 Welcome back to the breakfast and plus TV Africa. We're looking at the first conversation right here and it's the issue of the increase in the fare, the airfares right now in Nigeria. Now the Jet A1 fuel price rose across the country following an 8.5% hike necessitated by spike in international oil prices. The aviation fuel price has been hiked for the thought time in the month. Now the price of Jet A1 aviation fuel has skyrocketed and has affected the ticket fare from 30,000 to at least 50,000 error. The Nigerian civil aviation authority has declared that the fare increase by the airline was in order since airfares had since been deregulated, which means airlines are at liberty to fix airfares and not be fixed by the government. While stakeholders have attributed the increase in aviation fuel to the country's inability to have a functional local refinery that refines the product, high investment in logistics and high cost of aviation fuel handling equipment, among other issues. Meanwhile, the federal government has also said that it's not been informed of the hike in the airfares and it affected by airline operators. Joining the discussion this morning is Tangod Ogawan. He is an aviation expert and also a former vice president of aviation workers. Tangod, it's good to have you join us this morning. Yes, good morning. How are you? Can you hear me now? Yes, we can hear you loud and clear. Hello, good morning. Can you hear me? Yes, we can hear you. So let's start with the conversation now. What do you make of the increase, the general increase? I mean, we're finding that the airfares have been increased. Some people are saying 63%. However, we're looking at 30,000 error, which used to be the regular price to about 50,000 error now for the air tickets. Firstly, I want to thank you for this interview and introduction, increasing the airfares from 30,000 to 50,000 increase and not 50,000 more. Firstly, we have encountered so much challenges on the COVID. Coming out from the COVID over this long period of years were the challenges of travelers trying to wake up. If you watch on the sector of international presently now, we are already having a whole restriction as a result of people trying to get back to their feet traveling. For every good aviation expert, it is not the right time. It is totally not a time that's acceptable. The government in any way will not, for us, I think it is the best time for the government to have a rethink on it, see to the need of where they are already coming from. Traveling internationally, even within the countries, are still picking up and it's becoming a very heat of a big challenge. So I think it is something that need to be revisited as soon as possible. And Nigeria as a whole needs to, they need to see us in a place where we are coming out of the challenges of this COVID and see the need to reverse it. So totally it is not acceptable and I don't think it is a right time. It is not the right timing. So I don't think it is a good time for us as Nigerians. Okay, Mr. Oganwo, so you are saying as an aviation sector expert that you think this is a wrong time for the airlines to increase domestic flight fares. I mean, we're hearing today from the papers that are having the stories, for instance, apart from, you know, green Africa airways, other carriers, namely Airpeace, Arik Air, Asman Air, United Nigeria Airways, Max Air, Air Contractors and Dana Air have fixed their base economy class tickets for $50,000 on a one-hour flight. And you are saying that this is not the right time to throw such a burden on Nigerians. Mercy talked about the fact that this is not a regulated sector and the fact that these airlines are free to fix their own prices. The federal government is saying they're not aware. With the deregulated and liberalized sector like this, will there be anything the government can do to make these airlines have a more humane or economically feasible and acceptable base fare? Oganwo, are you there? Okay, it's quite interesting. We'll try and get back our guests on the line. But mercy, you know, a lot of Nigerians increase number of persons are flying. And it's been clear over the last year that the number of airlines in the country are not enough. The number of local airlines or planes are not enough to even cater to the number of people who are flying by air. Why are people flying by air in the country? I mean, it doesn't take you a long distance to fly or travel, rather, by road from Benin, Benin City, okay, to travel by road from Benin City to Lagos. You know, once you just get from Benin, you get to Aurea. You reach Lagos. You're done. If you didn't take you so long to travel from Benin City to Port Harcourt, okay, but people are not able, it shouldn't take you long to travel from Uyo to Calabar. It shouldn't take you long to travel from Port Harcourt to drive from Port Harcourt to Calabar. I mean, I've done Port Harcourt, Calabar, Calabar, Port Harcourt, Uyo, Calabar, Calabar, Uyo, the same day. You know, it shouldn't take you long to drive from Uyo or Port Harcourt to Lagos. You know, it shouldn't take you long to drive from Port Harcourt to Aba or Port Harcourt to Enugu. But it is a nightmare, a nightmare to drive from Port Harcourt to Abba, not to talk about the drive from Port Haga to Inu. Port Haga to Abba is to be an hour or less. You can just go and come. So people are not driving for obvious reasons. But we have our guests back on the line. Mr. Thangurogawa, can you hear us please? I can hear you please. Can you hear me now? Yes. So we're asking you, is there anything the government of Nigeria can do, bearing in mind the liberalized and deregulated nature of