 Actually I was on a farm when we raised about two acres of raspberries and they were uh I loved raspberries because they were you didn't have to bend down so far to pick them it's just like these little precious red rubies and they're so delicious and the story I remember about raspberries is that how they were so easy to sell and so like I remember one morning Saturday morning we picked raspberries and I drove like 200 pints of raspberries down to the Minneapolis farmers market and I gave them to my brother Joe he's 15 years old it's okay Joe here they are I gotta go park the truck and I'll be back in a minute to help you sell them so I came back and literally 10 minutes later I was there I was gone 10 minutes I come back and Joe doesn't have any raspberries left and he was just like I said Joe what happened and cause they found me and a swarm came and it all sold out sorry she's been talking about that's exactly what I told Joe I said Joe I can change the price make it he said there was no time to change the price there's a huge group right there swarming them so that poor guy but that just tells you how unbelievably delicious raspberries are and and they are a cold hearty fruit but and I'm so glad we're talking about that this year because the fate of raspberries in North Dakota you know could be is really at risk with this spotted winter softball you mentioned earlier tonight with the June berries and so let's talk about raspberries tonight and we're very fortunate to have our high-value crop specialist from North Dakota State University Harleen Hederman Valenti is here to share with us some tips on how to be successful grown raspberries so Harleen welcome to the forums thank you Tom and thanks for the invitation yeah on my way over here I almost died I'm hurrying because I thought I was supposed to be here and ready to talk at 750 and I saw it was like 742 and I was like oh my gosh so I'm I'm scurrying on the hot on the sidewalk and this gray squirrel was in the trash can jumped out of the trash can as I'm just walking by I just went ice cream did and everyone's looking at me I said it was a squirrel yeah but everyone just kind of kept walking like crazy woman on the sidewalk but anyway so so I'm much calmer now that I was about five minutes ago so we're gonna get started with this I also I didn't grow up with as much raspberry experiences as you have perhaps Tom you should be talking here and but both my grandmother's and we had well we had more strawberries than raspberries but both my grandmother's had raspberries so and red raspberries and I grew up in northeast Nebraska and so and what what Tom said is true is there are a lot of cultivars of red raspberries that are hard enough for our growing here in North Dakota not so much when you're talking about purple and black so just a little bit you know so there's purple there's black raspberries and then they cross the black ones with the red ones and they got purple ones black raspberries are a lot less hardy and so so the purples are kind of in between and I know here we have been growing amesis for a while and that seems to do pretty well unless the rabbits decide to go and and girdle all your canes on campus but otherwise not so bad so I kind of talked about the three types and there's also the yellow which you'd say wait that should be four types but you know the the yellows are actually reds without that red pigment so they're grouped with the reds and and then there's two fruiting types and so you might have heard primal cane fruit bearing and fluorocane fruit bearing and as you can see the fluorocane fruiting ones are the ones that are typical that way back when that I grew up with in which these stems come up as primal canes they're vegetative they go and then set the fruiting buds in the fall and the following year those canes then fruit flower fruit and then they die and so the whole thing with raspberries is you know after those fluorocanes are done fruiting you cut those out and then you keep the other ones the whole thing about the red raspberries and I'll probably get to that versus the purple and black is also kind of intriguing but anyway so now our primal cane fruiting raspberries they actually fruit at the tips of those first year canes and so they'll you know what generally people do is they'll cut them to the ground in the fall or maybe early spring and new ones will come up and on the ends they'll bear fruit flower and fruit late later in the fall now you could go and actually keep those that lower portion and they could go and bear some fruit as in a fluorocane fruiting one but not a lot of times takes a lot more kind of work to do that so and so the fluorocane fruiting ones are generally called those summer bearing and they'll bear more in the summer months and then your your primal cane ones bear a fall bearing or they also call them ever bearing because you could keep them over and get them in the summer and fall so here's a picture as you can see if I was to ask you which ones are the fluorocane fruiting ones here during the season you would say it's the ones that have that woody stem and the ones with the green stems are the primal canes and so they won't fruit until next year okay where's the best place to go and plant these raspberries I think it's really important and the most important thing is full sun I remember riding bike by this one area and they had a nice all I'd say it was a 10 by foot by 10 foot square and they had probably 20 raspberry plants in there and for probably eight good years I never saw a single raspberry on those in fact they never got more than about like this they're under this deep shade and you know I don't know why the homeowner thought hey let's go and plant this under this big maple and elm tree and think that they could actually get some raspberries but after eight years they gave up and they so they seeded it to grass so but you also would like to have a well-drained soil they don't really like to have I guess waterlogged feet and so so it's very important that you have well-drained soils now you will need to supplement as you can see there about an inch inch and a half per week from flowering to harvest because you know they aren't taking up I mean that really determines how big you know genetically the raspberry is you know the size of the fruit is determined genetically but it can be altered by lack of water and so just like any fruit if you do not give it enough water you're going to have smaller smaller fruit so you want to make sure you really