 Welcome back. Now we start the fourth session of this workshop, the second of these of today. And the team will be rubber and climate change in the international forum. We are going to have three speakers, Vincent Gitz from Cypher, Alexander Maibach from Cypher as well, and Dr. Lekshmina here from ISG. So after the presentation we are going to have a discussion similar to the one that just ended and also a question and answer session. So I would like to invite Vincent Gitz to give his presentation first. Vincent for the floor is yours. Thank you. Thank you Salvatore and good afternoon to all. So let me share the screen here. And put it on full screen. I hope you hear me okay. It's fine. Yes. So one of the objective of this workshop was to connect from a science and evidence based perspective the knowledge about challenges and opportunity to the climate change community. And that includes climate change related policies at different level, national and international level. So here my objective of this presentation is just to sketch some of the existing ways and proceeds in this word of climate change policy and implementation so that we can then discuss what it means for rubber. And I'll focus at the international level more and I think Alexander will look more at the national level and after that, after the presentation I hope we can have a first discussion. So the as an introduction when we look at when we talk about forestry from foresters perspective, and we talk about climate we think oh it's about red plus and protecting forest. But red plus was to produce to protect forest and from degradation from the first station but was not adapted specifically to to the needs of rubber in fact in the rubber context. rubber was rather felt as all the other all the other plantation as contributing to deforestation. And even though even though in the definition rubber plantations are considered as far as so there is something that has changed in 2015 with the Paris agreement of course red plus is still there for the forester perspective but there is a new. We need to really to take the full dimension of what has changed with the Paris agreement there is no first bottom of approach that is involving all countries and that increasingly involves other actors. There's also a much more holistic approach to the land use sectors particularly for developing countries, and they are more consideration for for synergies. And all of these creates considerable opportunities for to increase the visibility and the integration of of rubber, but but to seize these opportunities, we need to understand and engage where we can engage with the negotiation process on climate change and propose a way forward. So here in this interest isn't in this presentation, I'll dig a little bit into what kind of new opportunities the Paris agreement gives for for land use and natural rubbers will will look at the entry points. In UNF triple C's and related bodies and start with to discuss key points for strategy for for for rubber. So first yes, as I briefly outlined the price agreement really creates new opportunities for land use and natural rubber. The goal of the price agreement, so you know them well, holding the increase of the global average temperature to well below two degrees above pre-industrial levels and to pursue effort to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 recognizing that this will significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Second increase the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and to foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten and that's really important that does not threaten food production. And then the issue of making finance flows consistent with the pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate resilience development. So all of these are goals from the climate point of view but they're also goals in fact for the rubber sector as a whole and how it can contribute to the economy. So, until the price agreement there were really two different categories of countries the annex one countries and the non annex one countries and, and this had had in the past very important consequences on the way land use activities were considered with with red plus activities in non annex one countries to reduce degradation to be financed by developed countries. And for annex one countries, a much broader coverage of land use activities including agriculture and land use land use change and forestry so called the UCF. But with the Paris agreement all land use activities are not covered in all countries. So the Paris agreement recognized the importance of land use for the achievement of its of its goals. It is there is no better recognition of synergies and trade offs between mitigation and adaptation. And there's better recognition of synergies with sustainable development with this is all the social and smallholder discussion we had before that is put back at the center, and a better coverage of land use activities globally and the progress to be made on the integrative approach across sector, not only agriculture and forestry. And this is, we're going to talk about the current year or need the adjunct work on agriculture. So what does it means as opportunities for natural rubber. So the points we've just discussed, but there is also the issue and Alexandre will tell about that about the bottom up approach the NBCs from countries countries have suggested submitted NBCs to the Paris to the to the Paris agreement and are they implementing the NBCs and these NBCs give give also more important to initiative of actors other than governments, including the private sector. So just to to come very briefly to the UNFCCC main bodies and related instruments just to understand that, and it's I think a very important point for us that the climate convention here in green and now is also the the convention for the parties of the Paris agreements are linked but they are they are evidence based they are science based there are two bodies, the sustainable subsidiary bodies on science and technical advice and the subsidiary body on on implementations. Both, both of them assist the governing bodies and the countries through the provision of timely information and advice, either on scientific and technological matter for the substance or on implementation matters for the SBI and they are all science based and they are also a range of other bodies with other specialized functions that that are also interesting for us as pathways to and for the rubber community as far as ways to engage the adaptation committees, the least developed countries expert the technology executive committees and the climate technology center and network. And this is important as technology transfer is now an increasing important topic in the implementation of climate change solutions. And that when we come to the funding component there's also a range of fun that have been put in place. In order some more recent just mentioned that in the slide but the green climate fund now is is is a central one. It is funding mitigation 50% and adaptation 50% and this is potentially a very important component for engaging with a rubber development project and climate resilience. All of this. The, the, the national, the national determined contributions are submitted by parties. They have no necessarily pretty