 so as yesterday we have discussed i told you that we have we have to give some industrially important reactions so that you will have an idea what kind of rate expressions they use industrially important catalytic reaction okay the first one very famous one is ammonia synthesis all of us know that okay so the rate expression okay first of all the stoichiometric equation is 3 H 2 gas plus N 2 gas giving us 2 NH 3 gas so catalyst is okay so the rate expression for this are equal to some constant K partial pressure of N 2 I may write some time partial pressure sometimes I think concentrations also depending on which I got from the treacher partial pressure of H 2 to the power of 1.5 divided by P NH 3 this is one term minus K 1 dashed partial pressure of NH 3 1.5 this is one equation yeah so next one again most of the time I have been telling this is sulphur dioxide oxidation of sulphur dioxide reaction is SO 2 gas plus half O 2 gas SO 3 gas and you know V 2 O 5 vanadium pentax I yeah the rate expression for this that is available there are many types of rate expressions for this is some other constant K partial pressure of O 2 divided by SO 2 P SO 2 by P SO 3 whole to the power of 0.8 minus K dashed partial pressure of SO 3 by partial pressure of SO 2 to the power of 1.2 so this is equation 2 good so then third one which you may not know that much is oxidation of nitric oxide oxidation of nitric acid so the reaction is NO gas plus O 2 gas giving as NO 2 gas catalyst here is silica gel silica okay NO nitric oxide oh oxide is good I am happy you are not slept you are alive okay good so this is the one for this the reaction is R equal to R equal to partial pressure of NO square partial pressure of O 2 divided by okay I think I will write A plus B partial pressure of NO square plus C some other constant partial pressure of NO 2 yeah where A equal to 0.005834 and B equal to 23.63 and C equal to 0.03268 so this is equation 3 yeah another example is okay ethylene chloride ethylene chloride from ethylene and HCl yeah so equation is C2 H4 plus okay gas plus HCl gas giving C2 H5 Cl yeah here the catalyst is zirconium oxy chloride you see things are getting complicated on silica gel so I have to write separately catalyst is zirconium oxy chloride on silica gel okay so the rate expression correspondingly for this is okay C2 H4 as A and HCl as B otherwise in the subscript I have to write all this that is why and C2 H5 Cl as let us say R okay now the equation will be R equal to some constant P A P B minus P R some other constant whole thing divided by 1 plus capital K A P R by K P B plus K B P B plus K R P R plus units that is equation so this equation is 4 good so one more 5 is okay catalytic hydrogenation CO2 2 methane catalyst is not known yeah but the reaction is CO2 gas plus 4 H2 gas giving us C H4 gas plus 2 H2 gas the rate expression is catalyst is not known some constant K partial pressure of CO2 partial pressure of C H2 to the power of 4 1 plus K1 partial pressure of H2 plus K2 partial pressure of CO2 to the power of 5 very very peculiar equation yeah so one more also I will give you for SO2 because to tell that if the catalyst is changed rate expression also will change okay so for sulphur dioxide oxidation again yeah I think there are some values also given here so this reaction is at very high pressures pressure is 30 atmospheres yeah and temperature is 314 degree centigrade you see how accurately and of course some values are given for K 7 of course corresponding units we have to take depending on atmospheres there then just to give you an idea K1 equal to 1.73 and K2 equal to 0.3 okay good so next one is sulphur dioxide oxidation again this is 6 SO2 oxidation of course same reaction but this time it is platinum catalyst SO2 gas plus of O2 gas this is platinum giving SO3 gas so rate expression is some constant K partial pressure of SO2 partial pressure of O2 divided by 1 plus K1 partial pressure of O2 to the power of half do not get sleeper because next surface test may be all this okay so that is why if you sleep then again tomorrow you will feel bad K2 P of SO3 we have another term here P of O2 again half so this is equation 5 equation 6 okay another one again for SO2 oxidation okay this is one of the oldest equations that are used directly I am writing rate as K1 partial pressure of SO2 to the power of half partial pressure of O2 minus K2 partial pressure of O2 to the power of half partial pressure of SO2 minus half so this is equation 7 and I mean you may get bored with all this writing but I think you have to really appreciate it is like E-transfer course where most of the time we write the correlations student may get bored but I think behind every correlation there is a big story that you have to appreciate that story okay so similarly here we have written all the equations you may be feeling bad that why this fellow is writing all these equations right but behind all these equation every equation there is tremendous amount of work right for example you see for oxidation of sulphur dioxide SO2 to SO3 there are 3 first of all if you change the catalyst your rate will change okay rate equation then totally there is no relationship between equation 2 and equation 6 and also equation 7 that is purely empirical that is what yesterday I have been telling you know purely empirical the bottom one that is one of the oldest one given by one professor called Calder bank I think he is from Finland or so okay yeah so like this you have to develop the equations and then what you learnt here is there anything coming out of all these equations what you learnt the methodology so the moment you have this particular reaction then you have to write the mechanism that mechanism is your imagination model is always your imagination please remember that model is in the mind and experimental data is real and you know every persons mind will be different so the way I imagine for a model you need not imagine so that is why unless model is proved with the experiment no model is right okay it has to be proved by the experiment at the end so that is why you may have thousands of models but finally data few data points must