 So let's get started and I would like to remind you that we will have two hours class today But on Friday, there will be no class, but next Tuesday and next Friday and Yeah, so let's see. Oh, sorry There will be classes next week, let's have this ready and we'll continue with this one I I Decided to a little bit speed up and Cover many of the subjects that pertain to the sort of pre 1990s a little faster and expecting you to make your readings for better understanding All right, so it is essential that you make your readings from this book Which I thought I lost it and I found it somewhere in the on the shelves of my library at home So please Try to sort of catch up if you have missed any classes and the podcast of this these sessions will be available As far as I understand starting from today Yeah, and if you missed any of the classes and if you saw missed me and then you can sort of watch the class deliberations on the internet, so And as far as I understand anybody from around the world can watch this, right? Well, so we're teaching the world so that's a good opportunity and you can take more roles if you like by Getting involved in the discussion taking part asking questions making comments If you like you can turn to the camera and make yourself known to the rest of the world. All right So we were talking about Basic Developments of the yardsticks a sort of the fundamental stones in the history of the Middle East There are quite a number of issues that we cannot cover of course all of them And this is not a department of history and it's not a course on the history of the Middle East But we are going to talk about as far as we can at the end of till the end of the semester on security issues and since today Middle East constitutes one of the most important topics in international security, of course We have to cover as many issues as possible extending from proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Overarmament. I don't know if you noticed last Friday. There was a TV interview right in the middle of the campus Which is going to be broadcast this Thursday actually on territory Haber and territory of us The first one territory Haber will broadcast on Thursday evening at 11 p.m. In the evening and Territ hours will broadcast on Friday evening at 10 p.m. If you like to watch because we discuss with together with Samid this Who is a prominent? Journalist and who really covers Middle East security issues as well as other security issues quite closely and has a Really huge background of knowledge and we discuss the arm sail From the US to Saudi Arabia which amounts to 60 billion dollars and this is the biggest single most sort of arm sale amount and the history of US arm sale as far as we know So therefore there are too many issues terrorism is one of the most important issues that we cover and When people think about terrorism Middle East they think about Middle East and things like that so History is indeed history so it's there. We cannot do much to change it But we have to understand of course history and history of the region as to why things are now happening the way they do I mean or why sort of groups are behaving The way they do in the Middle East and also outside of the middle Especially after 9-11 Some of the developments that were taking place are also seen in other parts of the world where Middle East has some common denominators like Islam religion as to what impact that might have on the rest of the world on The world's security international security stability and things like that. So therefore we have to go as fast as possible and Because I cannot give you every single detail about the history or Or the diplomatic history of the region and it is up to you to read the Chapters that are assigned from this book the one that I mentioned last time as in my opinion You may agree this I agree with me, but I believe most of you will agree that it is a rather balanced book when it comes to Covering Middle East politics in the Middle East history because they're basically as I mentioned before two sort of approaches one approach Issues from one's perspective the Israeli perspective or Zionist perspective the other approaches the issue from our perspective so and try to emphasize certain things or Undermine certain other things. Well, of course, they may still be counted as scholarly work well to some extent depending on how you Interpret this and how what I expect what do you expect from a scholarly study? But this one I strongly recommend for reading As I said chapters are available and the pages that you will be expected to read are indicated in the syllabus you can go ahead and Read them, but before we get started with from where we left last time. I want to know if You guys are coming together and discuss issues pertaining to simulation and especially Members of Jordan and Saudi Arabia are there any one of them here? What about Jordan Jordan? Jordan just you and what about do you know who the three other people are? Please get a copy or check your emails I must have send this as an email attachment and figure this out and as to whom are your Team members because otherwise you will have to be representing Jordan all by yourself You have the list, but you don't know who he or she is all right So well, of course, I'll make a final notice I'll send an email and those who will fail to show up next time meaning next Tuesday Then they will probably be dropped from the simulation list and that 25% will be off right so it is up to everyone's Expense so to speak in terms of grades if they don't if you don't show up regularly If you just put the burden on the rest of the team members