 And he wouldn't be the responsible for climate science, everyone, that if climate action would lead to global warming would drive us to a point where a one natural system, including in our society, can be known on the path to the impacts of climate change. This means that beyond experience, increased catastrophic events and increased loss of damages to communities, already now, there are things to see in the reversible impacts of climate change. To address this, we need English finance to communicate and reformise the media experience in these contexts, to do resilience and adapt to these impacts. At the same time, we need to reconcile our advocacy in demand for rapid, deep and sustained mitigation efforts through historical approaches, particularly in the global world. The IPCC has recently released its assessment. Yes, from the reports, climate change is already causing, you know, substantial damages to our natural ecosystems, to people and their livelihoods, and the extent and level of vulnerability, of course, will be severe, especially in countries that have development constraints. Yeah, and globally, these first spots are in Africa, Asia, Southern Central America and the Arctic region. So these countries will be exposed to food and security, water crisis and health crisis. Because of this, there will be a lot of opportunities and also women, pregnant mothers and children, young people will be exposed to climate disasters. And again, there's a reason for that, because climate change will be distributed, you know, to almost all the countries of the world. So no country will be excluded, you know, from this impact based on the IPCC projection. So we need to invest massively, although there is an increased level of, you know, adaptation, I thought towards creating a climate smart system that will respond to future climate change. Climate communities can not wait. Humanity can not wait. We need climate action now and we need adaptation of resilience now and we need to reach that zero as early as possible. Yeah, thank you very much. You know that you weren't going to be responsible for climate size of one that if climate has to be less global warming. Good morning, everyone. Ladies and gentlemen. It's such a great opportunity to be here. From the video, and that is a, as Joshua said, is the founder of green agriculture projects. He's also working with the World Bank. So we did a collaboration on the video about the impact of climate change, how we are going to communicate climate size to diverse people to ensure that we build a resilient system. Yes. Before my name is Dr. Archibor Walker. I'm a member of geography. I'm a member of Unigeria. And it's so great to be here. So I'll be presenting on the topic of the effect of commercial building orientation on indoor climate in tropical environments. Because having that context bringing you an insight on how advanced learning studies really look like. Also an expert reviewer for the IPCC. And also a climate policy expert for the UNFCC. So the latest reports by the IPCC, as you already know IPCC is an international body that reports on climate science. In the IPCC's report, I was part of the review. So really talked about building a climate smart, you know, resilient systems across every sectors, building sector, transportation, agriculture, energy sector, and every other sector of the society. So let's get started. This is another slide on how to integrate adaptive measures and climate change to reduce CO2 emissions. And then moving lively routes, clean energy, water and air quality. So over there, that's a picture, a kind of a picture that shows how buildings should look like. You know, green roofs on buildings to moderate the microplans of the building. Thank you very much. In background, the main purpose of all buildings is to adapt to the current climate and provide comfort from this environment and for, you know, occupants. Like as we are now, we are temerly distressed or temerly stressed. We try to work out of this building. So, however, in this area of climate change and global warming, maintaining comfort for building occupants is very difficult. But it's also essential. So especially in tropics, tropical environments that is being powered by, you know, extreme conditions. So it's a race of also building structure. Sometimes you see flooding, you know, having impacts on the building. So some of the weather variables or climatic variables that determines, let me say that determines the comfort zone or your comfort limits are basically temperature-related humidity, rainfall, solar radiation, prevailing wind speed. And those are some of the key climatic variables. So buildings in tropical climates should all be orientated to the south. This is just, let me say, summary of what we should be expecting, how we, you know, organize our building structures and the orientation. So in the tropical environment, those orientation, the fastest should always be facing the north or facing the south. Okay, so this is some of the impacts, especially in developing countries. Extreme flooding could, you know, submerge building. Sometimes you realize that even in the, in the way season, you'll find out that purple ponds will have to migrate to different locations that is safe. So it becomes a very big problem. You know, some that still insist on staying. Of course you can see the impacts almost submerging the entire building. And it's not just commonly in tropical environments or developing countries. It's also a prevalence in developed countries. So it's something that affects each and every one of us, no matter where we are. So that is why it's really important for us to learn on how to adapt. So next slide. So this is one of the IPCCG. The next assessment report should be around 2030. This is the sixth, the last assessment report until 2030. And we are trying to, you know, see how we can, you know, achieve the UN sustainable development goal by 2030 and also to have CO2 emissions by 2030. So there is some of the scenarios, the 1.5 that we all talked about. It is the safe haven for us. So if you don't take action and we don't reduce our carbon footprints, we likely get to 2.2 degrees Celsius. And those are some of the impacts you'll be experiencing in the nearest future. Or if you want a scenario of 3 degrees or 4 degrees, it becomes more extreme. Like I said in the video, these impacts and the risk will be distributed to every regional of the world. So no matter where you are, if you don't deal with your residents, you'll be impacted. But mostly in Africa and Asia, I think India is currently in the world's most populous country. So