 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. We have been studying Ach Sandhi or Vaubel Sandhi. We said that the Ach Sandhi is classified into two broad groups. The first one is Ekasthanika Ekadesha where you have one sthani and one adesha which means one substituent and one substitute. And we said that there are two instances of this type of Ach Sandhi and we are dealing with the first one over here in this lecture as well. To show the nature of this Sandhi diagrammatically, we say that if we have a situation where A is followed by B in close proximity in the Samhita mode, then A is substituted by C. A is the substituent, B is the right hand side environment and C is the substitute. We said that the sutras in the text of Ashtadhyayi dealing with Ach Sandhi can be classified into two groups. The first one is from 6172 up to 6183 and the next one is from 6184 onwards. So, Ekasthanika Ekadesha is covered in this particular subsection, 6172 to 6183. We also said that of this one type Ekasthanika Ekadesha, the first instance is Yan Sandhi and the second instance is Ayavaya Sandhi. In the previous lecture, we studied certain basic features of Yan Sandhi, the sutra which describes or prescribes the Yan Sandhi in the text of Ashtadhyayi, how its meaning can be made, what are the other aspects which we need to closely study when we study Yan Sandhi. In this lecture, we continue to study Yan Sandhi in detail. We expand the meaning of the sutra 6177 and so in doing so, we ask the question what do Ek, Yan and Ach which are used in the sutra stand for. We also saw how Ek, Yan and Ach get formed as Pratyaharas using the technique of Pratyaharas stated by Ashtadhyayi 1171 Adirantina Saheta and then we know what Ek, Yan and Ach stand for. So, we have written that down on this slide. Ek stands for 4 vowels, I, U, RU and LU. Yan stands for 4 consonants, Y, V, R and L. And Ach stands for 9 vowels and we must remember here that we are referring to the sounds which are stated only in the 14 sutras. So, I, U, R, LU are stated in the 14 sutras, Y, V, R are stated in the 14 sutras and in this case we also said that in the 14 sutras, Yan, Y, V, R are stated together with the vowel R. However, this R is there only for the sake of distinct comprehension of the features of these consonants and it is not part of Yan. This is a traditional understanding. There is no explicit sutra composed by Panini to state the same. And then there are 9 vowels, Ach. Now, the next question that arises is what is an uddeshya amongst these and which one is Vidheya? It is important for us to understand this difference. The question would be, what difference will answer to this question bring about or make? This is very important question. So, we rewrite what we saw just now. We say that Ik is uddeshya, Yan is Vidheya and Ach is uddeshya. Udeshya, Vidheya, Bhava is very crucial. Ik and Ach, they are uddeshyas and Yan is Vidheya. What it brings about is the following. And here we deal with the sutra 1169 which says anudit savarnasya chaapratya jaha. What this sutra means is that avidhi yamanaha an, udit cha, savarnasya, saudnya syat. So, what it says is that an and udit which are not Vidheya stand for their homogeneous sounds. What this sutra assumes is that the knowledge of an and udit is already there. Everybody knows what an is and what udit is and when they are Vidheya and when they are not Vidheya. So, an and udit act as uddeshya in this particular sutra and we say that when an and udit are uddeshya then they stand for their homogeneous sounds. When an and udit are Vidheya then they do not stand for their homogeneous sounds. Vidheya is something that is stated anu, uddeshya is something that is already known. Vidheya is stated with reference to what is already known. This sutra 1169 is stating the representation of the homogeneous sounds as something new not known before and it is stating this with reference to an and udit which is avidhi yamanaha and so an and udit act as uddeshya in this particular sutra as well and what this sutra is saying is that when in similar situations when an and udit are uddeshyas they will stand for their homogeneous sounds. So, what are the homogeneous sounds? Let us study that but before that let us study what is an and what is udit. An stands for all vowels also can be denoted by the term ach semi-vowels which can be denoted by the term yan and the consonant her. These sounds are stated from sutra 1 to 6 all of them they are referred to as an and this is something very special because the markarana also appears in the very first sutra and so there is a confusion when the word an is uttered should it be taken as a pratyahara done by the markarana in the first sutra or should it be taken as the pratyahara formed with the markarana in the sixth sutra and there is no clear cut explicit answer to this provided by panini however there are some implications and on the basis of these cues the later paninian grammatical tradition has decided has made a rule saying that only in 1169 an stands for all these sounds. That means only in 1169 the pratyahara an is formed with the markarana which appears at the end of the sixth sutra everywhere else in the ashtadhyay wherever you find the pratyahara an it always refers to the first sutra markarana this is the only case 1169 where an stands for all vowels plus semi vowels plus her thereby covering the first six sutras this is the meaning of an and this is also summed up in a verse in the paninian grammatical tradition which says I repeat now