Then of course you cannot be qualified to take part in the simulation and therefore you might have chance to get this 25% so this is not a punishment But on the contrary this is something that aims as in protecting the rights of those who act regular like regular students so we cannot let people to just Exploit this all right so and one of you meeting I guess where is a oh, yeah, you send me an email to set up a discussion or Meeting in my office today. Well, I will not be available during the break because I will have class in the afternoon But in the meantime, I will have to go to the city but I will send you emails and Sort of indicate this five or maybe ten minutes Slots, which I will try to make during the breaks. I mean during the lunch break Well, it will not cover all of your lunch break So it will cover only ten minutes of your time during this one hour break from Half past noon to 1 30 so any Next week, maybe on Tuesday or Wednesday or Thursday. You will have to come with all the other members of your team to my office and you should be able to Both verbally and also in written. I want it also in written not in you know Very much detail, but just at least maybe in half a page or some maybe just one page Indicate as to what you have done so far starting from we had our first meeting for instance on such-and-such day and we sort of Decided to share the burden among us and I will be representing so we decided on whom to represent for instance, I mean, I'm just throwing right from top of my head so Therefore you will have to both in written and also verbally Submit or give me kind of progress report So that I see you work on the subject because this is the best way to learn things and as I said at the beginning for those who missed I would like to repeat you are not going to be Sort of representing of course only your country But you will sort of a learn a lot from listening to others But also in due course while you will be making this research You'll have to know about other countries sort of foreign and security policy priority So therefore it is something that will be Helping you to learn many of the things especially as they pretend to the present-day situation also by making some reference to the more recent past So that will be a good experience for all of you as far as I understand All right, we covered some parts here so far and we talked about the rise of Nasser to power and that the impact of Nasserism or well something that like this still exists. I mean as I said Baking 2006 when I was in Cairo for a conference. I had an opportunity to just you know make some observations and also talk with Scholars experts from Egypt. We talk about many things and by the way at that time As an anecdote a part in parentheses something as a footnote not necessarily directly Relevant to what we are going to discuss today, but something important for from our perspective is that on two different occasions to Egyptian professors one probably during at the breakfast and the other Lady during lunch or dinner just they came to me and both of them said exact almost exactly the same thing Which was? They said actually in the Arab world. There was a new trend that and that is back in 2006 There was a new trend among scholars in terms of in studying as to whether the Arab world made Injustice to the Turks to the Ottomans by aligning themselves with the imperial powers great powers I mean Britain in the first place and in France after having seen what these powers Have been doing or have done in the Middle East especially during the two Iraq Wars and more recently 2003 and onwards. So there was this search All source her soul searching among the Arab scholars They said not only in Egypt, but in the Arab world in the wider Arab world There was this somewhat a regret for what they have done to the Ottomans in terms of aligning themselves with the great powers just to Expect liberation from the Ottoman rule and at what expense so it is good that people can sit and talk about or discuss the their history with an open mind with its sober mind Approach and also as with as much objectivity as possible. Of course objectivity comes from You know verifiable facts data based on scientific research On in the archives in in memoirs and other things which what we call primary sources So it is important Well, this time again in two weeks time. I'll be again in Cairo for again sort of Middle East secure related Conference, and I'll see if the situation has improved any and Well, we'll see and I'll discuss this subject with my Arab colleagues. Okay, let's go back to this the impact of NASA one important thing that we could just Or a few things about the impact of Nazar first on of course Egypt And Egypt's foreign and security policies, of course under the NASA rule Has have taken a different shape and we had we see here There is this non-aligned sort of attitude and Starting from the refusal to join the Baghdad pack This is an important development and also not only Egypt itself But also other countries under the influence of NASA they stay clear from the Baghdad pack and Which was something that was formed back in the early fifties under the sort of eyes know a doctor in which suggested local or regional countries to get together and Sort of in in groups to stand firm against Soviet expansionism The United States would not take active part in these groups But would give strong support backing from outside That was the plan and Baghdad pack was a was an outcome of such a doctoring so Again, of course There are many many studies books on Nasser's personality. We're not going to go into detail I'm this is even even this much