the air transportation sector with these local airlines and what they are facing? Can the government do anything awaiting to ensure the prices, the base fare for the economy class tickets are brought down? Thank you so much. I want to totally agree with you, Macy and colleagues. I think the challenge I still want to say is that the government first should understand that when there is an increase in the fare, it is going to affect the masses. The masses, like I said earlier, are still getting back their feet. Probably, I don't know with the subsidy of the fare, if that can be applicable to the aviation sectors of the airlines, because as it is, whatsoever economic situation we are facing right now, we need to also consider the stakes of what comes in as an income. Nigerians have not yet come out from the COVID. Nigerians have not yet come out from the crisis of how to meet their delinies. If you watch over the past, air transport, like you also said, has also decreased. Today, we have a lot of people going on the roads than using the aircraft. And with the aircrafts, having people being challenged with the issue of this COVID are still struggling to go in. So increasing the effort at this point will not make a difference for Nigerians to make a whole lot of trouble. Yes, it will still center on those who are just on the class. So I think that there can be a subsidy from the government, especially that Nigerians are going to be the one that this will be fully impacted on. I made a reference to the international sector. As I speak to you presently, there have been a struggle of the coming alive of the international sector. And most of these international sectors flights are also connected with the local flights, which in one way or the other, people from other eastern zones who need to meet up with international flights here. We are having a whole lot with the COVID, with the restriction, with various these tests, as I speak to you, many of the international flights have not been restricted, have not yet been removed. The restrictions are still high on them. For those that are vaccinated, even those not vaccinated, as I speak to you, those things are already pending. So I think it would be nice for the government to see aviation sector as a very important sector to also reduce the heat. But let's come to the reality, and that's where the crux of this conversation is around. It's also been already stated that market forces would be determining air tickets, and that's what it is, because it's been deregulized. We're talking about the fact that I mean, airlines have the right to fix the prices because it's not been subsidized. We already know the argument and what we're grappling with. I mean, looking at the fact that for 2022, the government is saying, yes, we're going to be subsidized, and we're looking at 2.6 trillion and we don't have what it takes. The Nigerian government does not have the resources to actually even pay for the subsidy. We will be dependent and boring. And so saying that the government should consider subsidizing the airfares might just be another disaster. I mean, some people say this is totally unfair. Yeah, but if there's no subsidy, let's look at our economy situation. The way how what it takes as Nigerians able to cut off for the rich and the high class, we're already part of the system where the economy system is getting challenging already. I feel that it is very, very important for a balance system to be seen at this critical point of the nation. If we have a balance system where we can be able to manage the state of the nation in addition to the people having a free, okay, let's go to a, let's look at what happens at the international. Hello, Mr. Gawa. Are you there please? Okay, we seem to be having a slight challenge with the network. But Mr. Gawa, if you can hear us, okay, we'll try and reconnect with him. Mercy. He did say that the, the, what do you call it again? The number of persons going by road now has increased. I do not know if that is the case. No, he's an expert. So I would like to ask him some questions because I mean, we all fly by air and we see how the, the sometimes the flights are sold out, you know. And people even, you know, complain of the fact that they don't want to fly by go by road anymore because of the insecurity. You look at parts of the southeast, for instance, look at parts of the middle belt and north, you know, you look at Abuja Kaduna, you know, you look if you, if, if persons have the opportunity to pay 20,000, 20, 30,000, 28, 23, 25,000 on a cheap local flight. I know the cheap ones because we have to go through and do some research. There's some new ones that are really cheap. You know, people prefer to do that because flying, going by road is, is a nightmare. The roads are bad in the country. It's a shame, the insecurity as well. The police are, police have largely deserted the roads compared to before, you know, the, the unknown gunman came. Also, I think after it came back, but with this attacks on policemen, especially in the southeast and parts of the south, south, you have a reduction in number of policemen on the roads. Even in Lagos state, you have a reduction in number of policemen on the roads after attacks on police officers. You know, so this does not allow, give people confidence to move. I know of, I know that some of people who traveled over the weekend within rivers, Anambra and Onitsha, you know, Delta sub axis who, who said simply they didn't see policemen on the roads. What do you see if you travel by road within the southeastern part of Nigeria and some parts of the south, south will be more vigilante groups, not