give it enough water during that flowering to harvest time you also see I tried to put that down on a more small basis on how much fertilizer and that's just basically we're looking at the nitrogen that we would be applying to those plants most of our soils have ample amounts of phosphorus and potassium I know we're removing some when we harvest but you know there really isn't much of a need and there's a lot of recycling and mineralization occurring so it's really the nitrogen that can go and leach out and that we need in a much higher amount and so with our full sunlight we would have a better chance of getting some air circulation but you also want to go and make sure that you don't have this all packed in so that the leaves stay wet for a long period of time there are a lot of diseases that raspberries could succumb to and so good air circulation is going to be really good now that doesn't mean you want to have a jet turbine blowing through there because they also as you can see are sensitive to desiccation so if you're in a high wind area then maybe you have to provide some protection so that you don't have that 40 mile an hour wind just blowing them around spacing as you can see reds we're putting two to three foot apart our blacks and purple that's what the BL and P you are mean that's four foot apart and you might say well wait up why are we doing that one can't we put them all the same and this is where I get to talk to you about how the blacks and purples differed from the reds the blacks and purples really set more of a crown system and so they kind of stay in their place the reds mmm they have a very I have more of a creeping root system and so they like to spread out they like to fill in that's kind of good especially in the northern areas and so but that also makes managing them a little bit more difficult and so you could do a lot of things for trellising a lot of commercial operations will use a T or a V trellis something just to keep those canes upright and not snagging clothes as much as possible you know there are some of them that don't have well as many thorns as others and definitely raspberries are a lot kinder than blackberries which like to just grab you and actually almost bleed you to death but so but you you don't necessarily need that T and V trellis you can come up with anything really if you want it to they are self-fertile so it isn't mandatory that you have to have bees there to pollinate but bees will help with the pollination and actually I think it's really kind of cool to have you know that that the raspberries say they're helping the bees as well with the with the pollination we will need to prune annually with those fluorocane ones you got to take out those fluorocanes after they're done with the primal canes you can take everything out that makes it a lot easier and so a lot of times when you have these commercial operations they'll just go and mow everything off with the primal canes instead of picking and choosing all this one and that one rabbits love to nibble cane bark and I mentioned that already we one year well on campus here we seem to be growing a wonderful herd gackle I don't know but a lot of rabbits and and they made this water reservoir where I had some grapes at one time and those things just love to go down there and then they come out and they're like oh great we got protection in this little hole and then we can come out later on and we can just eat all the raspberry canes we want so you have to be careful of something like that okay so I'm not gonna go through all of this I think everyone has this for a handout so and we were talking about how we wanted to stay on time and that there's a big basketball game that some people may want to watch and so but I put this picture you know recently there's been this you know kind of like a surge in the the thornless raspberries that you could have on your patio and so here's one example where you could go and actually be be growing that it's in a container and so there's a couple companies more in the Northwest Pacific Northwest that are really kind of pushing this kind of thing and so I think everyone would like to be able to go and have their own little raspberry container and maybe don't have that kind of space to go in and plant that in their backyard so here's an alternative if you want to try something like that you can see all this other stuff so I'm going to go and pass over that and so that one was for the the flora cane fruiting ones and then these are some of the things for that your primal cane fruiting ones and so you can see the list is much shorter a lot less management I think or you can do it quicker because of the fact that you know they you just go and mow them off or you prune them all down in the fall or in the spring and start all over again and well we don't have a lot of Japanese beetles yet but you know hopefully we will never have a lot of Japanese beetle problems but you know that is one of those insects that we have to be watching for and you can see where the and this is something that I think one has to consider you see the harvest time that August through September and knowing some of the growers that have primal cane fruiting you know more of a commercial situation this really has been one of the downfalls of the primal cane fruiting one cultivars for North Dakota is okay so August September well we know how cool our September's can start to get and so with that cool weather you're not getting the kind of rat rapid ripening that you will when with the flora cane ones that you get earlier so things slow down and then all of a sudden we have a freeze and then we're that's it and so I've seen where they've done some of the season extension with high tunnels with raspberries fall-bearing raspberries and have been able to really go and and get a lot more of a yield than they could and you might be able to get that accomplished in your little in an area in your backyard where you might have this microclimate but that's something that you have to be careful about okay so here's some of the pruning with our reds you can see on well would it be on there your left you're looking at it too well we're analyzing this whole thing and so and you can see how that fills in on the one of the left and then how you would prune to those six to eight flora canes per foot so you get that air circulation you get that sunlight like that on the other hand your your more of your crown ones your black and your purples you can see how on the left hand on the right