 Norway, sort of central Norway, the third biggest town in Norway today. In medieval times it was a reasonably large town on the outskirts of Europe. It's estimated to be around 5,000 or up towards 5,000 inhabitants in Trondheim in the medieval age and it's situated sort of halfway between Norway and, if I had some of the points, there would be the Bergen down here and this was the main port for export down to Europe from right first from the northern parts of Norway and from down this half way down and also a trading where the ships would have stopped on the way down to Bergen and further on to Europe and this is reconstruction here. See the river coming in that today that river goes through the middle of Trondheim and the city is expanded it's today on both sides of the rivers and up there's the fjords and the sea is further out to the west and this is just a picture of reconstructions how they think the streets looked and the houses were built whether people would have walked around on these wooden wooden pavements or cobbled pavements. So what I've been trying to do for I must be in nearly 10 years now since I started I started by looking at the grave yards and social certification of the grave yards because we so that I'm going to talk about then I'm going on to look at mobility and we have genetic data and and then I'm going to talk about a few individuals from 12th century Trondheim and according to the legislation at the time the graveyard should be divided according to social status where the upper classes should be buried close to the church and the slaves and the lowest should be close to the graveyard fence and it also says that the sex should be separated on the graveyard with women being buried north of the church and to the south and men to the south of the church and for my PhD I tried to investigate this sociologically and look at the evidence of physical stress assuming that the lower classes would be more subjected to physical vapour than the upper classes and look at the difference between the inner and the outer half of the graveyards from four different towns in Norway. Now what I found that the so degenerative changes were more there were more prevalent to the outer house to the graveyards and it also the onset of these changes came at an earlier age so it seems it seems to have been practiced as it says in the laws and also the sexes appear to have been separated at an earlier point but the way the way it looks it stopped reasonably early or before the 13th century anyway. So this was started by when you combine osteoarchaeological material with historical sources at least I think we've shown that the graveyards were socially stratified so when you find a skeleton you can you can possibly place them in the social hierarchy you know what at least if you find them close to the church you would assume they were high status individuals and vice versa slaves are sort of close to the boundary of the graveyard and then and then we did the we did stable oxygen isotope analysis on basically 97 individuals but since this is about medieval stuff I can't say on the medieval on the medieval samples we did because we also did post medieval so we had 40 medieval individuals and what we found that at least at least 40 percent were born outside of Trondheim and during oxygen you can't you can't say you can't distinguish between the center of town being grown home grown up in town or grown up in the near surrounding area so this number might be much higher but at least 40 percent were born far enough away from Trondheim to be recognized by oxygen isotope analysis so and a very interesting thing that I I'd never thought of before anyway that was the movement of children because for example the first molar and the third molar and about yeah about a third of the individuals that have moved in in Trondheim they had actually moved there during before the development of the crown and the third molar before they're late which develops late childhood early teens so there's a there's a there's a lot of there's a significant amount of child mobility so what this what this means I don't know we haven't we haven't gone into this for historical sources and things but you can easily think about the young people going into into the town to work as child labor and that kind of stuff which is not uncommon to die even so and yeah you talk about the direction people came from the vast majority came from the north and from the east and this was also sort of unexpected because we always talk about the connection with the west through the British Isles with Europe and what it seems like is actually the connection is much stronger towards the north and the east than it is from elsewhere and some even though the majority of the people who were born outside Trondheim seem to have been born within the radius of three four hundred kilometers we have people who must have come at least a thousand kilometers away from northern northern Russian areas and they can't that way and there's a there's a one or two people that might have been might have come from as far south as yeah northern Italy or southern France but we haven't looked further into that so you can't really say but they are definitely from the south somewhere and the same four individuals here's the there's the hepler group distribution in the among those four individuals and it's it I say it's quite a very habitable population and when I when I looked at other published data from different places around Europe medieval populations it's at least as varied as any other population I found and this is way on the outskirts of Europe it's not simply located at all so I don't know if this was expected or not but at least it's interesting to see that this is this variety this mix of people have stretched