be necessary to validate the model this is American education you know they write 1000 models and one point data point and Japanese are totally opposite they are also opposite other side okay they are western these people are where east and you know they have almost zero models and infinite data Japanese so that is why their industry and all that is on solid based on solid you know experimental data Germans also like that they do not worry first about the models first they worry about the experimental data how accurately you take and then depending on your capacity you can have any type of model model is a physical representation but there are models where from first principles you develop that no one can change whoever develops that must be same first principles means taking the basic phenomena into account what is really happening what is really happening it cannot be different when I look or when you look or when someone looks it should be the same so once you know the phenomena then start writing the equations like simplest example is same thing what we are doing you imagine what is happening how the reaction is taking place then you write step 1 mass transfer step 2 diffusion step 3 reaction okay whoever observes definitely there is a mass transfer step definitely there is a diffusion step definitely there is a surface reaction step right so mass transfer equation there is only one whoever writes right only constants may change depending on conditions and all that right diffusion again same we have always we take only fix law if it is multi component diffusion then you go for Han Sagar you know the other famous one for multi component Maxwell and before that was it there is a Stefan Maxwell equation okay so that we use and surface reaction again our imagination surface reaction is nothing but all these okay so that is why I think modeling of this LHHW kinetics for catalytic reactions is one of the really toughest jobs and there are people who specialize only to evaluate those constants again you need many many mathematical techniques and then I tell you from the beginning chemical engineering was a science and the first engineering magazine which is science is chemical engineering science I do not think any other civil engineering science was not there recently they started but from the beginning 1950 itself they have started chemical engineering science journal you know Dan Quartz was one of the I think Dan Quartz was the first or I do not know I do not remember but Dan Quartz also was there for long time as an editor but the first editor I do not know so chemical that means everything is based on science but you know scientific engineering okay we have engineering scientists and scientific engineers you know the difference Swami hello you are in the class no okay tell me because matrix no you just sit down and then you look at me but you are there somewhere okay only thing is this chord is missing what they put here what did I say first of all you see that is why unfortunately I am a good psychologist looking at the people I can interpret many things unfortunately they are right most of it I am right yeah scientific engineers engineering scientists what is the difference yeah is that so calculating scientific engineers and engineering scientists okay Shukumar is not looking at me oh yes seriously thinking tell me the difference between that these two okay yeah good yeah engineers who use lot of science are called scientific engineers and scientists who use lot of engineering yeah engineering scientists that is difference I do not know I do not know somewhere in between somewhere in between okay so that is why from the beginning I think you know why I told this one was lot of mathematical techniques are first used only by chemical engineers because you know civil engineering is most of the time empiricism even now because even though they beautifully calculate all the things using structures and all that by the time it goes to that mays 3 what do you call him mays n yeah so everything all the theory goes whatever he believes he has to do you will do it so whatever theory you cannot go and tell no no stress is different he has strain is different all that you will say this below is mad and then you may throw you may throw us out also okay so that is why I have been telling also I think they use a lot of factor of safety and the other extreme is aerospace engineering okay where they cannot use much factor of safety but in between we are somewhere but we are towards a row okay yeah really I think you know how many beautiful plants have been constructed based on total theory for example fluidizer beds and all that unless you understand theory you cannot design okay you cannot design you can run you can put some solids and then send some gas till it fluidizes and then you can use it but scientifically running the plants okay that is why I just wanted to tell you all these equations are very very tough to evaluate okay and this constants evaluation is one of the really toughest jobs I think good book for this also is chemical engineering kinetics by J. M. Smith you heard of that Kavya used it what is that book again tell me I will write here chemical engineering kinetics by who J. M. Smith who is J. M. Smith by the way J. M. Smith J. M. Smith J. M. Smith as you tell any other book unit operations J. M. Smith is different he is not J. M. Smith yesterday you told one name M. Smith and Van Ness that Smith also is J. M. Smith he is good in thermodynamics and then kinetics both are connected most of the time and that his book is very good book very good book taking the real industrial problems and solving whereas Levenspiel book is like Indian movies all fiction fantasy wonderful problems that is why we like it okay yeah and unfortunately J. M. Smith book is like such is their movies no one will see because he again shows only the same hut and lighting will not be there and people will not have any time clothes okay only minimum clothes that are possible okay so this is a kind of movies he shows because anyway every day we are seeing that we should again we see the same movie that way people will not go