policemen. These are community youth, okay, local boys who are holding weapons and these guys demand ransom and taxes from the drivers. So you have a situation where a driver says, I'm not going to pay you money. What do you do? They'll cock their gun. I have it on record or account, rather, of someone who traveled within Anambra and Delta state, you know, and river states. So that stretch, that cycle, okay, of meeting several, several situations where, a number of situations, sorry, where the driver refused to pay these community vigilante groups money and they cocked their guns. So it's almost become a, I'm sorry to say, a worldwide situation in the southeast. Someone sent me a message and said, Kofi, you know, I saw a human heart ripped out on the road somewhere in the southeast, you know, human heart ripped out, it was on the road somewhere. So I'm not making this up. So the age of your non-gunmen has meant that, you know, some places wouldn't have police presence. It's become less safe to travel in the southeast. You have cases where you have kidnapping, especially on the border between Abya state and Anambra state. It's become a kidnapping, a situation because of the bad spot on the road. So, you know, these are the dangerous people facing traveling and if they have you away, they'd rather go by air. Lastly, lastly, mercy, sorry, before you come in. I would also look at, you know, for instance, you go in home to Calaba. We all know the situation. Right now, companies are advertising, you know, traveling by water from Calaba to Uyo, which is just about two hours or less by road. It's simply because the road is bad. You know, so if you're to go from Lagos to Calaba, would you want to go by road? The answer is no. If you can afford to pay $25,000 there, if you pay ahead of $30,000 there, you'd prefer that so that you don't have to go through the stress of that bad road and, you know, what you're facing. So I think that, you know, the argument of, let's look at the transport sector. We have, you know, the airways, you have the road, of course you have the road and then of course you have the waterways transport system. Although a lot of arguments have been put out that we haven't been able to be very sufficient. I mean, develop these different means of transportation or ways of transmission. Let's see how effective is, you know, the waterways, how safe is the waterways, as much as some people, for instance, like you have mentioned, because of the Calaba tour, that's really horrible, very horrible. And that's a trunk A road. That's a federal government road. And we know in 2015 how pictures were put out of work that's ongoing on that road. That's like a discussion for another day. And you want to ask yourself, so if we have actually developed, you know, the transport system or road infrastructure properly, the airways, I mean, you have road infrastructure, you have the airways, you have the seaways and everything is sufficient. This different, you know, means or ways of transportation are very sufficient. Then we won't have a problem because we would always have a society where you have the halves and halves not. And you can't have that society where there's a quality. Not everyone can travel by air. Yeah. So whether or not there will be security or no security concerns, we also need to understand that some people will not be able to afford to travel by air. You also have some people who can afford to travel by air, whether security concerns are not. We totally have a guest back. Okay. So we have a guest back. But shortly, let me let us show them. Are you there, sir? Thank you so much. Can you hear me now? Yes. Yes. You were responding to a question. Mercier asked you before. We lost the signal. So can you conclude on that? Then we'll ask you some further questions. Sir. Okay. I think if I can remember, when I was talking about the number of people who are traveling on the road and compared to the number of people who are traveling on the air, if you watch over the period of years, most people are still picking it up. So what we're saying is this. So what we're saying is this, you are of the opinion that government should subsidize because the, you know, you already have, I mean, it's already stated that the market forces would determine the airfare prizes. And that's what it is because it is, it's been deregulated. And so the question now is because you're asking that the government needs to come in and subsidize. And the question is, should the government, can we afford, you know, subsidizing the aviation sector and just so that we can have government fixing the price, right, have a regulated price from the government? Can we afford that? Because we're still grappling with the issue of subsidy. I mean, let's not even, let's, you know, bring it to 2022. We're looking at 2.6 trillionaire. The Nigerian government cannot afford that. They would have to borrow this 206 trillionaire, you know, to subsidize petrol. So do you think that it's wise for us to be asking that the federal government, you know, come in and subsidize the aviation sector or the airfares? Thank you so much, Messi. I still want to refer back to the challenge we are faced with presently. If an economy situation of a particular country is very comfortable and okay, I don't think we will be having so much of those challenges as it is in the international world. Most of you have traveled out who have seen that the transport system internationally is the right on a standard way. It's time that we don't even need a lot of people have to fly on the air and even if they have to fly on the air, I am very convinced of what those rates are to travel