illustration the left hand plant where you have the flora canes and then you're going and you're pruning those back to about five to nine per plant because they more stay in a plant not so much that you get this hedgerow that you do with your your red raspberries and so this is all flora canes so and so these are the second year what you would do now as far and you know that's why this was sent to everyone is because there's so much information and I could have maybe narrowed it but you know I think selection is good and to try some things and and see what works in your situation but this came from the University of Minnesota and were their recommendations but you know so they have some descriptions and some comments and you can see the zones the hardiness zones and so most of North Dakota is in probably more three than four North Dakota is mostly for for now yes in the global warming okay or they just decided to kind of reschedule things but so you can see if you think you might be in that low pocket where you might go and have more problems or something like that you could go with a zone three but you you see the large selection that you have for the reds I also put up their Norse farms I think they have a great selection of raspberry and other plants but they I think are a very reputable source for for plants now when we look at yellow raspberries there aren't near as many but on that one oh and and perhaps they did it on the yes so anytime you see that asterix like on left Latham and autumn Britain those came as recommendations by Tom and so and so and so and Polanna so and you can see the difference between the floor cane and the primal cane ones in there so now with the yellow and is the one that has been recommended prime primarily and and really has wonderful taste that we have it out at the abstract farm and and I think it's very tasty nice size berries and everything when we go then to our purples yeah see things kind of slimmed down really quickly there's probably a few more like I said emesis but the problem with emesis is I got those from Jack Carter and they actually that was an introduction by an Iowa State professor I'm thinking about Nelson back in the 1960s and so so finding something like emesis is very difficult the only reason I have emesis there on campus is because of Dr. Carter having that and wanting me to go and propagate it because he liked it but royalty and then when we go to blacks really those are the only two that most everything else is zone five so you can see how if you want to grow raspberries you got a lot more selection if you go with the reds but then comes this little thing spotted winged or safflower or SWD as a lot of people like to say because they don't like to have that mouth full much easier to go and roll SWD off of your tongue and that arrow shows a little larvae that are in raspberries and the thing that SWD differs from other fruit flies I'm sure you heard is that they can actually put their eggs into fruit and unlike other fruit flies that like rotting fruit these guys attack and gal gal gal let's not go into the sex of SWD out of my range there but anyway so what happens is when you pick that fruit if you see some red on the receptacle you probably have SWD and that the they're starting to the eggs have hatched and they're starting to break down the the food and to feed them and then the larvae will grow pupae come out as a little fruit fly so it's a real prompt we had Dr. Kathy Demchak from Penn State last week or weekend before talking about small fruits for high tunnels and we said so what do you have to you know she said in high tunnels you can you can actually use some exclusionary netting to kind of keep them out but she said we just tell them you know two things you have to go and really pick things clean all the time do not let anything get overripe and drop to the ground because you're asking for more problems so pick things clean thoroughly on your picking rotations and if you have anything that has fallen down make sure you pick it up and get it out of there and also refrigerate your fruit ASAP immediately because that will slow down that whole thing of the eggs hatching and the larvae growing and then don't look at the fruit just pop it in your mouth okay so but we are looking at a lot of strategies we're trying to understand more of the SWD are there certain fruits that it tends to migrate towards now I don't have anything scientific with this but I had a couple raspberry growers not commercial growers which had red black and purple and they said they really liked the reds also knowing that the first fruit that we found SWD was red cherries their sour cherries kind of indicates that they might have a preference for red over other colors but Kathy probably said they did go into Juneberries and Juneberries I doubt if they you know well we don't know maybe it was when they were red instead of when they turn purple but they found them anyway so it's really I guess a pest that we have to learn to live with and we have to learn figure out ways to you know more culturally what to do because I'm not a big proponent of spraying a lot of insecticides I'm as low key and as sustainable as possible and would go without that and probably just say close your eyes and pop it in your mouth and actually frozen fruit then make them into you know blend them up you'll never know a little extra protein not that you're anybody building with that but you know it's all good so okay here's some traps it's a vinegar trap that they use and an indication of whether or not what you have there so a good way of monitoring and we did actually Caitlin Krueger went made some of these at the high tunnel workshop and was giving these out to people and so with that okay I was close a little bit we're doing just fine yes some questions for you how about picnic beetles any recipes for how do we deal with a picnic beetle you know I I think the same thing those picnic beetles anytime you leave over ripe fruit you're asking for trouble and once they come in then then you're really it's difficult and so but again they're more attracted I think by sense and so that really ripe fruit attracts them and yeah isn't that the special thing about Spidewinger safflower is that they will even go after the under ripe fruit whereas the picnic beetles really target over ripe fruit so painting beetles are usually much easier to manage but that SWD is definitely a problem yeah but they might target the under ripe fruit but if you go and make sure that you