is always the clandestine migration that has known very important developments. There have been a lot of deaths, there have been decisions of people who have lost their means, who have been robbed, there have also been problems in the welcome countries, and we assist in developing xenophobic discourses, especially in Europe, because of this. There is insecurity, violence. We even went back to slavery because you have lived in some countries, there are even images of long-term exploitation. So we think that we had already left this. We will talk about the example of the Mauritania. This is the Mauritania card. The Mauritania has thought very early on the social cohesion because it owes its brotherhood and justice and this is the Mauritania card. So we have the information on the Mauritania. For the people of the OEM, the most important information on the Mauritania is that we have 14 provinces, 15 provinces, we have 14 cities on the borders. We have a population of 3.9 million people, in which young people of less than 20 years represent 53%. We have a surface of 1,030,700 square kilometers, twice in France, and we have 4 million inhabitants. Fortunately for the social cohesion, we are a country that is a Muslim country with 200% of that, it is a little bit of data on the Mauritania. So what is the institutional environment of the Mauritania today that has helped us to do this model where young people have been in the first place? We have a freedom, a political pluralism because one year ago, we made legislative elections in which 100 political parties were represented. We made a June 22 election, we had a new president, there were six candidates there, and there is an opening policy that is now made by the president of the republic and which helps us a lot on this. Also, the state has to think that for there to be a social cohesion, there must be a structure of the state that takes care of it. We have the human rights commissioner, we have the National Human Rights Commission, we have put a national mechanism against torture, and we have put an agency called the Taddamun to do a little bit of rapage for those who are disadvantaged. Also, we notice that the ONG and the youth associations are very entrepreneurial in the social cohesion and in the policy of the country in general. We have a freedom of press, there is also the liberalization of the audiovisual space, and there are several scientific centers that study the problem of the youth, the problem of the social cohesion and the problem of immigration. Well, what are the measures that have been taken by the government to strengthen the social cohesion in Mauritania? There is the resolution of a certain number of problems that existed, such as the humanitarian pacifism, the slaves' sequels, there is the policy of dialogue and consultation put in place by the President of the Republic, as I said, there is a reform that has been carried out by the system of education to make it adequate with the needs of the market and also a reform of the health sector. There is the miscarriage of great problems of social inclusion, the costs that are the most favoritized, the populations that have the means to return, there is the promotion of equality and justice, there is the good governance, there is the presence of diversity. People think that diversity is always negative, diversity has always been a resource of wealth. I said that at the level of the countries, but even at the level of the international community, Europe cannot live without Africa, Africa cannot live without Europe, in America, we are on the same planet, the means of transportation have been made, the social networks, we are really, we said that we were in a planet village, I said that we were even in a cell, the house was built in a village. So, our country too, because we are in the region of Israel, there is a protection of borders, we have put posts, people can only enter through these borders there, there is the criminalization of the exploitation of men, of the torture of discrimination, there is the list against violence made to women and children. Well, now we are going to talk about the life of the subject, that was a bit general, now the youth, what has been done for youth? So the Mauritanian government aware that the youth of the country, I said that more than 50% of the population in less than 20 years, when it comes back to 30%, it is 75% of the population. So the youth are involved in the political life, there are many deputies, there are many mothers, who are women, who are young, and also many members of regional councils that manage the different regions of the country. There is also on economic life, we have an association for young Mauritanian entrepreneurs, we also have associations of startup project incubators, and we also have projects that are specialized, that are done by young people, for the benefit of young people. We also notice that there is a lot of activities of good deeds that are done by young people. And so the government can accompany all this, it has put young people on the grid in all circumstances of the country. There is also the creation of a youth council, there is a consultative role that has been attached to the President of the Republic, and there is the annual institutionalization of cultural, sports and leisure demonstrations that are done annually to regroup the young people to discuss different problems. There is the institutionalization of volunteers, and even now we have created, the people speak of military service, we have created a civil service that will execute work of common interest. In total, the government has put in place 23 educational social infrastructures, that is, a large-scale study of young people's homes that are dedicated to young people to be able to organize their activities, to communicate and to sensitize them. We have put together a national strategy of youth, sports and leisure, which was executed between 2015 and 2019, and which allowed to have very good results, in which some are done with funds, especially the European Union, with which we made a project called the prevention of conflict and intercultural dialogue, with the World Bank, because yesterday someone spoke of demographic dividends. There is a project in the entire region of Israel that is called the autonomization of women and demographic dividends in the countries