let us look at udit what is udit? udit is an element which has ut that is sound u vowel u as it as a marker so ku in which k is the consonant with the marker u chu in which is the consonant with the marker u tu as ta with consonant u with marker u tu having ta with the marker u and pu with pa consonant having the marker u these are the udits these are the references with u as the marker ut as the it so these are udits so 1169 says that all an's as well as udits that means all vowels plus semi vowels and her and ku chu tu tu pu all these they stand for their homogeneous sounds to put it in brief we can say that this sutra then means that these sounds stated in the 14 sutras stand for their homogeneous sounds or savaranas now ik which is uddeshya as far as ikoyanachi is concerned we know that ik is part of an and so when ik is uddeshya it represents the respective savarna homogeneous sound yan is vidhayya although yan is also part of an now it will not represent the respective savarna homogeneous sounds because it is a vidhayya now similarly ach which is also uddeshya and also part of an also represents the respective savarna or homogeneous sounds so what are the savaranas of ik they are 66 in number in all how we have 18 varieties of e which are savaranas of e how are they formed there are 6 varieties of rasva e so rasva multiplied by 3 varieties of udatta anodatta and savarita multiplied by 2 nasal non nasal varieties ananasika and ananasika varieties and that makes it 6, 6 short varieties of e then you have 6 dirgha long varieties so the dirgha vowel into udatta anodatta and savarita into ananasika and ananasika these are the 6 long varieties of e and the finally 6 pluta varieties so pluta into udatta anodatta and savarita into ananasika and ananasika these are the 6 pluta varieties in all they are 18 varieties of e and the sound e stated in the 14 sutras stands for all such 18 varieties similarly u and ru which are part of ik they also have 18 varieties each and so together they have 36 such varieties and e and u stand for their respective 18 homogeneous sounds lu also has similar kinds of varieties however lu does not have a dirgha variety so excluding those 6 dirgha varieties lu has 12 varieties 6 rasva and 6 pluta all this put together we can say that the savarna sounds which are mentioned in the pratyahara ik are 66 in a nutshell we can say that the substituents the sthani sounds are 66 on the whole now if we talk about the right hand side environment which is ach and what are the savaranas of ach following the same description that we saw on the last slide we can say that u has 18 varieties e 18 u 18 and ru 18 3 rasva dirgha pluta into 3 udatta anodatta savarita into 2 ananasika and ananasika 18 varieties each and 4 vowels so in all there are 72 varieties lu has got only 12 2 rasva and pluta into 3 udatta anodatta savarita into 2 ananasika and ananasika so there are 12 varieties then when we come to a, o, i and o they have 12 varieties each these 4 vowels they do not have the rasva variety short vowel they do not have so we have only dirgha and pluta 2 into 3 udatta anodatta savarita into 2 ananasika and ananasika so 12 varieties each multiplied by 4 and we have 48 varieties of these vowels all of this put together we have 132 ach vowels which are referred to in eco yannachi by the application of 1169 now if we take a relook at eco yannachi we observe that uddeshya ik has got 66 sounds videya yann has got just 4 sounds yann cannot stand for its representatives homogeneous sounds because it is videya and ach which is the right hand side environment which is also uddeshya has got 132 sounds no 2 sets have same numbers previously we saw that ik has got 4 yann has got 4 and ach are 9 and therefore we said that the principle of yathasan khyan maya works the correspondence however after having expanded the meaning of the sutra eco yannachi in this particular fashion where we applied the sutra 1169 now we observe that yathasan khyan naya cannot work now at least technically somehow you can say that well the ik even though they are 66 in number but the ones that are mentioned in the 14 sutras which stand for these 66 are 4 and so we can still apply yathasan khyan naya but that is not technically possible you have 66 numbers of ik and 4 numbers of yann so there is no yathasan khyan naya that can work over here then what do we do then we use phonetic features as criterion for selection of a substitute so in place of the 66 substitute events we have to select one of the 4 substitutes and so we apply the criterion of phonetic proximity this is an important criterion for selection of a substitute this phonetic proximity is in terms of the place of articulation namely sthanen now if we write down the sthanen of ik and of course of yant we find that talu is the sthanen of i and all 18 varieties of i and similarly talu is the sthanen the place of articulation also of i ostho the lips are the place of articulation of u and all 18 varieties of u and also of v murdhan the roof of the oral cavity is the place of articulation of ryu pavel and it is 18 varieties and also ryu danta or tooth is the place of articulation of lyu which has got 12 varieties and also of lyu so now by applying the principle of sthanen, sthanen antaratamahan where sthanen or the place of articulation acts as an important criterion for the selection of a substitute from amongst many we can then choose these substitutes here in place of i, v in place of u, r in place of ryu and l in place of lyu in place of all