 All right, we're about to go rogue from our pattern here We can no longer fit everything you need to know on this One page we can fit our summary on here the how does this happen? We're gonna have to get a new page and we're gonna have to draw it out and talk it through but the summary We've already got the electron transport chain results in ATP Does anybody want to guess how many ATP molecules do you think we get out of the electron transport chain? And I'm going to say this probably as like a There's a range there's some variation in how much and so the number I'm gonna give you is like an ish It's about this much ATP not exactly maybe a little bit more maybe a little bit less And that's fine. I'm not gonna be concerned about exact numbers, but make sure that you know what your Instructor is wanting from you because Sometimes they give you exact numbers and then they they want those numbers. I Wish you were all here so I could hear what your guesses are like are they super high or are they super low? Do you think like five ATPs are coming out of this thing? 10 thousand Not a thousand 28 28 ATPs Almost three times more than we've gotten anywhere else in the process Two times more our total almost number of ATP that we have generated through the whole other process 28 ATP are gonna come just from the electron transport chain What are the other things that we've been keeping track of in the whole process we've been going where does this happen? We're gonna have to draw a picture in order to figure out where this whole thing is happening and then we've been keeping track of the number of enzymes involved and I'm gonna say that there's one enzyme involved and a pile of Transporters, but you are carriers and you tell me if you agree with that. I I'm like Trying to put it into a box, but you can tell me what you think of that Okay, so where where is this happening? Well, oh wait, let's fill this in we Produced no additional electron carriers, but like I said we got 28 ATP molecules No carbon dioxide, but go ahead take a wild guess. What do you think is gonna happen with water? We're gonna get six water molecules out of this thing and I'll tell you right now There's oxygen involved because we haven't seen where we used up the oxygen that we breathed in We haven't figured out like what happens with the oxygen oxygen is super important Here's where this happens I'm going to embed proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane and This is the electron transport chain now I Can't see those and that's like not even close to being big enough for me So I'm gonna have to draw this out much bigger But that's our location This inter membrane space is an important part now, I'm going to take a little like I don't know a snapshot of this piece of Mitochondria and I'm gonna blow it up so that we end up with our outer Mitochondrial membrane are you cool with that? Which means out here is the cytoplasm of the cell and I'm gonna include the inner mitochondrial membrane which means this is the inter membrane space Which is a really important place In that inner mitochondrial membrane. This is where we had those proteins that are Embedded and I'm gonna draw them totally diagrammatic my friends This is not what they look like and in fact, I think I might have a Picture of what they do look like somewhere around here Nope, I'll have to go find it for you so I don't make you dizzy looking for it I'm also gonna go ahead and just move my label My inner mitochondrial membrane label are you cool if I just move it down there so I can draw more stuff And I'll Point to it like that Because there's one other thing I want to draw I Want to draw our single enzyme and I'm gonna draw our enzyme like this There's a reason I'm drawing it like this Okay, this enzyme. I'll tell you what its name is first. I was trying to figure out like how I'm gonna make this story so exciting it's ATP synthase ATP synthase is an enzyme embedded in the inter mitochondrial membrane and Maybe take a minute What do you think? ATP synthase is Going to do what is this enzyme gonna do? Well, I'll tell you it takes a DP plus P and It turns Them into what do you think? ATP this is how we get our 28 ATP molecules ATP synthase embedded in that inter mitochondrial membrane Makes it happen makes it rain Thank you very much ATP synthase From ADP plus P. Where did that come from? All the work that you're doing in your cells all the transporters that need ATP to make stuff happen They're all using up a molecule of ATP and what results is ADP and P and those ADP and P's Travel to the ATP synthase go through the process and become ATP once again. We're just recycling this stuff Because matter can't be destroyed. We're just gonna reuse it We're just gonna take the little Lego pieces and make something new because ATP is like gold So if we can make more of it good gracious, this is an excellent idea. Let's do that Okay, who are the players that you would go wait a minute how well like what how is this even possible? Who's providing energy For ATP synthase to do the work of building ATP because you know that's gonna require energy, right? Right, of course because you're gonna have to rip the P off of a water molecule and Then somehow stick it onto the ADP in order to get like kind of an unstable ATP molecule So where does the energy come from? Well, we just spent a whole lot of talking time looking at Transferring the energy from the glucose molecule into our electron cars all 12 of them are gonna come and What do they bring in? They're bringing high energy electrons to the electron transport chain It's about to get wild Because watch what's gonna happen The electron carrier sidles up to protein number one I don't like where that one is placed These are not