of Israel, but when I speak of Israel, that is, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Tshad, and Burkina Faso, but this Swedish project, which we have overcome, it has been so studied that countries have asked to join this, such as Senegal and Benin, especially. We also have a project called the autonomization of Mauritanian youth by the dedication of leadership and personal progress of Emeli, which has been done in partnership with the OIM, with the USAID. So all this work has allowed to have good results. For example, annual training through the country, I said it was a vast country, of thousands of youth on the management of associations and the implementation of general interest activities. There has been the awareness of more than 10,000 youth on citizenship, tolerance, the rate against extremism, the consumption of drugs and psychotropic substances. There has been the insertion of hundreds of thousands of youth in the public and private sectors. For the results that are the most visible, what are the results that are the most visible? These are internal results. For the results that are the most visible, today, we know that young Mauritans are so sensitized that you don't see them anymore, practically almost anymore. There are more than 10,000 young Mauritans who are recruited by the terrorist movements that are being attacked in the region of Israel. There is a free-range matrix in Mauritania, even though it is a frontier country, it has been put into a device that has allowed the security of the borders and the organization of the free-range matrix, the one who enters and goes out of the country, and there is a strong security climate in terms of the vastness of the territory, the extent of the borders. We have with Malik, for example, a border of 2,000 km on both sides, the instability and insecurity that affect the other countries of Israel. What are the opportunities that we have that allow things to continue like that? There is the good place that equips young people and social cohesion in the program of the President of the Republic. There is the great interest that political and young people in Mauritania agree on social cohesion because we have seen the examples of the other countries. And there is the existence of certain factors of social cohesion because, fortunately, in Mauritania, we have the same religion, we have the same price. That is also important. It is important. And there are the great reforms that are executed by the government. Also, in the field of employment, the active government that has just been reformed, it was given as an objective the creation of 100,000 employees in the course of the next five years, of which 2,000 for the first year. When we talk about opportunities, we also have to talk about constraints. What are the constraints? The constraints on the execution of the program, especially the employment program because it is the most important for young people, it is the essential problem. It is the mobilization of the necessary funds for the application of the government policy in general and in particular in the field of employment. The difficulty of creating employment for the benefit of young people, you know, also in all the countries of the world, we are now assisting because of the use that is not always very rational of social networks. We have in the world, in populist discourse that emerges a little and political groups that build discourses, that is also a risk. Conclusion, so there is the conclusion to conclude the Mauritanian experience, we can say that there is a will in Mauritania to responsible the youth and to consolidate the social cohesion of the country because they are both together. As we said, the program of the president and the government, but the two things together in the program they are written in the same line, the youth is the social cohesion. There is also the unemployment and unemployment of young people and the unemployment of young people who are at risk. Because when the youth is not unemployed, we do not know how it will use the energy that it has. It is for this that really the creation of unemployment is a problem. When we look at, for example, today, despite all these positive results that I talked about, there are 30.8% of the Mauritanian youth aged from 16 to 35 who do not work and who do not follow information and that can be serious. In this situation, the department of our minister, the minister of employment and youth and sport has decided to mobilize all the funds necessary to fight unemployment and unemployment in order to limit the extent of this phenomenon that can constitute a connection to social cohesion. I apologize for being very long. I thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Abdi, for your very informative contribution. What I picked up from it is, like everywhere else, the greatest challenge to migration in your country, Mauritania, are socioeconomic challenges, but I'm glad that your government is doing quite a lot to try and make interventions in that regard, more especially as it relates to making sure that youth get support and get the necessary skilling and training to allow them to participate meaningfully in social cohesion and integration initiatives. I'm going to pose this next general question to Rola and Alessia. So schools are places of first integration for young migrants and can act as a bridge between migrants and local youth by promoting dialogue, mutual understanding, and cohesion. What strategies exist to build on this potential and how would these be expanded? Yes. So, yes, school is one of the most important places where we can start building a more cohesive society for all of the students and all of the young people. It's a place where we can build a bridge between the students, the national students, and the third country nationals, the foreign students which are coming to study in the schools and in the universities, and this is mainly the goal of the project that we are presenting here today. So the project is really to try and finally build this bridge that it's been missing for many, many years and for a long time. So we're trying to build this bridge that could bring the students together with the third country nationals and... Thank you very much for that contribution, Alessia. For Rola, following Alessia's remarks, could you explain further how