within international countries. I've had time at least to visit most of these international countries and I've been there for several times. You find out that the train stations are working perfectly. There are road stations that are safe on the road. Nobody is thinking of being kidnapped. I'm just saying of some recent times as someone who wants to go just to the nearby places here, I think it's not. So if you have a safe sector and the system is safe and the economy system is safe, one can be comfortable to say, fine, whatever it is, if people, their salary will be able to compete for it, what is the minimum wage in Nigeria? If the minimum wage is less than the rate of a flight, what they're trying to say is that the common Nigerian cannot use the aircraft. So for a very clear and a better system of the rolling of an administration, it is important for a government to look for a way for the state of the little masses. Society of these years is going to be a very hit on the nation. There should be a room where opportunities are created, minimum wages are increased, to be able to meet to that expectations that needs to be done in the country. So we don't have that expectation. What they do want to go back to the masses and masses will be left to suffer. So I think I strongly believe that the government has a solution for this. A growing government, of course, will have a way out. We have brought the people that have the poor and the senior who have the balance system or increase the road system. Several roads walk on the railways and let there be an alternative. But as it starts today, it seems to be the only alternative for people to travel without being kidnapped. So if we don't have a road system where you can travel peacefully, that must be a way out. So increasing the rate at this point, are you denying the people from traveling? Because with that rate of 28, 30 people are still traveling. As I speak to you today, if you make a booking traveling tomorrow and next, the first can go as much as 70,000, 69,000. That is how bad it is. Those who travel through the first period can say the same thing. So let us be sincere. We don't have the balance system. We don't have a system where people can say, let me go with the road and you are comfortable with it. I don't know if you can travel on the road. I'm sure you can travel from there on the road. I stopped a long time ago. Interesting that you said you have not traveled by road for more than 10 years, but also interesting that you said that in the first period, I think December and New Year, January, some paid as much as 18,000, 90,000 to fly. I personally had to fork out almost that amount of money for a flight ticket because there was basically not an option to travel by road in these circumstances. As to the reason why the A1 fuel has gone up in price from about 400 Naira per litre to 420 Naira per litre, 450 Naira per litre in some airports in Nigeria in Tendiz, Miss Ogao, it's been reduced to of course the exchange rate between the Naira and the Dola. This is what one airline said. I won't mention that of the airline. They said that the least ticket we sold a year ago was 23,000 Naira last a year ago, just 12 months. When aviation fuel was 190 Naira, the official rate was 314 Naira to the Dola. But today, Iforix is available, that's a big if. Iforix is available, it is 450 Naira to the Dola. And when it is not available, the alternative market or the parallel market sells at 570 Naira to the Dola. So it's obviously an economic risk issue. And what can be done to solve this situation? Should we just forget about it and just take it in good faith, or can something be done to solve this situation with the airlines complaining of the forex rate and the increase of course, the ripple effect on the price of A1 fuel per litre? One of the biggest challenges you have had is a case where both the aviation sector, I will want to say over the years, the aviation sector has been one of the most affected in this country and in the world. And it is still affecting us because when it comes to the dollar increase, it becomes a general challenge for everyone in every unit in the aviation sector. Now, the airlines will want to meet their day-to-day activities to enable them to be able to apply safety and apply everything they would need in the process of embarking on clients. When they are not okay, it is obvious that they cannot be able to defy because they also have to apply all the safety rules. To fly an aircraft, it costs so much. I use the word so much. And they pay so much in freeing an aircraft. I have lived aircraft where I know that we are not even up to 20 in an aircraft. It has become a total loss. And I knew how most international flights have to run during the period of the COVID was to run empty because of the situation too. So it is not a case that can be handled or one will say, okay, let them don't travel or fly. But the challenge remains that it is something we have come to live with. But until we have a good economy where the dollar rate can be able to be okay, if the system is a run system, it's going to be affecting generally, it's affecting in every sector as long as the dollar has increased, the cost of each of those flights, tickets, might be exchanged, it will also be affected. So it is going to be a thing that until the economy situation improves, we will still be battling with this. I don't see that something is going to be, something now, if not it comes on who has the money, who have to fly. Just to add to what Kofi had mentioned, apart from the cost, because this increase in the airfares have attributed to the fact that the cost of the