all across Europe really and if you look if you're trying to get some direct look at the direction of the movement the influence in this for these hepler groups you have one hepler group is interesting that's a double you just that's very rare in Norway even today it's rare and and so that's definitely it's found in central Europe I think there's probably you know more about this but but but it's rare in Norway and it seems to be people who come in and there's another sample of 4050 individuals invested a couple years ago and hepler group W was not found there at all so that this might be a new relatively new influence from central Europe and you have hepler group said which also points towards Asia or that kind of eastwards direction and it's also found among the Sámi and has been suggested that this has been brought to the some population from the Volga Europe regions of Russia words and among the the hepler group you have u5b which is typically found among the Sámi as well so you might have so this is interesting enough to see that you have a you might you might have people moving even from the Sámi regions down down to Trondheim and being buried in a Christian graveyard because they wouldn't have they wouldn't have been Christian from they wouldn't have the Christian religion at the at the time so well and yeah look look at this and then we have gone further to look at what the population actually consists of and they are the individuals I think when you get down to the individual level that's when I think it's even more interesting especially from a dissemination point of view because if you're going to make people understand something about the population I think you should talk about individual people and today people migrating today it's not groups it's people migrating today as well there's a we we did we went further into this and this was they were excavated in 1985 and looked like this and this is them to die and what and after and then we got Caroline Wilkinson to reconstruct these people to do the facial reconstructions and these have been part of an exhibition museum exhibition that's been in Bergen for a year now as she was just taken down last week and this this young woman died in the early 20s and she I'm pretty sure she she could have come from that the little part in central Scandinavia central northern Scandinavia inland her east of Belarus could fit in there but that much last year which is on northern western Russia where she could have been born now and by and by the time she had reached her teens she had moved to Trondheim or around Trondheim so she moved this this woman moved a long way before she was before before she was a grown-up and she belonged to the Hepler group H4A which is a central european found in central europe and it's central brevity and northern northern spain I think today so where they so that doesn't really fit with the northern region but we don't we don't know anything about her father of course and there's no reason why someone shouldn't have moved up there but and for this and we would also found genetic evidence of Selma Nella in her bones and teeth so that's what we think she probably died of this is all this is also a woman looking very very different from from from the other the other very petite woman this is a much more robust individual and she she belonged she belonged to the the the Hepler group W5A2B which is only found in Germany this is the only place they found it today at least what I found in the databases so she could have been born in Norway as the isotope values fit with with that but considering the rarity of this this the Hepler group W in Norway and that is only found there I tried to look for elsewhere she could have been born and the only place in central europe or down there she that fits with her values is up in relatively high up in the Alps there's only time to make their measured values this time so over a thousand meters so so if you combine the DNA and isotopes well they say I think that's a possibility also where she could have been born and this this man we think is more local well everything we can't we can't know for sure that is local but there's no there's no real reason to think that he wasn't local and also he has this is a very rare case of actually a healed trepanation in the back of the head which is not found in man in Medieval Scandinavia this is that's very rare to find and I think to have to have an individual being being treated being operated on having surgery done you need you need expertise and you need someone to take care of him because he would have survived for a reasonable amount of time and there's no medical institutions in Trondheim at the time you have monasteries and there's no medical education so I think this also points towards content it shows content either people are moved to Trondheim to Central Europe to maybe to from the universities and study medicine or something or or maybe people with a medical background or could have moved to because I think I think to be able to do this and make this person survive for quite a while you need some more than just the local yeah the local got pulling the teeth or whatever they would have done that kind of abnormally so so this is what I'm trying to sort out the influences in in the population and see where people come from and see and look at that the diversity yeah we use the history the legal history of biology biology paleo pathology high-stop analogy and also facial construction everything and the more we study this population the more I think it looks like a normal modern days of urban population with influences from pretty much everywhere you have also kinds of different expertise and I think the time is there has been a really do you have a minute no no let me drop this