is the program organized and particularly what activities are promoted to advance integration and encourage diversity? Very much. Thank you for having us here. It's very important for us. Well, for the program, Tandem, Tandem programs has different type of activities which included, including in the administration and the legal support, the registration university and the information on the university, visa-renewal processes and the document in translation. And also in Tandem, we have a dramatic support definition of study plan, exam preparation, create of second hand textbooks, research and exchange systems, organize of language course and social supports where young three countries naturally have a opportunity to shape the course, discourse on immigration and encourage diversity and deciding and participate in social media, campaigning in emphasizing young's multi-form of edification, irrespective of their background and in CV preparation and job sneak support. And also in Tandem, we work even in communication and on this recent, on the university communication and project types and mini-tours activity, sharing projects, achievement through social network on Facebook and Instagram, which we have in Tandem, Italia and the website TandemItalia.com, university radio channels organization and also organization to public events, conference, sharing positive story. Thank you very much, Rola. Let me throw it back, Alessia. How do you think Tandem works as a platform for both the inclusion of newspapers and for a more cohesive community in your university and your local context? Could you see a change in the narrative on migration? So first of all, the Tandem project, which is a project funded by the European Commission but implemented by the IOM Italy. And it's right now ongoing in six southern European countries. So we have Italy, Spain, Greece, Croatia, Malta and Cyprus. It's a project that is trying to promote social inclusion through education and to develop a positive approach to diversity through a people-to-people contact. So the project recognizes that societies affect and are affected by individual identities. So it is in some specific social context as universities in which diversity is experienced most deeply and where new forms of identification are more likely to materialize. So the Yantr country nationals, the foreign students and their local peers are empowered to build a more cohesive society by acknowledging all our multiple identities as an effective way to counter prejudice. So the added value to the project is this peer-to-peer and this student-to-student support because it creates a mutual benefit. So it is the local youth and the three country nationals that are earning and that are creating an higher level of awareness and of knowledge of each other culture and each other's background. To achieve this, one of the most important part of the project is the social media campaign. I was speaking also in the past few days about how important our social media is for the younger people in these days. So the social media campaign is trying to support the project in achieving the objective of changing the negative narrative of migration that we are experiencing right now, especially in southern European countries. So we are using our different social networks. We have, as Rola was saying, we're using mostly Facebook and Instagram to share interviews of the students that we meet, to share their stories. We are collecting stories. We are collecting dreams and hopes that these students have for their future. We are sharing pictures and videos of the event that we are creating. We are organizing a lot of multicultural events together with the students coming to us. So we think and we hope that all of these work that we're doing, all of these activities that we're doing, which are not only, as she was saying, we have legal support, academic support, which is very important for the students arriving in our university, but mostly the most important part for the student is to integrate, to feel part of something in the university so that we hope that this is helping them and we also hope that this will create counter-narrative on migration compared to the one that we have today. And I think that all of the people that have been involved in the project, all of the students that participated in the project definitely changed their perspective on migration and they changed their idea and the way they view migrants. It is hard to say, speaking on a broader level, if there have been a change in the narrative on migration in all the university, all the society, just because they think that most of the effects will be long-term effects. So the project started last year in January of 2018 and it will end in December of this year and December of 2019. So hopefully if the project will be able to continue in this way of maybe with some other similar projects in the long term, we will be able to see some bigger effects. Thank you very much, Alessia. My takeaway from your contribution is that social media is a very important platform that young people use for discourse on migration and that you guys have done a lot through social media to change the thinking of people on the subject of migration. That's really appreciated. I'm now going to allow Mr. Abdi to address one question before I take one from the floor. Mr. Abdi, what strategies has Mauritania adopted to assist young migrants in the integration and reintegration process? The Mauritania has made a national strategy for the youth of sport and leisure that has been done in a participative way between the government, between young people and the civil society in general and even the technical and financial partners. In this pre-aligned consultation on the implementation of the strategy, there were migrants who made proposals and at the level of Mauritania, there is a repertoire that has been made of all the migrants, of all the Mauritans who are abroad. There is a repertoire that has been made for these people so that they can bring help in terms of training, in terms of support, in terms of exchange and experience with the Mauritania youth on the spot so that the cordon is not cut between the two. And when I talk to you, we are in partnership with the OEM during the next week, after my return, there will be about 20 experts of the Mauritania diaspora who will come