is too much a detail for the purpose of our course But it is important to understand as to what kind of leadership he Displayed his sort of He had during his time and what and why some or certain things have happened Because ambition is something You know somewhat dangerous if uncontrolled It is good if you have a target if you if you have an objective And it is something that motivates you to work towards it and sometimes that achieving this goal might be difficult So you might have to motivate yourself you may you should have a certain degree of ambition But over ambition if you make certain things or approach in an obsessive manner Or if you cannot control your ambition, then you can you are more prone to make mistakes So because in a sense ambition Blinds one's eye and therefore you may not see the truth or whenever you have to see it so The Suez canal crisis again details are everywhere just click on the internet that just Google it right Suez canal You will have pages of information So but what matters from our perspective what what is essential to understand it is something that we even yesterday There was a whole day meeting on You know secure related issues somewhere in the city and one Italian participant sort of Constructed analogy between the goals policy back in the 50s and late 50s and Present-day turkeys foreign policy with respect to sort of thing well I don't think he was right. I know I'm not going to go into its details But what is important was that when Nasser proclaimed this nationalization of the canal because He had an arm steel. He wanted more arms to strengthen itself against of course Israel in the first place and for regional prominence and and because Nasser distance himself from the Western world It was not possible for him to get these arms from the United States or Britain or Friends and therefore this arm steel was Stensibly on paper with Czechoslovakia, but behind the walls. It was Soviet Union So but and in order to finance this he needed fresh new resources financial resources and one way to achieve this objective was to Get the revenues of the canal all by himself and the only way to do it was Nationalization of course that was not acceptable Not only for you know economic or financial reasons, but for strategic reasons for political reasons economic reasons So therefore the West especially French British and Israel Reacted and they just you know made statements that that would not be acceptable and that Statistical exanter must be sort of established, but Nasser was firm Anyway, we we see there was an offensive Against Egypt by a combined offensive by Britain France and Israel against Egypt But what is interesting to note here? Even though Nasser distance himself from the United States And even though on the other hand Britain France and Israel or the two or three key allies and Israel all the more So I mean allies of the United States United States just did not accept this offensive and he intervened and together with the Soviet Union the two superpowers sort of Not necessarily having very good time in their relations. They both did not like this intervention so that was in many respects the turning point in history of the Middle East and also in in the world because yes, it is true that the United States was Possibly the only country which really survived the the second World War without much damage If you exclude of course the US soldiers who lost their lives and the Pearl Harbor, but other than that physical damage and loss of lives They were not as significant as the situation in Europe and elsewhere in Japan or in In Southeast and Pacific etc Even though it was the United States which sort of as I said emerged as maybe the Single most important power Together with the Soviet Union by Soviet Union had undergone the destruction of the second World War and but the transition of Rather world dominance if I may put it that way From Britain to the United States did not necessarily take place until this Major event. Yes, Britain, of course face all this destruction sort of had to heal Its wounds after the World War two. It was neither economic nor political Not at all me entirely in a very good shape, but after all remember great Britain was The you know a great power for so many centuries from east to west so but And what we have seen after the World War two Of course in stages not all of a sudden and it takes time in especially international politics in politics as a whole All such Transformations and we have mentioned in the beginning of the semester that there was this decolonization process And Britain had to withdraw from you know its colonies from territories that it sort of controlled for so many decades centuries India was one of them out of which Pakistan was born and we now see what is happening there so But the United States or that was a landmark event in the sense that its sign and seal the United States Uncontested supremacy is at least in the Western world So United States impose its own political will on his two major allies And of course Israel with this event so and since then United States is now since then it has been Accepted as the world Superpower together with the Soviet Union, but for the Western world the most important country in the eyes. Well, there are certain of course Consequences of this one of which was the goals reaction in France the goal was a very conservative person and one of the Most anti-American Poetations that you can you could find at the time there are many more nowadays But of course that one of the consequences was Maybe accelerating something that was still on the way the French atomic bomb for instance after 56 