determined format cover mitigation and can include adaptation. So let me just go here. And that this, yeah, sorry, I was, I was, I was forgetting to put up the slides, the main topics for interest interest and entry points. So the NDCs submitted by countries that were set up in 2015 start 2020 reviewed every five years to be gradually more ambition with the first stock take in 2023 and then every five years no predetermined format. They have to cover mitigation and they can include adaptation. Then I mentioned the Katowice climate package with that has provided operational guidance on how the price agreement can be implemented so not all of this is finished. It's still much under under discussion, but in this package, you have inception information on how domestic mitigation and other climate goals and activities that that government should provide within the contributions, how to communicate with governments about adaptation, the rule of the so called transparency framework where countries can show what they're doing about climate change, the establishment of a committee to facilitate the implementation of the price agreement and promote compliance with the obligations and how the global stock take every five years the first one in 2023 will be conducted to assess progress towards towards these the objectives. There is a very important point about the transfer of technology that is also a matter of guidance and the advanced information on financial support to developing countries and the process for establishing new targets from finance from 2015. A very important article in the price agreement is article six. The mechanisms in article six are still under discussion that they're broadly defined in the price agreement. They are possibly very important for the rubber sector first cooperative approaches that involves countries working with one another using internationally transfer mitigation outcomes so emission reductions if you will, to achieve their their indices. The characteristic of all of this is still under discussion. Most parties believe that these emission reductions to to be tradable should be real verifiable and quantifiable. There is the sustainable development mechanisms is article six point paragraph four that has been established. It is to mitigate greenhouse gas emission and support sustainable development. So the idea here was to take lessons from the Kyoto protocol mechanism such as the CDM the clean development mechanisms in some of the elements of it. And also how to use the so called share of proceeds towards towards adaptation. And then, finally, non market approaches. It's article six point eight. And these are considered to be actions and activities that address mitigation adaptation, but do not necessarily result in in tradable units. The question on the topic is currently quite big, but they have been indication that may include financial measures and policies and the framework to promote these approaches was established under another paragraph nine of this article. And in addition, as you may know, there is another mechanism that the International Civil Aviation Organization has agreed to in 2016 is was to set up a new offsetting mechanism to compensate the growth of of aviation. Emission post 2020 that is called Corsair carbon of setting and reduce reduction scheme for international aviation and airline will purchase offset from international schemes. Another important make entry point potentially is about harvested wood products or HVWP. Carbon stocked in harvested wood products can be accounted as for a sink. Currently, that does not take into account a rubber nor bamboo nor ratan. And they could be value in proposing to integrate rubber, bamboo and ratan as harvested root products and such proposal could have more weight if they would be strong evidence with number. Perhaps that rubber does not does that on its own but but but that jointly with bamboo and ratan and if some kind of a consortium could support that that integration. So finally to conclude, we think that there is there are several potential entry points for rubber in the climate change negotiation discussion and implementation. The question is more what can be put on the table and where and and how then we can bring that on the table. So when we look at the Coronadia joint joint work plan program sorry on agriculture. This program looks very much at how to properly present risks and manage risks prevent risk and manage risk to production. So, this is where it could be highlighted that such system of risk monitoring for weather, past diseases such also cover plantations including rubber, not just you know agricultural food crops. Then second there is the issue of carbon accounting within the NDCs we've seen that everything needs to be evidence based quantifiable reliable so how can we how can we do that for property for rubber. The issue of harvested wood product I just mentioned including rubber ratan and bamboo. The IPCC itself, and especially the six assessment report that is coming up needs and needs to to include rubber in the fifth assessment report there was miss campus there were other crops mentioned, but but rubber was and so how can we correct especially in the adaptation reports that are regional. And then there are the funding mechanisms such as the green climate fund. And here there is sectoral guidance on how the fund applies its investments. CIFOR is currently supporting the GLF in when it is writing its sectoral guidance on land use agriculture and forestry. And here we need to make sure that some of the elements and including the three dimension of sustainability including say the social components that are are properly taken into account. Then how how to how to do that I mean these are just doors, but but how to open these doors and how to start engaging so that was first one of the objective of this event when we first discussed it at the initiative of the co organizers as RSG, IRDB, CIRAD, CIFOR, FTA so we believe by by some of the outputs of this event. This event we can we can make a contribution. Then I think we have a mandate, all of us to to try to to bring better numbers and in Salvatore mentioned that from this from the smallholder and social dimension is yet carbon is a big issue in the climate but since the price agreement has broadened it to sustainable development and made better connection is also about jobs about new materials substitution, etc. And this is something where the private sector could also play a role in providing better data. And then the issue of the renewal of plantation. There has been many discussion about forest and land landscape restoration, there has been a project, a big forest landscape restoration the first one of it agreed by the Green Climate Fund just a few months ago. So can can also rubber as also because it brings some productive and job dimension be be included into the picture and how especially when looking at for example the slide of Michael Brady, some of the plantations needs to be to me to be renewed right now. And then the last point is the private sector. When we look at life cycle analysis. Versus synthetic rubber, but also versus other products. To start the discussion later on. Thank you very much. Thank you so much for your presentation. Now we can move to the next speaker. That is Alexander my back from C for