whereas here I think you know Rajini Kanth the moment he moves his hand like this hundred people flying staying there for sometime no gravity okay gravity also is hit by you know Rajini Kanth gravity also is afraid of Rajini Kanth that is why it won't allow the people fall they will stay there for sometime only when he says like this they fall all of them wonderful fantasy no yeah that is the kind of fantasy what we have I think similarly in Levenspiel book he gives wonderful problems like that I don't know you used Levenspiel only right the remaining bit little bit you used okay I think there are wonderful book even Sherlock Holmes problem also is there in Levenspiel yeah fifth chapter and there is one Sreakai's Magoo yeah who is a betting guy okay he bets and then he wants to win and all that so wonderful all there is a French war French and UK I think war that is in the ship ship naval war naval fight okay that is between I think UK and who wins and all that that comes in what is multiple reaction multiple reactions so that's why this book is very good James Smith I think if all of you know that that's fine I don't have to write and it seems always James Smith is very sad and also tells it seems no my book no one uses Levenspiel book everyone uses okay that's why recently also someone was telling me always but I think a thermodynamics book is excellent book and this book also reality wise and particularly the catalytic pot he has done wonderful work the catalyst chapter not only catalyst chapter most of the heterogeneous chapters are very good in that book so that is why please see that I may also give some problems from that okay good so this is the one what we have and yesterday also I have been telling you that okay there are some more things here this equation can you check whether it is according to the actual theory equation 5 only thing is it is not it is not what it is not reversible it is only irreversible reaction although we have shown it there because that is what next one I would just want to ask you because if square is there you will not get this kind of equation okay today also you could have got similar one okay there will be that will be simple plane k a k b k b r k 1 k 2 k 3 like that only so that means it is not reaction control okay so like that we can get some ideas some ideas we can get in fact I told you know the noble laureate Airtel I think 3 years back 2008 2009 2010 may be 2009 or 2008 he got a noble prize for the surface chemistry catalytic reactions where he has given mechanisms for the you know what is that CO oxidation CO 2 CO 2 and also ammonia is ammonia model is fantastic ammonia model is very very complicated because hydrogen when it goes and sits on the active site it again dissociates it becomes H plus or so I do not remember exactly H dot or something they put that entire mechanism he has given Airtel ER TL if someone if someone is interested if you go to his website he has given all this data all these models okay ER TL I also have that paper with me I think if you are interested I can send it to you otherwise that becomes e-pollution unnecessarily you have to store and then keep it there okay ER TL Airtel his name we also wanted to invite him to our institute but I think trying because we are now we want to start now noble noble laureate lecture series I am looking after that I think you know we are not able to get this February itself we are supposed to get one person but no one accepted of course we only started January December end we started so that is why probably they are busy so every year we would like to have two noble laureates on the campus who will stay here at least three to five days okay because they are busy I think five days they may not that is why we are also attracting them telling that you know you can also come with your spouse yeah trip so spouse means they may stay one more day two days two more days okay here so I think right now no one accepted but him also we want to Airtel also we would like to invite him okay because I think that at least we thought that that will into our students when they when I think the program is that the noble laureate has to discuss even with students okay and faculty separately and faculty students together and one general lecture who will invite even outsiders from the city that is popular lecture popular lectures I think some people will give beautiful lectures noble laureates so that is why I think I really like that of course he is not a noble laureate Stefan Hawking the brief history of time I think you have read it yeah you read it yeah I think after reading it definitely I changed my style of teaching okay in the sense that anything can be described in words like a story he is like Dinbey the way he writes wonderful simple examples and the way he expresses okay it is fantastic I think I read the brief history of time at least six or seven times and it is like a novel the moment you start you cannot stop till you finish it so thrilling yeah second book grand design also I read and then before that that also I have right now I have to read that now so I think you know that kind of great people when you read definitely we change our attitude of how to present things and another person who changed me was you know without you would have not known by observing okay there was one person I think he is authority in the world on heat exchangers from Schrunder from Germany Schrunder he is excellent in heat transfer and mass transfer and he has got a this big book on heat exchanger design okay he came here and then he started giving lectures for I think on drying on drying one week we also attended that was long time back I think may be 15 years back or so we attended actually that was for industry where in Savara hotel you know Savara hotel yeah so in Savara hotel they have conducted this course for three days for industry so I think he came here first and then he was with us for some time and then someone he was also casually telling we do not you also come and sit so we went in fact myself and professor A R B A R Balakrishnan and also another two people professor Verma there was another person professor