the French So that they would their security could not depend on the United States they did not want to depend on the United States and Not to be sort of a too much depend on the United States not only Immunitarianly secure secure device, but also politically economically so they the goal accelerated the French atomic bomb project which actually culminated in the Detonation of their first device in 1960 so within four years time Maybe they have gone much faster than they would have otherwise Had this event not taken place and in Britain, of course the consequences were again quite significant Well, there was a cool air between the two but still Britain and Israel I exclude France here Israel and Britain are the true strategic partners of The United States because there is this talk in Turkey Turkey being the strategic partner of the United States I don't think this is the case. Well, some people might wish might like to see it that way or They're sort of understanding my sort of Suggests it depends on what you understand from strategic partnership of course and Maybe Turkey and the United States are strategic allies. This is true within NATO, but strategic partnership is Different it means you have to Look almost every single major and also maybe less significant Developments in the world from the same perspective through the same window and Sit and talk before one of the parties take action Decide on what collaborative action in cooperation with one another No, what you know, they have to sort of do or they have to take so this is this is important and therefore Britain and Israel have been and still are and will most like to be in the foreseeable future Strategic partners and they sort of devise their foreign and secure policies with much Consultations with one another and this is important Just is a footnote. I wanted to talk about this Of course even though well there was the Egyptian meetery was in difficult situation because Israel had again landed its paratroopers on the Sinai Peninsula. They had advanced to certain targets Sorted French and British armies The Egyptian army was not in a good shape. They were not winning the war They were not losing the war. They were losing their man air power and land power but after a US intervention the war had stopped and Nasser emerged as a hero following the crisis because well people do not make all these Calculations as to how many tanks or how many aircraft one lost or how many men they lost as to who is the winner Who is not but the perception in the Arab world in the Arab streets was that Nasser was so powerful that he sort of compelled the United States and the Soviet Union the two superpowers to intervene in This war against the no other powers of the world So that was therefore important and the Nasser's prominence to a regional hero Sort of status was pretty much with this and this is important and we have seen a Sort of the impact of this as you can see on the on the screen here. There is this Demand coming from Syria To get united with Egypt as I just sort of Try to show last time. Let's have a look at this picture. Well Egypt and Syria Combining their You know powers With oldest distance and also in with other sort of entities in between was not that much a practical idea But yet especially because of the fear of Some Arab intellectuals and politicians as well as the members of the army their fear from the communist expansion they sort of Asked for help from Nasser That that is important, but this did not last long because They were the the leading personalities in Syria Who would govern the country normally in Syria in Damascus were invited to Cairo because that was the Joint capital of the United Arab Republic and not only that they were far from their own lands but they were also somewhat being dominated by the Egyptian metri politicians and otherwise and After some time they have seen the impossibility of Going alone for long periods and it just lasted a few years Another important thing especially Nasser because he was He rose to the you know regional power Position he found in himself the responsibility to Act on behalf of the Arab people on behalf of the other Arab nations Arab people and Although he did not have much to say Again here look at where Yemen is and Where Egypt is well, there is of course not so big a distance if you just compare things with distance but he got involved in the Yemen civil war and this is an instance which of course Witness the use of chemical weapons by Egypt against In Yemen, this is something that we always take note of Of course as I mentioned several times the reason behind all this or Nasser's one of the answers ambition was to take the revenge of 48 defeat, but all these Sort of attempts actually Result in much more disappointment than what when compared to what they had in mind at the beginning again As the leader of the pan-Arab ideology he had several Sort of targets objectives one of which of course was to liberate Palestine from Israel occupation Again, just to show you this map here This land actually and much larger land was Palestine during the Ottoman Empire Palestine is the name of this territory here and It's not the Palestine that you think today like which is squeezing here here and not in a uniform manner anyway So this is something very much complicated things Of course Another one of course in order to achieve the school was to acquire meter strength and in order to achieve Mitra victory over Israel and stop Israeli Expansion of territory and each time there was a war between Arabs and the Israelis Israeli benefit from the situation basically for two reasons maybe first of all