to Mauritania, who have settled in Europe, in the United States, in the Gulf countries of the Arab Gulf, to be able to do targeted training and to do exchange of experience for the assembly of projects, for the employability of young people. This project is a common project between the Minister of Employment, Youth and Sport and the International Migration Organization, the OEM representation in Oaxaca. So there is a policy that has been made in a concerted manner between the different parties and whose execution is in progress. I thank you. Thank you very much, Mr. Abdi. Now I'm going to take the discussion to the floor. Before I pick up any volunteers, I'm going to start with Ambassador Gerard, J.W. Putman-Cramer, for who is the permanent observer to the UN and other international organizations in Geneva. You have the floor, Mr. Cramer. Thank you, distinguished moderator. Excellencies, dear colleagues, thank you for the opportunity to address you on behalf of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean at this important second session of the International Dialogue on Migration. As the Mediterranean is a region where the migratory flows continue to grow, our assembly as an international parliamentary organization with 34 member states has been active to address the phenomenon, as well as its causes and effects in both regional and international fora. At the latest meeting, which are assembly organized on the nexus between population movements and security, held earlier this year in Ankara, we highlighted a number of country situations which, in our view, deserve our collective attention. Among these, we mentioned the plight of the large numbers of children under the age of 12, currently in camps in Syria, a situation in the context of which, after due consultations and as soon as such as feasible, we plan to deploy a fact-finding mission. Our attention was also drawn to the many thousands of babies born to refugee parents in Turkey and in other host countries within the Mediterranean region. What are the conditions these babies face at their birth and what are their prospects? We must surely, collectively so, ensure the cornerstones of their future. We must ensure their healthcare and their education and as they grow up, we must provide the required support and the necessary access to opportunities. We are very conscious that the perception of migration, as pointed out also by your panelists, must be substantively improved and that the potential and skills of young migrants must be actively promoted. We must tackle and resolve challenges young migrants face in the process of integration in both constructive and innovative ways. In conclusion, our assembly is aware of the fact that solutions have to be found and implemented collectively and the dialogue such as this one is of major importance. We are proud to participate therein and contribute there too and are ready to build on the dialogue's outcomes with all our national delegations. I thank you very much. Thank you very much, Ambassador. At this point, I'll take another input from the floor, maybe a question for one of the panelists or a response to any of the contributions that have been made. Yes, I think that looks like Yemen. Thank you, Mr. moderator and I wish to thank the entire panelists and I have a comment and a question or more than one question if I may say. And in terms of social cohesion, I do believe that social cohesion, it's a continual process. We're establishing a comprehensive framework would be highly important and would facilitate the efforts for the related social cohesion. And I've heard Mr. or the Sheikh of Mauritania has mentioned about inclusiveness, which is highly important. And I'm just wondering, we all the time hear the importance of including the voice of young people to the related policies where policy recommendation by young people themselves would be highly efficient. Do you have the same methodology in Mauritania? And you have mentioned also that social cohesion, it's difficult to be achieved and sorry if I missed the reason but I'm just wondering why it's so difficult to be achieved. And Ms. Issa has said the importance of shared stories and I wish to ask Ms. Falourney, do you have any story to share with us or any success story to share with us within your programs? I think what you have mentioned about the mentorship programs is highly important. Thank you, Mr. Moderator. Thank you very much. You can respond to that, Alice. So, yes, we have some good examples of good stories and one of them is Issa, Israela right here. So I think that she can maybe tell you a little bit of her story. She's one of the success of our program. I was the case of tandem. I met tandem last year when I get a problem with my permission to renew my permission. I was asking a lot of people, anyone can help me and one of my friend told me there's a group of students called tandem, they helped me with my registration in the university. So I said, no, it's a group of the university, so how can they help me in my permission? But anyway, I will try. I went to them, I get an appointment with them and they came in group to listen to me. I explained them my problem, my story. They were very available with me. They are very friendly. They went, we went together to police office to many places to resolve my problem. Finally, after six months, we did it. We resolved and yeah, and we resolved after six months and we, yeah, that's all. Thank you very much, ladies. Did you have, yeah, sure. I just wanted to add that something else which I think was very positive of the collecting stories and sharing stories also for us as students is that we had the chance to meet a lot of students in our universities and the thing that I found nice is that most of the students that we interviewed and the stories that we shared on our Facebook page and our social pages were stories completely different from the ones that you usually hear about migrants in our country. Most, a lot of the, I don't wanna say all, but a lot of the migrant students that we interviewed and that we met, they were studying here and they were having all these big projects, but the big projects were not to stay in Italy and to continue their life here. A lot of the students had projects to go back to their countries, to help their countries and to use everything that they were earning