Subbarav these two people retired for and more I think mechanical engineering professor Srinivas Murthy is there now he is emeritus professor he retired last year so all five of us went really I loved that the way he was explaining is German and he was speaking English I think the three days he has not uttered not even one German by mistake one German word that is the kind of control he has on the subject okay that means you know that concentration otherwise if I go to Delhi now and then trying to speak Hindi Tamil words will come okay and I do not also Tamil that is also there okay so that kind of thing we have you know that concentration is not that much for me I am telling myself so he was always trying to take one single particle and then trying to find out the drying kinetics for one single particle and then extend to larger cases very small books in Germany has written heat and mass transfer books very not more than 70 maximum 100 pages I have that books with me the way he explains things and till then I was thinking that I think drying experiment we know only taking a pan hanging it and then trying to find out what is the drying rate curve for single particles and then this single particles is extended for it can be beautifully extended no pepper drying in Kerala that is one of the biggest problems I mean we press solar system and sun and then we just try to do the solar drying I do not know now also solar drying is done or technically they are drying now yeah so in this pepper drying very interesting thing is that if you dry too much in a dryer you know the oil also pepper oil also will evaporate and he has shown mathematically with single particle and all that how to dry without leaving without losing much pepper oil and this is true for not only pepper and you have that close you know yeah so that drying all that it is wonderful it is a really fantastic person and suddenly I met him in Germany when I went last time I think that is 2003 he came to that institute for giving a lecture so he was retired but still very active then I asked him sir how are you you may not remember me but I think you know I attended your course you have come to 80 madras 80 madras he remembers and then I was asking him sir what are you currently working on he now says that drying is very interesting phenomena you see last 30 40 years only drying for him okay apart from general heat and mass transfer and then he says that now when you take a porous particle indeed it is drying it seems inside that pores you have convection what is the size of the pore and then you know you can imagine that what kind of convection you have in that pore and that it seems influences the drying rate now I am working trying to develop a theory for convection within the pores see that interest I say that is the passion for them and when compared to them where are we in our country we do not have that passion we do rituals from children onwards we know how to do rituals correct no without understanding going to temple and breaking coconut and if someone asks why are you breaking coconut I do not know because it breaks I am breaking okay so that kind of argument you know like that we do not know mother father mother father you know grandfather grandfather grandmother and all that we know but every time we go and put something to them even after death and we do not know the logic so like that you know our mind is never allowed to think allowed to grow allowed to question this is the problem that is why we are not able to create good you know academicians in this country because from the beginning everything you are told everything you are told I know even when you are writing the examination mother and the father tell you how to write the examination and they will choose our subjects they will choose our food they will choose our clothes okay and they will tell us how to walk how to talk everything and you become clones of them because original thinking is not there that is why you see even the cow or buffalo after the birth that calf will never stay with that only till milking period that is all after the milk is over this is separate that is separate afterwards it cannot even recognize I do not know whether it recognize or not mother father we should also be like that after milking throw that fellow away or throw that girl away so they have to come on their own when they are coming on their own then they become something no it is too much that is the reason I think you know that freedom is not there for mind that is why we are not able to do anything yesterday there was a good discussion on NDTV also about I think what is wrong with Indian science or something that I think that is the title yeah I think it is everything starting from childhood onwards it seems Raman after Raman there was no there is no what is that noble prize in this country okay I mean people who went abroad they got it that is different they are the citizens there okay Indians one person was telling I think he is very good I think he may be journalist he was telling that it seems only in our country Raman that spectrum has never been commercialized it seems all other countries they have commercialized they earned lot of money because many equipment was developed based on that and we did not do that we do not know how to do that also okay and again same thing same thing I think in what I told also people were telling that you know we have to give freedom to the our children we have to find out their talent and allow them to you know go in that direction but no no for everyone for us our family always either engineer or doctor as if there is nothing else existing in this world correct no if both of them are not there then something else okay that is why that minister minister seems to be intelligent person I think I do not know forgotten his name science and technology minister not then not capable someone else I think maybe one science minister he was talking some Kumar I think or something he was telling the same thing you know we never allow our children to grow and I think this has to change a lot in the country and he was telling that there is a lot of money now it