pick thoroughly pick anything that's ripe and make sure you remove everything that is ripe they showed how you could really reduce those numbers substantially for the SWD with SWD and definitely for picnic beetles which to me a couple questions on it so just yeah that's good and I'll let me also throw out that we got a nice publication about integrated pest management of spotted winger safflower that is all the details on the past and chemical both the organic options and synthetic chemical options for you um let's see what else we got here do you know like you mentioned those container raspberries do you know where you could get those would like you mentioned Norse before would that be a source for them? I thought it was something like something creek out of out of Oregon but I would think you if you Norse might I just remember when we I took the I went with the Hort Club and we went to several nurseries in around the Portland area and the one was talking about how they're working on the containerized actually raspberries and blackberries let's see here you mentioned how the SWD's might like the reds what do you think about yellow do the SWD's fly away from the yellow raspberries it says here did I was gonna say I you know we don't know I don't know so I how about SWD is a matter of concern any information about how to how does our winters affect the past can they survive the extreme cold of North Dakota yes well they keep coming back yeah one sad thing you know about them that they have come here and they have established themselves and you know okay so maybe they're not surviving right there where that cherry tree is but you know if there's a bunch of leaves and they're underneath those leaves and we get all that snow you know or by buildings that are staying warm and and not that minus 20 that we're getting so unfortunately you know there's plenty of nooks and crannies I mean I even see ladybug surviving all winter so about are you aware of anybody using netting to control against spotted wingers software that's be a very fine mesh yes it's very fine mesh and the only ones that I know that are doing this are more of the commercials operations where you know perhaps they're trying to be completely organic and they you know it is kind of pricey and and so and if you have a high tunnel then you don't need near as much to put over but even with the high tunnels in there looking at okay you got to have a area where you walk in and then make sure that they're not you don't carry one on you and you know so there's a whole bunch of protection that needs to be done there as well and so do you know when's the best time to spray the fruit and when's the best thing to put on insect traps okay so your insect traps would have to be there before your fruit starts to ripen and then you have to really with any kind of insecticide make sure you look at that read that label thoroughly because they all have a pre-harvest interval and so and you have to abide by that because they've done all this testing to find out you know when those residues are within the tolerance level that they've been registered for so if like malachi on has a three-day harvest restriction then that means you have to wait three days before you can harvest those so read the label carefully it's a big decision maker for you probably have you ever heard of the variety called souris s o u r i s I've never heard of that one it's a sour is never heard of it Oliver County so you might have to Google that for maybe you're like something from Canada maybe never heard of it it's not a popular variety at least the pupa stage of SWD what does that look like well get that publication small it's small that's for sure yeah oh the other thing I want to also mention you know I mentioned malachi on it's really important that they really stress if you're going to make any kind of chemical applications to try to control SWD you have to rotate your your modes of action you don't want to go and have resistance to a certain insecticide so rotation is important don't use the same one all the time okay well there's more information about that particular variety souris it's named after the souris river near my not purchased from plant perfect okay well there don't know anything about it but better Google it to find out if I'm a caner I would get the floor game but who knows this person has an older patch over seven years old it's dying back what can we do it or we invigorate it I would practice all those steps that I had on there and things to do and wonder if they're pruning regularly I wonder if they're letting too many and and not thinning it out and so I think there's been a number of studies in which they kind of you know that recommendation is because you know you could let more but you're not going to get any more fruit it's just going to be the smaller so they've kind of figured out the optimum plant population to get the best size fruit because I mean yeah you can get 30 or you can get 10 and that they'd be the same weight but I'd rather eat the 10 than those 30 little ones and the other thing is that when people say they're planting is dying back I often get Troy the would you like to talk about that I haven't done any kind of research on the viruses but I know you know most of the commercial growers will only keep probably three years maybe five at the most because of viruses and and that raspberries are very susceptible to a number of viruses and there's a number of diseases the phytophthora that also causes a lot of problems and so so to have a real old planting probably the disease buildup is just causing a lot of problems I agree with that and I look for usually the call I get they talk about crumbly berries and that's usually the first sign of viruses are moving in there's no cure for a virus and so we just have to start a new planting what else we got here of course I'm I'm sorry I'm showing my not north quarter roots I don't know how plants serious as in serious river sorry about that it was developed by the Morden research station so many years ago it's an improved boing type and the boing is very very widely available boing but maybe maybe we got to do some research on this service tied maybe it is superior I figured it maybe not of the river it had to be because we didn't have any breeding it had to be from Canada there how about does anybody else have any questions for Harleen okay hearing none what thank you Harleen for your presentation thank you we've got to start our raspberry patch now very excited about that