here in our countries with our university to go back to their country and to help more students or more young people that didn't have the chance as they had to come and study in our university. So I think this was another of the nice stories that we could collect together with the students. Mr. Abdi will respond to Yemen. So I thank my brother from Yemen who asked very interesting questions. I didn't say that social cohesion is not achievable, but social cohesion is in charge of a balance and all balance is difficult because in a society there are always forces that are not content with what is happening and there are other forces that think that the status quo is good. The work of the government, the work of the political class, of the civil society and of everyone and that there is no balance rupture. We don't need each one to pull all the cover towards him. For example, we don't need to let the young people in unemployment and say we have an administration, we have people who work, who produce something. We must always think about tomorrow's problems because, as we said in physics, all balance is a dynamic balance. The balance is always difficult to find. It's something dynamic. We must always, as we do in health care for people, do it in health care for society. We must make meetings in which each social group, each entity can show the problems it has. We must not always be the lobbyists who are strong. We know that in Europe, although there is democracy, there are votes, there are people who voted, there is the political class who agrees, we have seen recently in some European countries, which I would not say the name, you are informed, we have seen people who have been revealed in the order established, although there are elections and people are represented. Now we are in a world, we must not be wrong, we must not think that the world in which we are today is the world of 2000 or even 2010. We are in a very evolutionary world, in which there are fake news, there are social networks, there is the truth, there is the false, there is the dynamic. It is a world in which there is a dynamic that we cannot control. Of course, what we have done in Mauritania has been done from youth because young people in every circumstance, in our country we call this the Mokata at the department, in every circumstance, young people met, they said to us, we have such problems, and we federation all the problems that people have posed, we have arranged them by order of priority and by order of similarity also, and it is on this basis that we have done a program that has been executed between 2015 and 2019, and which is now in the face of evaluations because we are going to put an end to it, because before we had a minister who was called the Minister of Youth and Sports, there was no end to it. And the new government has put an end to it so that all the problems of youth are in the same ministry department. So to conclude, I would say that social cohesion is something dynamic and that everything is dynamic, you have to look at it carefully, and that youth remains in all countries, the main engines, and especially in the countries of the city that have a young population at the start of the Mauritania case. I thank you, Mr. Frey. Thank you very much for that response, Mr. Abdi. At this point, I'll take Argentina. We are listening. I would like to share an experience of my country in relation to this panel. In the context of the migratory current coming from Venezuela, as a result of the crisis that the country is experiencing, it developed in the youth national institute in September 2018, a meeting aimed at 80 young people in that country. During the meeting, the panorama of its social-cultural insertion and the characteristics of the eradication trends, the aspects of the revalidation of academic titles, and the labor opportunities, among other issues that we consider essential. The program included informing the assistants about the agreements signed by the National Migration Direction with different provinces within the planning and orientation of the migratory flows in order to know places that need labor and where the migrant can see its training, aptitude, or profession. Thank you very much. Thank you very much to the representative from Argentina. I'll also take Bolivia. Thank you very much, Mr. Moderador. Jalaya, Jalaya is a greeting that in the Maymar language means for life. We have implemented it in all our interventions in the system. My question... Well, congratulations to the panelists. To the panelists. In this case, I want to refer to the intervention of Mr. Secretary General of the Ministry of Employment, Mr. Abdi. But it's a general question. It's possible to structure indicators of the process of what we understand by social cohesion. We talk about greater or lesser social cohesion. So, there is a scale. It's possible to think in a scale that allows us to make a follow-up to social cohesion, to improve it, to increase it, to strengthen it. It's possible, from a list of variables and factors that could describe social cohesion as such, as a medium and not as a goal in itself, would you like to comment on this aspect? Thank you. I thank our colleague who actually asked us a very pertinent question. It's a very pertinent question. And I would even say it's a code. Because you know, social cohesion is a concept. And the concepts... The definition is not very precise. It's very difficult to... It's very difficult to make a fixed indicator for that. You know, it's maybe a luck. I worked in a project where I was doing the following evaluations. So, I'm measuring for 4 years. I'm measuring the pertinence of the question you're asking. I think that, sometimes having a unique indicator in which we're going to say that it's quantitative, I think there has to be something qualitative, a set of factors on which we'll do some research to know what they are... to know, to measure this situation. There is a good place to do a research both qualitative and quantitative to do a reference situation in a given country and do a similar research at a given period, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years will be a period according to the means and the time to see how things have evolved. I'm completely aware of your opinion. Your question has been very pertinent. And it reflects that you understand what it