Yeah, on the one hand one might think that it is it is and it might be an advantage for Arab nations to be that many in number and therefore if they combine their powers They could you know one would think from outside if he or she doesn't know anything about the Sort of characteristics of the region all these Arab nations coming together would form a bigger power a much more powerful sort of a union or Alliance but lack of coordination or Again, even though, you know, they on paper seem to be You know members of the same family Arab nations But they were there was always this A race rivalry among them as to who would be the true leader of the Arab world So this had an impact but on that on that hand there was Israel and still is the situation which is almost on on In other position at all times 24 seven Every single day of the year and every year as long as They they are there. So therefore and always Very suspicious of certain developments always in a high other position and a sort of Maintaining a symmetry capability Training its citizens not only Dmitry on almost every single member of the israelis Population is really sort of public is a is a soldier in many respects or or they have a certain trainings They have certain Instruments, let's say so therefore The the confrontation between the two these two Entities In most case actually in all case resulted in the victory of israel And not only meet your victory in the battlefield, but also in terms of expanding its territory And this territory had been traded off with Especially in the case of egypt for buying peace and recognition which is something That in the past it was more important still it is important, but not as much as In the past recognition. So therefore this is important But what happened in the june 67 war, which is a six days war If you like and within six days Arab lost their territory to israel And including sinai and golan Well, let me go back to the picture here. This is the sinai peninsula Here and golan heights here. Well golan heights are still under israeli occupation Constituent one of the most important topics in arab israeli sort of Peace negotiations or between syria and israel in in in particular, but of course this item cannot be Excluded from the rest of the arab israeli conflict but And in the past they were more important in the sandstead from the golan heights the muskos was within the Missile range of israeli missile range or Because these these are sort of a geographical location of golan heights is sort of Quite conducive to you know launching an offensive Swift offensive very fast offensive toward the muskos and losing capital means losing everything in war. So therefore This is important And israeli's knew exactly where they had to occupy or control In case war erupted and they sort of went to their targets rather swiftly and quickly Again israel after the 60 1967 war in june six days war they controlled east jerusalem gaza and west bank Gaza And the west bank And these are very very important places east jerusalem Again, you you probably know From information which is available everywhere that a palestinian state Has to have its East jerusalem as its capital. This is the Sort of a undisputed common objective of the palestinians and the arab nations so but It is still under the israeli control and turkey has never ever acknowledged that Either and when for instance in 1981 if i'm not mistaken Israel moved Or proclaimed that it moved its capital from televiv to jerusalem Turkey did not accept that did not recognize it and turkey did not move its embassy from televiv to jerusalem The turkish embassy is still in What turkey calls the israeli capital or recognizes israeli capital in televiv So this is an important thing and we'll we'll talk about this in the coming weeks And we will talk about turkish-israeli relations Um, yeah, of course palestinians Yes, if you're right No, that was in 1973 yom kippur war That and that actually is something that we We will just in a moment most probably in the next hour we'll discuss and it had a number of consequences and for you For the purpose of getting prepared for the midterm exam I mean, I don't ask specific Detailed questions as to you know, what was the name of such and such person or what was the date of such and such event but I want you to sort of Have the capability to make this analysis about the consequence of certain major developments For instance a question about What were the consequences or implications of 67 war or as we will discuss in in a moment The consequence of 1973 yom kippur war These are the things that you should Keep in mind of course I want you to learn things in such a way that you don't forget for a long time because I mean I myself I'm not very good in memorizing things and I don't I cannot expect you to do this So therefore Try to understand What were the causes of certain things and what were the consequences of certain things because Codes and consequences are the most important things in in an analytical study And if you mix them up you end up with different results different interpretations And to me it is my you know a personal criterion. I mean which I sort of adopt in you know In trying to scale the the qualifications of someone either as an academic or not Is whether he or she makes this distinction between causes and consequences Because if you cannot distinguish between causes and consequences You're confused and you end up with different and most possibly wrong results So therefore try to follow this this this class discussion and make your readings With a view to understanding what were the causes of such and such thing and what