India has some South Asian countries we would experience greater impact. Africa also has a greater impact on climate change. So when we talked about comfort studies, like I said, it depends on the activities that you're engaging in. So if you are doing a hard work, probably you're distracting in your location or probably in the room that you are doing the activity. So each of these temperature varies depending on the human body and the metabolic heat production. And also the next radiation exchange. So it becomes very important for you to assess the climatic condition, the microclimate of the buildings. Probably is a commercial building. That is why this topic is really important because every building is kind of the same. So even if it's in a school, it's still a building. Even if it's an office space, it's still a building. So it could be retrieved and catered anyway. So this is what we talked about, the predicted mean votes is just like a kind of model that is used to assess those scales, the different kind of temperature depending on your physiological conditions. So we have cold, slightly cold, neutral, slightly warm. And warm thoughts. So this is one of the works that Rodriguez and Lajin did in 2011. So very important work that he did in terms of really assessing those physiological conditions based on the human body temperature. So aside from that, there's also the predicted percentage of dissatisfied. So this talks about the number of comfort hours and the number of also discomfort hours. Probably you are trying to calculate in a year or probably in a week how many comfort hours do you have? How many discomfort hours do you have based on the current realities of climate change? So there's also the standard effective temperature, which basically is to evaluate climate conditions that are really extreme. It's really important for countries in the tropics because they experience extreme humidity, high humidity and high temperature. So temperature ranging from a 30 degree Celsius and above and relative humidity ranging from 70, 80 percent and above makes it really relevant to measure the comfort limits. So yeah, so also Mike also tried to do some especially on the various sensation of the sedentary place of property as we are sitting right now. It's very different from when you are engaging in an activity. So the comfort limits of course becomes very high, especially when you are sitting in one place, you are not exercising and all of that. So it becomes really difficult. Then this is also some of the methods of course, aside from calculating comfort limits in tropical environments, they are also methods used in calculating comfort limits in developed countries based on their weather conditions. Okay, so this is the study area. This is Uyo Oban, Southern Nigeria. You can see in the map we have four points from location and this is the building structure. So each of those building structure has similar design and we tried to use some micro-climatic side measurements. There is what we call the slim side perimeter. It was really mounted on those buildings to collect an ambient air temperature relative humidity and wind speed. So those were the three parameters that we really measured. And looking at the transitional periods, we tried to measure it across the two seasons. We have two seasons in Nigeria, the rainy season and the dry season. So we took the measurement for 14 days in the dry season and 16 days in the rainy season and the height of the measurement was 1.1 meters. So we used the Kolei method to estimate the comfort zone, comfort limit. And based on what we had, the lower comfort zone was about 23.9 degrees Celsius and the upper limit was about 29.30. So between 23 and 29, that is the comfort zone. So if you move away from that figure, you are already terminally stressed. So we had some results, very interesting results. We realized that because our measurement was different from that synoptic earth from 9 to 12 to 3 p.m. and also 6 p.m. So we had to measure those variables and also the orientation. Orientation was south to north, west to east, north to south, and east to west. So at 13 and 3, that is 15 earths, we had a high number of discomfort earths, 23, 30, 25, and 30 each of those orientation. So you can see from there, then our comfort earths, we had less comfort earths because it was during the peak of high extreme temperature. So also we tried to look out for the comfort limits at 1600 degrees. So those were just the value. And we realized that when you're looking for those comfort limits, signal variations was really a factor, especially during the rainy period, we tend to have a high number of comfort earths during the dry season. Dry season we tend to have a high number of discomfort earths. So as you can see from these charts, each of those earths were calculated and that is the upper limit, the lower limit of the comfort zone and each of the earths was calculated. So you can see how the changes are shown. Then these are some of the findings. The ease and waste should be shaded, especially since if the orientation is not our south, so we need to shade for passing pooling. So passing pooling was one of the interesting features that we need to adapt into our building. Aside from using aces and other technologies, we should try to use some bio-climatic aspects, climatic factors to really design our buildings. And again, climate proofing, there are some areas that are prone to flood, so we need to look at those areas, probably retrofit those areas to ensure that our building doesn't collapse when there is extreme flooding. So we need to allow urban planners and designers to design their buildings, take into account the current climatic processes. I think we have been saying for a while, but for now that was what we had and the most interesting thing is that you can replicate this study in any area, especially in tropical environments, and you can also use other methods to estimate for temperature and polar regions. Thank you very much. We lost a bit of time at the beginning with the video stuff, but there's a question on the slide I was going to ask. So just maybe a quick question. Does the comfort zone change over time as people adapt to higher temperatures? Yes, the comfort zone changes. As we adapt, depending on the region we are, the comfort zone is just like a standard to measure the weather or the climatic condition in that building. So if the adventure is high temperature, because the limits will have to be evaluated. When we are seeing the comfort limits we also measure if someone is out of the threshold or is within the comfort zone.