aviation fuel is on the high and so you have the exchange rate also affecting that. Another issue that some experts and stakeholders have mentioned or made reference to is also the fact that we, the inability of our local refineries to refine this product. But on the other hand, some people have argued that even though, even if we have a functional refinery, I mean refineries that can refine products and we have an ability to produce, we're not just going to have cheap fuel or cheap petrol and not to talk about aviation fuel being available. So it doesn't necessarily change anything. I'd like to share your thoughts on this one as well, our inability to refine our product and even if that happens, does it mean that we can have aviation fuel available, the cost would drop? Does it change anything? I still remain on, if we look inward and begin to refine all our refineries, the possibilities of when the fuelers are not being, we have an advantage. Now there is what they call the local advantage opportunities. Once there is an advantage of home that we can have our refineries producing this fuel, yes, it can make a great change. I strongly believe that once you are in control, once you have that in your course study, definitely there's going to be an improvement in the country. I strongly believe that but yes, it's going to make a change. Interesting. You rightly said, Mr Oganwo, that the airlines go through a lot to operate and you gave us a sense of how difficult it is to fly one aircraft. You talked about the impact of COVID on Nigerians economically and that this is not the right time to introduce such an increase. But let's get back to that point, which I think you touched on it a little bit, which I think is important as well, that these airlines are basically just scraping by. A lot of Nigerians don't know that these airlines are scraping by. Do you agree with that school of thought? Because I have spoken to one or two industry experts before on flights and they would say the airlines are just scraping by. They're not really making a huge profit like people think and they are really struggling. That's why it's difficult for some airlines to stay in business. So looking at all these and they also suffered effects of COVID-19 as well with a reduction or if a cancellation of flights and the airports were shut down, they had to keep paying their staff and all that and business was bad for them. Should we be more understanding of the airlines with the difficulties they've faced, very hard hit industry in COVID-19 and of course the difficulty not breaking such a business in Nigeria today? Should we be more understanding of them? Yeah, Mr. Kovie, like I said, I've worked in the aviation industry for an international flight for over 15 years. I was also in the forefront of the aviation and with the whole of the experience I've had, in the last two years, the aviation sector was laid out to it. I am still wondering the opportunity that the airlines have and how long they're going to start paying back a whole lot they are all away. If I have not made reforms on tickets, with my experts and with being in charge of an aviation sector, also at a travel home where I'm also overseeing, I had so many clients that have to make reforms of tickets from 2020 and most of those, all of those tickets were refunded full by the airline. Airlines refunded full money back to clients and most of those tickets are... Since we have another network free to Mr. Oganwa, I think if we can reconnect... Yeah, Mr. Oganwa, go on please, go on if you can hear us. We are still paying staffs in the midst of the difficulties. Most of these airlines are yet to return back. I remember most of the international airlines where I work with, they have to loan money from home countries to survive. Most of these airlines we're talking about, for instance, you are all aware that Emirates has not moved on to recent time. They have spent over years and those staffs are still there. They are being paid and the Nigerians majority. So what I'm going to say is that the airline industry, they have to pay their land for needs. They have to buy their aviation costs. They have to pay even in those areas, different incomes. They have to make different payments of expenses. In the last two years, I can categorically say that no airline will be able to say that they are on their feet, as I speak now. Financially, airlines are counting lost. And if they were able, if they were able to succeed in the next years to come, it is when the time comes to know. Because people Nigerians are still trying to be difficult to travel. Don't forget, COVID has taken us to the new normal. The normal, like in the usual days, when you want to go out for meetings, I have to cancel so many bookings of people who want to travel because they can no longer meet up as usual. It has to be a Zoom meeting. It has to be various meetings on call. People don't travel the way it has to be. If you need to travel within Africa, I know how much you have to pay for a COVID test still. And if you come into Nigeria, you have to do a COVID test still. There is a whole lot of challenges that people are beginning to manage travel. So the COVID has been dealt with the additional sector. And the additional sector does not need that influence now. Right now, what we need is a gradual process to rise. It's not like a man who has fallen over two years. You want to rise him up, and you are using a hard strength on him. That man will have to go down again. If you don't manage the sector very well, the clients are the determination factor of the success of every adjacent sector of the airlines. So if the clients