seems only 0.83 percent gdp we are using for research which is very very small okay and chena is using 2 or something like that yeah yeah and we also want to copy chena and then you know we are also trying to use next plan 2 percent gdp that is lots of money even now we have lots of money but where is the passion passion is not there but money is there huh I think you know desperately I am trying to get increase of stipend particularly for ms phd they have increased already 20,000 now almost 18 20,000 okay 20,000 is a good amount in hostel okay yeah 8000 is not 8000 is not but I think mhrd is not willing to increase that not now last 2 years desperately I am trying even 2 weeks back I talked to director when I was going to dillies or please talk to them but unfortunately what happened was ms is only in IIT madras and IIT dilly it is not a general problem of all IITs that is why they are not increasing they treat this one as an another mtech equivalent so that is why 8000 8000 equivalency is there okay so that is why that passion you know some of sometimes I also talk about this the reason is where is the passion for you okay after coming here would you like you know anurag any time after coming here you thought that you want to be an excellent chemical engineer tell me very frankly why sometimes yeah when do you get motivation when I like something reading something when I am reading something I am really liking it see life is not that every day it is thrilling some days it will be boring and some days it will be thrilling but only on the day when you are thrilled then if you say that you know you know I like it then the next moment if you are not writing exam some other subject you say I hate this subject because you have not written the exam so that is not the one whether you are able to do well or not well passion remains as passion that kind of passion I am asking I do not think even 1 percent of all of Indians I am talking I am not talking about you we have that passion but whereas that passion is there for movie actors artists and you know players like again cricket is up and down nothing but again tennis players that passion is there you can see that musicians you know the Sanya Marja you know Mirza Marja okay Mirza you know how many hours per day she practices you do not know yeah go and see some TV movies you know TV sometime back about her it came it seems 7 hours 8 hours also she practices every day now if you read 7 hours 8 hours every day my god I think you know you can get everywhere yes yes yes okay do you do that we never 8 minutes is very very long time for us to read per day 8 minutes I can tell you with concentration okay chess players for example how many hours they play and musicians and you would have seen musicians like that you know Bimshen Joshi that kind of people they come to stage and then just sit down okay they just look like that and then go to that world that is all they close the eyes they forget everything and then you know they will be singing singing singing singing singing days months years also if you do not stop them that is the passion where is the passion for you to sit down before CRE book and then till I come and pull it out you are still there before CRE book impossible no so that is why I like that movie avatar avatar all of you seen but I saw some good things there you know I have you know avatar you saw no yeah what did you like in that picture again passion is not there even for movies you should have passion I said yeah one thing I liked there is you know this pigtail yeah use report yeah that pigtail taking and then putting into whatever they want you know either horse or the tree okay or the bird bird also automatically that combined that you know joining together that bond that is fantastic for me I mean I would like to do that you know there is a book called aries very tough book you know chemical reaction engineering book introduction to chemical react analysis that book is very very tough if I have that I would like to go and then put it there okay because so that I will be become part of it that is how what you have to do every the moment you entered IIT if you are a chemical engineer we should have chemical engineering as a port okay all of you should come and then take this and then attach there then you will become part of it then only it is possible that is the kind of passion that is why I like really that movie you know fantastic I do not know how that this fellow got that idea James Cameron wonderful idea he got yeah because that much time is required you know for that passion you know because another told you also you would have worked for that and also he said that you know the technology was not enough for that movie to be taken when he first thought about that that is why he waited do you have that kind of ideas about thermodynamics about CRE or about mass transfer anything I mean I have this problem I would like to solve this okay and in the class that fellow loosely explained so let me solve this that kind of passion do you have no absolutely not happily taking you know textbook before one midnight one night then afterwards writing the examination next day feel as if you are a total stranger for that subject all of all the students it is not only you or me you know all the students I am telling okay so that is why I think at least that passion at least I think I do not know how many people I have changed but I think I have been telling this many many times okay but they enjoy and then go out and then again forget okay we will stop here and then in the next class we will have this step one and step two mass transfer step okay film control or film transfer and diffusion control both of them we will take and then see how to develop the equations for that and combining those equations with this equation okay this is the equation this equation also called intrinsic rate equation because there is no mass transfer or heat transfer coming into picture okay so now using this intrinsic equation how do we now use how do you develop equations if mass transfers are controlled two mass transfer steps okay that we will do next class good thank you