 Essential oils have been used in folk medicine and agro-food science to combat diseases and preserve food, playing a fundamental role in plant protection against biotic and abiotic attacks. Researchers have analyzed their modes of action and components, primarily as antifungal agents, blocking cell communication mechanisms, fungal biofilm formation, and mycotoxin production. This article was authored by Filomena Nazaro, Florinda Frasciani, Rafael Coppola, and others.