can no longer travel, as a sort of increment in the first, that is going to totally bring down the additional sector to be robust. At this time, the government does not need that. At this time, the administration needs to gradually pick up to see how they can meet up. There are bromance. Airlines are looking for bromance. Airlines are looking for people to travel. People are still not traveling late. I know what I'm talking about. I know how many tickets have been put up yesterday. I have to reach a year of 2020. So people are most traveling. So it's not the best time for an incremental first. And even if it has to be, not now. All right. Thank you so much. All right. Thank you very much for your time. Mr. Ogao is an expert and expert in the aviation sector. Also, from a leader of aviation sector workers. Thank you very much for giving us your expert analysis on the situation with Nigeria's aviation sector. All right. Moving on. Let me say it's really unfortunate and really sad. And if you talk to industry experts, it's simple to them. It's a very simple matter. You know, in the time when the economy is going through a lot, in the time when the Naira is struggling against the US dollar, and, you know, the CBN policies have not worked. It's almost become like Tom and Jerry. They're trying to do everything to catch up with the dollar. It's not working. You know, even the blame the bogey effects and shut down. The shallows have been shut down. Still, it's not working. You know, and we're hearing that the central bank is saying they're not going to be giving debt deposit money bags, a hard currency or, you know, forex. You know, so these are some of the things that people are talking about. Where do these airlines, you know, get the money, the foreign exchange, you know, at least on the official rates to be able to access this foreign exchange to now get to pay for the fuel? If they're saying that sometimes they don't have the official, you know, forex available and they have to resort to the parallel market, which will be higher, they have to transfer this burden to someone. I repeat, it's a very, very tough business being an aviation company in Nigeria, being an airline in this country. It's not as lucrative as some people think. I don't even. It's tough. So as much as, yes, we're talking about the aviation sector, beginning from where you actually landed, saying it's difficult to be in the aviation sector. I mean, running a business. It's difficult to run an airline. I mean, running an airline, he said that they're going through a lot and you would even before now, you're not necessarily actually blaming them for what's going on. But I just think that generally, even being a business owner in Nigeria is such a lot of work. I mean, it's so difficult. And so there's a lot of respect for everyone who runs and owns a business in Nigeria, because usually we expect that government would provide an enabling environment. This is what government, I mean, it's just simple economics. There's no rocket science that government should provide an enabling environment where you have the private sector thrive. And then you have these people. Now number one, top on the list is security. There's no way you're going to do business, including if you look at, you know, the country right now, you want to talk about how many persons are investing, local and foreign investors. No one wants to invest money in a country where there's a lot of threat. There are other factors that actually hamper and makes it so difficult for businesses to actually thrive. You know how many businesses have actually folded up. Recently, we're talking about the diesel. I mean, you remember the cost you did this morning, I think that's on 420 or 460. We're talking about an enabling environment. For the aviation sector, it's more about in this instance, you know, why are we as a country still importing fuel? And you look at several sectors of the economy are tied to this thing called the price of petrol, because that is how the economy runs. Since we don't have power supply, you know, until now, we all have to rely on generators, generating electricity, you know, and we have to see businesses have to now get fuel to run. That's one difficulty. The movement of people in goods from place to place, especially goods like food, for instance, it has to be done with cars. Cars run on fuel. That's true. And now the airlines too, they run on fuel. So the question that some people are asking is, why is Nigeria, till this day, with its stupendous and abundant natural gas and natural crude oil resources, still importing fuel? This surely has to be economic sabotage. I mean, it's hard to convince. Sorry, Bessie, it's hard to, I'm just trying to learn, it's hard to understand and to convince anyone as to why Nigeria is still importing fuel today. And that is my problem. That's why you see what economic sabotage. And the people of the country need to ask a question. Why is the country still importing fuel today? After 16 years of democracy, since 1999? Well, that's the much we can actually take at this point in time. We do appreciate you for being part of the breakfast. We'll definitely return tomorrow. It promises to be a great time. 7 to 9 o'clock will be the time. Well, in case you miss out on any part of the conversation, it's all right to follow us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram. Plus TV Africa on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. And do subscribe to your YouTube channel at Plus TV Africa. And Plus TV Africa Lifestyle. I am Messier Boko. Have a fantastic Tuesday. And I'm Kofi Bartel, thanks for joining us. Good morning.