is. In my intervention, I started with the definition of social cohesion because I know that this concept is difficult. So I thank you for the pertinence of your question for your intelligence, and I invite you to reflect with us the whole of the room so that these things are more precise. I thank you. Thank you, Mr. Abdi. There's another response from the floor. Actually, I would like to comment and to not really to respond, but actually, when you're talking about the social cohesion and any type of the social indicators, it's very difficult to have them. However, when you're talking about integration itself as a summoner who was practitioner and worked a lot in the field throughout the world, basically we do have so-called five variables or five main pillars to something that we call successful integration. And the first one is actually what you're listening here is a link with the cultural language integration. And this is what you're actually doing in the project funded by the EU in the five EU countries. This is actually those indicators of how many someone can feel as a part of the local society. And this is actually where the youth has what to say. Meaning the first pillar or variable is cultural language integration because this is the key to understand each other that we can work. But this is for both sides. It's not one side story. I mean local communities, students, and those that arrive. The second one is something that is normally said, do we have enough infrastructure to respond to the influx of the migrants? And this doesn't matter to say internal or external migration. We're talking about the schools, hospitals, roads, something which is actually each government are always thinking about it. And in that sense is something that is also part of the social cohesion because if you don't have enough meaning space within the hospitals you cannot really respond to the need of incoming people or in this case we're talking about the migrants. The third one is available housing, not free housing, available housing. And this is everybody, especially we talk about young people, how vibrant they are. They're of course always ready to take the risk and take the credit and move things forward. Therefore, third one is available housing as a third pillar. The fourth one is actually coming a job, not the first one. Often we are thinking that the main kind of drivers to the migrants are actually looking for the job. But as you could see from the practice, job coming in the fourth place. And the fifth always somehow forgotten is how the migrants can be integrated in the local political life. It's very important one because if the migrants are not here on the local level, I'm not talking the level of the central government, I'm talking on the level where they actually integrate, we cannot have successful integration. Then this is why actually this exists, this fifth pillar, which is actually again, it's linked again with the social cohesion, how someone can be feel as a member of the local community if excluded also for that. When I said the political life, it's a broader sense than be just a political party to be accepted as individual on the religious level, on the political level, on a very, very local social level. Thank you. It's just a comment, it's not a question. Sorry. Thank you very much. Allow Mr. Abdi. The answer of our friend will make me react a little. He listed a priority list and he said that the employment occupied the fourth position. It must be said that for these things, it depends on the country or the region where we are. For example, when you consult with the youth, you tell them to do programs with you, you give them the word, you let them say what they want. Besides, in the world today, they have the channels to do it because of social networks. This is in a country where the population is very young where the first sign of affirmation for the young is to find employment. Because when a young person thinks of his school, after his school, he thinks of employment. After employment, he thinks of a family. After the family, he thinks of a house. After a house, he thinks of children. So it's someone who has a roadside job and when the start of the roadside job, when it doesn't start at the point where employment is, I know that for the countries in the West, where there is a dominance in the youth, the first problem is the employment of young people. Because it is this search for employment of young people that brings people to seek employment and I don't know how to learn about Fortin boats. I have seen people in interviews who said that they knew that they could die, but they prefer to die than to stay without employment. So that things are clear, I don't think I can speak for all the countries, but for the countries where there is a dominance of the young population, the employment problem is a crucial problem that needs a solution. Or solutions. And the problem is that in these countries, you now have a number of employers who want to work exponentially. You can't solve the problems that you have ten years ago, but there are people who leave the university, there are people who leave school, there are people who are really in a struggle, it's a very difficult problem and it needs a reflection of the entire international community. Otherwise, young people are the engine of the construction, but they are also the engine of the construction. And I think that the employment problem of young people is a problem that goes on above all, in any case in these countries and that the main source of social cohesion remains. Someone said once that poverty is a bad advice. And I think that for us not to be long, I think that the employment problem of young people in these countries is really the number one problem. I thank you. Thank you Mr. Abdi. At this point I will take contributions from fellow Africans from Zimbabwe and Tunisia. So we'll have Zimbabwe first, followed by Tunisia. I'll take a comment. I work with the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Arts and Recreation in Zimbabwe. And unfortunately the full delegation couldn't come, those delays with visas. I think it would have been great because we had a number of young people who were going to be part of this. Anyway, first of all I'd like to congratulate the IOM for organizing this dialogue. The timing couldn't be more