were the consequences of such and such development All right, so other than that if you can keep things names dates places in mind While fine, uh, you're you're better off But if you cannot just don't worry try to understand What exactly was the impact of june 67 war on middle east politics or june? This 1973 war in yom kippur day Etc. So again, uh, palestinians were the ones who were most affected because When the united nations issued that resolution which paved the way to the creation of the state of israel Palestinian people were also given the right. Well, because of many reasons Uh, lack of arab unity and the palestinians expected more et cetera, et cetera, or they just by way of opposing Uh, uh, certain decisions, you know, uh, maybe they they misinterpreted Certain things or they have not had this Long term Vision as to what or how israelis would benefit from the situation, et cetera So the palestinians did not have their state and palestinian people Who were abundant in the region? Since they had no nation They were mostly affected from This in the first place and they most of them have become refugees Some of them, you know, lived in countries like, uh In the region But the a great percentage an overwhelming majority of the jordanian A population consists of palestinian people and still there are millions of palestinians who live in refugee camps today Who are dislocated and their number, uh, is increasing rather fast and it is one of the most, uh critical issues in the arab-israeli peace Peace process because one of the sine qua non conditions of the palestinian side And also some, you know, great powers like the european union United states to some extent They they want these palestinians to have a nation a country whereas One of the uh suggestions is to sort of uh have Them, you know, stay where they are In jordan and in in the neighboring countries, but also one of the proposals, especially the palestinians insist on that And our abnations back them up. I mean support this idea is to return to israel But it is uh because it is Extremely critical from the israeli perspective. I think it was a son who asked that question to me last time the uh the Jewishness of the uh state of israeli is important. You asked that, right? so because The demographic nature of israel is something out of, you know dispute israelis cannot discuss this The jewish character of israeli state in their view must be preserved and if all these refugees whose number Was like two million maybe 15 20 years ago now amount to four for the half or five million In the surrounding countries and in jordan In the second third generations now And if they all go back to uh israel not only that there is not enough space But also if they all went uh to israel Considering that some 20 percent of the israeli population today is uh, uh, arab I mean consist of arab people Not necessarily jewish And therefore the whole demographic demographic I mean the the population wise the percentages will will be upset and israelis cannot accept that But uh, palestinians insist on that just like they insist on east Jerusalem to be the capital of palestine So there are these kind of deadlocks in the arab-israeli issues and when someone Comes up with uh like a formula a magic formula In hand as you know waving this Like a chamberlain in the past after his meeting with hitler Saying that yes, I got the peace. I mean when when when some people come up with this kind of peace proposals and I gives an image that things are You know going to be resolved anytime soon Just be calm and don't be too much excited because this is middle east and solutions are not that easy Of course, you don't have to be pessimistic But you have to be cautious in terms of approaching to all this kind of proposals. I remember Quite vividly. Probably it was two years or so ago. Maybe two and a half years. There was this anapolis meeting and You know scholars experts Or so-called experts were making comments Uh on tv interviews and so excited and this time bush got it all the way and so He's going to resolve all this sort of Problems in the middle east. I said look wait a minute. I mean there are such and such almost Entirely incompatible Demands from both sides and how will you Sort of commensurate them. How will you square them with one another? So this is therefore not something that easy But of course both sides must make concessions otherwise None of these issues can be resolved But again going back to the palestinians the situation of the palestinian people And if you consider that you know in the middle east a great and overwhelming majority of populations are young And who suffer the consequences But still more prone to radicalization. Of course, they fall into the hands of such groups Who to some extent exploit their Youth and and their position their ideologies and we have seen Palestine liberation organization plo Well, it has undergone a number of changes ever since What was in the past accepted as a terrorist organization now today Something that is Respected much more and also recognized as an entity to sort of take part in negotiations And this is therefore something that you have to bear in mind and understand why some of the Palestinian groups are having difficulty in getting along with one another in in peaceful manner Again, one of the other consequences Was the you know bat is cool to control in iraq and syria because 67 war was imbaliation of the regimes in Iraq and syria and these are important developments to bear in mind Oh, okay, let's Give a break here. We have five more minutes, but I just want to start this part And then we'll continue with 70s and 80s