their names. These are not what they look like and I'm simplifying just so we can grasp this weird entire process Along come the electron cars Bringing their electrons their high energy electrons and they transfer the high energy electrons To the proteins Now here's how I envision it. Here's how I imagine what's happening The electron carriers have high energy electrons. They pass the electron to the first Protein that first protein grabs those electrons and in that transition in that passing There was some energy released It's almost like those high energy I mean really I think of it this way that we have these high energy electrons that are high like they have a lot of potential energy and then we pass them downhill and More energy is released They're not really being passed downhill, but this is just the way that my brain visualizes like how is this possible? It's all electron energy Awesome. I trust that But the visual of passing them downhill I can be like, oh, there's energy there. I see that now What are these proteins going to do with that energy? It has to do with ATP synthase and its function Might seem weird to start with They use the energy. Oh My god, this is so cool. They use the energy to pump Hydrogen ions or protons into the inter membrane space So a question where does the energy come from to pump? Hydrogens in hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space It came from the high from the high-energy electron carriers Where did the energy come from that was in the high-energy electron carriers? It came from the glucose molecule. Oh Where did the energy in the glucose molecule come from? It came from the sun That's the next story that we're gonna tell in the next lecture in the meantime all 12 electron carriers show up to this first proton protein and Say here's some energy Take these electrons pass them along and all they pass them along and they create a Hydrogen Ion gradient Now You will see this Also referred to as a proton gradient and if you think about it a hydrogen ion a positively charged hydrogen ion is the same as a single proton So either way you want to say it is fine. I don't know which way I say it more often I think having the little H there it I'm describing it as hydrogen And I think that for me makes it a little bit easier. So now I've created a High concentration of hydrogen ions inside a lower concentration of hydrogen ions outside Do you are you seeing any hints? Are you like whoa? Wait a minute. We're building into a story What it we've created a concentration gradient and If you were a hydrogen ion and you just got pumped into the inner membrane space with like jillions of other hydrogen ions all around you What are you gonna want to do? You're like dude get me out of here and in fact Guess what your only exit is is Every topic the best topic in the whole world like how amazing is this? The only way out for these hydrogen ions is through ATP synthase and when they go out ATP synthase I'm not exaggerating or joking. There's like a little wheel in here and They spin the wheel And they leave and The little wheel inside the ATP synthase Now that's where the energy comes from The ATP synthase takes the energy captures the energy in that little spinning wheel that came from those hydrogen ions Rollin through there because they want out and Uses that energy to just to make ATP 28 ATPs as a matter of fact Now has anybody anticipating we haven't gotten to an important part of the story Anybody anticipating a problem here? Well, here's the problem Those electron carriers can only hold two electrons I mean the chain the the electron the electron carriers can only hold two but the proteins in the electron Transport chain can only hold two electrons at a time so if we had all of these Electrons here all these proteins have electrons just like I visualized here our Process backs up actually do you agree with that because look our electron car shows up It's got it's like dude. I've got electrons for you and that first protein is like Somebody take these because I there's more down there. I'd like to get those but I don't have anybody I can pass them to Guess what oxygen does? Take a deep breath and thank your oxygen oxygen is the final electron acceptor and You the whole thing would back up all the way to glycolysis If you didn't have oxygen as the final electron acceptor and if the whole thing backs up You're not gonna get 28 ATP out of this process Oxygen comes in accepts those final electrons Guess what it turns into True story it turns into your water molecules The oxygen collects a couple of electrons collects a couple of hydrogen ions Puts it all together and voila now we have a water molecule If we go through the whole process we'll end up with six water molecules. Where is my? List oh look there I already put it in there that our six water molecules come out of the electron transport chain Do you feel like? Oh, that's perfectly clear. It makes complete sense, of course It's definitely a story and in this next Piece of this lecture. I'm gonna go through a little animation visual that I created That's review if you look at this whole thing in your life home kid I do not need a review right now. I can totally visualize what's going on. I've got the pieces down I've got the crazy cool diagrams down. I'm ready to go Skip the next section, which is the animation review But if you want a visual review of the whole thing from start to finish That's what we're gonna do next We're not done After that review, we're gonna look at Aerobic like we're gonna look at the consequences of not having oxygen and then we're gonna look at some other things that can feed into Cellular respiration not just carbohydrates not just glucose we can use proteins and fats as well