the varieties of i, u, ryu and lyu with this much information with us let us revisit 6177 what is our input? the input is ik plus ach in the samhita mode in close proximity and then we apply 6177 because the conditions are met are fulfilled and so then after the application of 6177 we get an output in the form of n plus ach in which we observe that n is substituting ik, n is coming in place of ik if we rewrite this rule after having known the application of 1169 we can write the rule in the following fashion the input is ik which are 66 plus ach which are 132 the output is n 14 number plus ach which are 132 so there are these many combinations that are possible 1 amongst 66 and 1 amongst 132 and the resultant form would be 4 that is 1 amongst the 4 and this can be decided based on the place of articulation of this sound ik the substitute n and the match of it with this n and 1 out of 132 remains in its place there is no change in this this is how 6177 can be rewritten now if we study closely we notice that out of these 66 ik sounds for 4 into 6 plutha varieties so there are 4 wobbles i, u, ru and lu and every one of them has got 6 plutha varieties 6, 1, 125 which is plutha pragriha achinityam states the prakriti bhava with reference to those 24 varieties what is a prakriti bhava? prakriti bhava is the absence of the sandhi you don't do the sandhi let the sounds remain in the prakriti prakriti is their own natural form don't change it don't modify it that is the gist so 6, 1, 125 says that the plutha varieties they remain in their prakriti that means there is absence of sandhi so then we can remove these 24 from the list of substituents and accordingly we will have to revise now the substituents now if we look at the ach sounds which are 132 which are the right hand side environment we observed that 54 that means 9 wobbles and 6 plutha varieties each they are stated in the grammar of panini such that they cannot occur as the right hand side environment required for 6, 1, 77 plutha is stated only at the end of the sentence vakyasi tehe plutha udattah and so on so the sutras of panini state plutha in such a manner that it cannot become the right hand side environment for this sutra 6, 1, 77 to apply in general and so we remove those 54 sounds from the list of right hand side environments so now we have input ik plus ach ach is the right hand side environment ik is the substituent and ik is substituted by yen and this is the output this can be rewritten as ik 66 minus 24 and we have only 42 varieties now ach 132 minus 54 so we have 78 varieties over here and this is an input and the output would be yen 4 and ach 78 out of the remaining participants following are stated to be inputs for another operation by 6, 1, 101 the e 12 varieties rasva and dirga plus e 12 varieties so this e can be considered as part of ik and these 12 varieties over here and this e can be considered as part of ach the right hand side environment when this is the situation of course you can say that this is the condition for eco-energy to apply no doubt but in this case 6, 1, 101 applies because of a special mention of the word savarna so this e is savarna with this e and in this case this rule applies similarly u 12 varieties rasva and dirga plus u 12 varieties rasva and dirga and the resultant form is not what 6, 1, 77 says but the output the resultant form would be the 1 that is stated by 6, 1, 101 similarly ru and ru ru 12 and ru 12 and the resultant form would be the 1 that is stated by akas savarna dirga 6, 1, 101 and similarly ru 6 and ru 6 and the resultant form would not be the 1 that is stated by 6, 1, 77 but it would be the 1 that is stated by 6, 1, 101 we observe that there is an intersection of rules that is working here this is what is called as interrelation of rules so eco-energy and akas savarna dirga they are sharing some of the scope so the combination of sthani and the paradimitta partially is being shared by these two sutras similarly we also observe that eco-energy and puttapragiriya achinityam they are also sharing some scope of application eco-energy and puttapragiriya achinityam are sharing the scope of sthani over here and eco-energy and akas savarna dirga they are sharing the combination of sthani and paradimitta and in both cases mentioned right so for example in 6, 1, 101 there is a mention of the word savarna in akas savarna dirga so this mention of the word savarna in akas savarna dirga 6, 1, 101 makes its scope a subset of the scope of eco-energy similarly mention of the word puttap in puttapragiriya achinityam 6, 1, 125 makes it and its scope a subset of the scope of eco-energy and therefore in both these subset of scopes eco-energy does not apply it is these akas savarna dirga as well as puttapragiriya achinityam these two sutras they apply in these subset of scopes to summarize what we have studied we studied how 6, 1, 77 is interpreted in an expanded manner in the tradition of the paninian grammar this included the application of anudit savarna siya chaaprat keyaha 1, 169 and also the interrelation of akas savarna dirga 6, 1, 101 and puttapragiriya achinityam 6, 1, 125 this study of these different sutras and the expanded scope makes the scope of application of eco-energy 6, 1, 77 clearer and now we shall study the examples the individual cases it may not be possible to study all examples where you have all 42 sthanis plus 70 odd peranimitas and poor substitutions that may not be possible but we shall try to study as many examples as possible thank you for your attention