appropriate. Of course we should have started earlier, but certainly from where I come from, there's a lot we can take back from this dialogue. We're also very pleased to be part of these proceedings. Just to let you know that we've all recognized here that as a country we are also very cognizant of the very complex nature of this issue of migration. It's multi-sectoral, it's been recognized as multi-level. The interventions have to be at the policy level, at the level of institutions, looking at areas of infrastructure and very importantly at community level supports. And that was very well articulated even in our presentations earlier today, this morning. And so the whole issue is very complex. And even though the Ministry that I am with looks at a lot of matters of social cohesion, it's imperative that we work with all other ministries to avoid the perception at least at the national level that this is the main issues, one of security or immigration and that in fact there are many other areas, issues that we need to look at. And just to, picking up from what we've learned in the last two days, this, yes, employment is a very important issue, but it's hinged on a lot of other macro and micro-economic policies that the country is working on. We're not going to achieve this, achieve better integration, hoping to look at it just as we, by counting the number of people who are either coming in or leaving or even those just moving within the country. The emphasis with the African Union on industrialization and job creation is key. So at a very national level we're going to have to work much more deliberately on looking at industrialization and what opportunities that brings for commercialized businesses and even the small and micro enterprises. The country is working on a migration policy which is being developed and evidently areas of immigration are very key, issues of support, social supports in terms of infrastructure are very key, issues of services for people, health and clinics are key. But again, as you can see, it's going to require support from other areas. Technology is absolutely key and from a ministry perspective we are hoping to, we are expecting to build in a lot more technology related training in our vocational training institutions as well as our polytechnic institutions. We do receive in the country, from neighboring countries quite a number of immigrants, we also have a high influx of young people who travel to neighboring countries, South Africa in particular, but also Botswana and the like. But technology is key. Making sure our curricula and vocational training programs are relevant and are going to be attractive and useful and then create employment for young people. I was very, very pleased to hear from the data that was done, the study which has been done that the rural nature of the migration of young people is very important and we're going to need to be sure that we can hear the rural youth themselves and understand their circumstances and their problems. But what can easily happen is that the whole issue can become, I don't want to use elitist, but you will end up having more urban-based people being able to articulate the issues when in fact if the majority of those who are being affected and who are moving out or migrating are coming from rural areas, we need to be certain that we represent their issues. Data, absolutely important. We don't have in our country sufficient data to be able to guide and, you know, listening to the presentation made in the previous session was just, was fantastic. We need that and we need to support that kind of data to be able to assist us in making the right decision. And I just want to close to say to you that there is already some initiatives. Many of you, of course, are all aware of the issues, the problems we have had facing the rising, the xenophobic incidences between Zimbabwe and Zimbabweans and South Africans. And I'm just very pleased to say to you that the government of South Africa, together with our government, particularly through the ministries of culture, as well as the ministry of sports, we have met and we have already identified, beginning to work on initiatives to try to see how we can have Zimbabweans and South Africans recognize just how much they are more in common with each other culturally, linguistically, and the like than you would expect. And that is already, we have actually begun, as for those of you who may not know, our countries are intricately related to each other. We all have relatives across the borders and the like. And so these boundaries that are set up as sovereign boundaries are also impacting on us. We have traditional chiefs in our country who at a traditional level are all relating to chiefs across South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique. It's just natural because of the way we do so. But politically or in terms of our sovereignty, we are not related. And so through the links we are beginning to work with South Africa is to say, let's try to, let's make sure that we can begin to make more explicit just what we have in common, linguistically, culturally, and through sharing and having lots more visits between each other, having more, and through sports, hopefully having more sports activities that are deliberately driven at a national level. Not just, of course we can have it at the local level, but because the issue has become, seems to be, has become so political to some extent, then it needs to be supported right at a national level to say yes, we would like more interaction between our people at the local level and that it's seen as an initiative of trying to make sure we are deliberately trying to build links. And I think that's one positive that we hope we will see a lot more at least at the level of communities between the two countries. So the problem is one we're going to be working on and as we say, the complex nature of it is one that we are very hopeful we will over time be able to minimize and address. Thank you very much. Thank you very much from Zimbabwe. I'm going to take Tunisia and I won't announce like our own comeback, I'll let Nepal follow Tunisia. Thank you Mr. the moderator. I would like to thank the orators for their intervention. In fact, I don't have any comment or question but I would just like to share a reflection. Indeed, talking about social cohesion is talking about a lot of elements at the same time. It's talking about a favorable political policy of economic growth. It's talking about the recovery of the educational system of health and also of higher education. It's also talking about the adequacy between the teaching, what we provide, the teaching, the product of the teaching and the needs of the labor market. So there are a lot of elements that are associated, sorry, also talking about the role of social transfer in the distribution of income and the reduction of disparities. So indeed, it's a very complicated theme adding to that the theme of young people and migration which is a transversal and multi-dimensional theme because it's about young people as the most vulnerable population for migration because they are the young people who are the most called to emigrate either for studies reasons or for the search for jobs or others. And I would like to note that emigration is a cycle. So we are talking about the beginning and the period of emigration and the return because during these three phases of this migratory cycle we can also talk about the integration or the reintegration of these young people. So especially for all three there are specific mechanisms to integrate them and to ensure, afterwards, the social cohesion that we would like to look for. For all this, the dialogue and of course I insist on the dialogue for Tunisia, for example, despite the very difficult context after the 2011 revolution there is a social dialogue that was initiated in 2013 and a social contrast between the government and the government organizations that is to say the representatives of the patriotic syndicates this social dialogue actually put the accent on this social inclusion which was also reported as a strategic conax of the economic and social development of the country. So it is just to point out that it is a theme that must be dealt with at the level of all public policies we are talking about the strategy of reducing poverty and social inclusion we are talking about the national migratory strategy and the employment strategy in fact all these three strategies are in synergy there is synergy between the three in order to effectively be able to achieve these objectives because among the three we cannot treat each theme in isolation it is a dynamic and very important synergy between the three components and here I would like to just point out that with Tunisia it is an economic inclusion project for the disadvantaged who has been approved by the World Bank Council in 2017 and on which we work in order to ensure this cohesion and whether it is for the potential migrants that is the young people who are in a favorable situation or in areas with strong migratory potential or for the young people who will also be able to return that is to avoid the recidivism and to avoid the path of the irregular migration and all the dramas that can be in consequence and thank you for your attention thank you very much we are quickly running out of time so I'm going to let the audience and the panelists know that I'm going to be using this flag to signal you need to wrap up and also I want to let the audience know that I'm also playing a dual role here I'm not just the moderator I was also asked to be part of the panelists so I've also got a presentation to make so I'll give Nepal just two minutes and then I'll move into my presentation thank you I will be very short as you describe already I will be very short time I do appreciate all the panelists and all speaker from the floor for their interesting and enriched thoughts on this very pertinent topics youth as an agent of integration and social cohesion there are around 1.8 billion youth people in the world today and their voice is definitely big and valid for the betterment of future youth by nature the needs better access to education employment opportunity to be equipped with relevant knowledge and skill they need to become business leaders and entrepreneurs in the whole society we all know the fact that migration benefits both countries of origin and destination well managed migration only creates better synergy or could say good environment in both countries of origin and destination positive perception and welcoming nature of destination community are fundamental for social cohesion and inclusion migrants bear themselves skills, new concept, ideas and vision if the worst community provide better environment could contribute to structural transformation in the worst community youth migrants needs right kind of education and training employment, entrepreneurship and engagement in both countries of origin and destination for making migration work for all I thank you. Thank you very much from Nepal now I'm going to give the panelists an opportunity to give their parting shots. So I think that if I have to leave a message to you here today I think that I can also speak for all the other students that have been a part of this project together with us and the project is coming to an end very soon so I would like to invite everyone that has the possibility to do this to make more project like this one we really enjoy being a part of this project we really think we were able to help a lot of people and we were able to enrich ourselves by doing this so I would just like to say that if there is a chance to make more project like this or to make this project a bigger project then we should try to do it because we the students we really we're really willing to do more to help change this narrative that we're having in these days on migration and to do our part in this migration so we just need the instruments and we'll like as we provide it with those instruments thank you. Thank you. I want to adjust from my experience with Tandem it's very useful for us it's very important for us immigrants because I'm Syrian and I am in Rome and how they helped me and how I'm doing part of Tandem now and how it's very important and I want to add even thanks for Tandem I get to go to China after a few months and they helped me to prepare in the application where it was in Italian I speak Italian but it's not completely like Italian Vivo so they helped me to go to China so I'm very very even when I go in China if I really wish to find like Tandem project in China to help me to increase in the university and how can I move so Tandem it's very useful for