FDA. Miss paper is on opportunities for natural rubber in national determine contribution and the national adaptation plans processes. The floor is yours. Thank you very much. Salvatore. So I'm trying. Yeah. So, this, this intervention is very much a compliment to what NASA has just presented. As I said, one of the very big changes that introduces the Paris agreement is everything now is bottom up it's coming from countries and from national strategies and programs. The, the, what I'm going to present to you is coming out of a collaboration we have with FL on on both regional synthesis of NDCs. And on what can be done to better integrate forestry trees and agroforestry in the national adaptation plans. And the season naps are quite different, but they share some common characteristics. They are policy documents that are meant to orient all national policies measures planning finance related to climate change. And this can be extremely broad, because now climate change has to be mainstream everywhere. They have been established by the UNF triple C. And this is very important because countries are committed to UNF triple C to deliver on these programs. And also because as they are part of the international picture. They orient now most of the funding from international funds like the green climate funds and other and also funding from other donors and in particular development agencies from developed countries. And last important common point, they are periodically reviewed. They are however very different nature and scope and this is why I'm going to deal first with NDCs and then with them. Oh, the NDCs are very short documents. They are an international commitment. What a country promises to do to the international community. So they're, they may be just a few pages with broad orientations. They need to include mitigation commitments. This is mandatory. The adaptation part is optional, but all developing countries have included an adaptation part. As Vincent has said, the first set has been prepared in 2015 and we are now in their implementation. They are, they have started this year. So what we really can do, as I said, it's broad orientations and principles. So now we need to look for opportunities in the implementation of the NDCs in producing countries, of course, but also in consuming countries. And this is where bio economy can be included. And to make the link between NDCs and national adaptation plans, national adaptation plans are often mentioned in the NDC as the vehicle for the implementation of the adaptation. And as I said, they are documents, but they are also processes with monitoring of the implementation and the preparation of the next set of NDCs. And there again, there are opportunities to be science in order to support the making the NDC more ambitious. And now I think what we have to keep in mind is that governments have very quickly prepared these NDCs, and now they are trying to figure out how they are going to make it. So a sector that can arrive with a kind of easy solution saying, oh, if you do that, you create carbon sink of this and that, it's very likely to get through. One very important point is that forest and land use are very present in the NDCs. More than three quarters of countries include land use as a way to achieve their objectives. It is second only to the energy sector, which means that in almost every NDC particularly in developing countries. There are opportunities on which to link the measures and actions that we want to promote. And another extremely important point with all the changes that has mentioned, is land use is the sector that is the most frequently mentioned for synergies between adaptation and mitigation, as well as for sustainable development co-benefits. And this is a huge asset for our sectors. What are the very concrete opportunities rubber itself is rarely mentioned, which is normal because it's very short Indonesia explicitly mentioned the use of rubber wood for energy production in its NDC. And as I've said, there are broad orientations on forest or plantations to which can be linked policies and measures for implementation, and also the question of biomaterials in consuming countries. And we can also get involved in the revision of the NDCs. And in all of that, what is so important, especially talking to the research sector is to bring good evidence quantitative and qualitative. And not only on carbon benefits, but also to old co-benefits. Switching to the NAPs, which are closer to the implementation. To give an idea of the six pages for the NDC of Malaysia, a NAP is generally more than 100 pages. With established 10 years ago, the objective is to reduce vulnerability to all impacts of climate change by building resilience and to facilitate the integration of adaptation in all policies, plans, measures of countries. Very important for us and for this workshop is that explicitly, it shall be guided by best available science. And these last two days we we heard a lot about good available science to be brought to the attention of countries. And another important thing is that the first generation of NDCs have already been published, but countries are in the process of developing their NAPs. 20 of them have been published, the other ones are being written currently. One point to keep into account when we want to integrate forestry or rubber in the NAPs is how it links to other sectors and other concerns. And for rubber, for instance, one of the big assets of the sector is how it contributes to small holders livelihoods, because small holders are the most vulnerable to climate change. So a sector that support their income is so important in the global economy of national adaptation plans. Just to give a brief idea of what can be the structure of an app, because this is where you can get into it. Most of the time they're organized by sectors, no agriculture, industry, water. In some other cases they can be regional. But this document is only a picture of the process itself, because the NAP is supposed to go on for years and years, because we are going to need to adapt in the years to come. So it gives an idea of how you can get involved in the discussion. So, very broadly, forests in general are often integrated in the ecosystems and biodiversity section. In some countries you have a specific forestry section, like in Cameroon, or it can be linked to agriculture, like in Togo, or in Chile. And Chile is a very interesting example, because there is a specific plan on the adaptation of plantations, which is part of a broader silvo agro-pastoral plan. And this is why they have been able to put measures that are very focused on plantations. In the same case in Sri Lanka, we had a very interesting presentation on the first day about it. In the Sri Lankan app, you have a part on commodities and plantations, and rubber is fully integrated there. So the question of how the discussions are organized is very important for us to make an impact on the final plan. So what are the main measures that we find in adaptation plans that have been already published? If you take natural forest, there is a lot about monitoring and risk management systems. This is a big concern. So weather changes, changes in the ecosystem, and pests and diseases. A strong part also to research in general and ecosystem-based adaptation. When you look at anted forest, gain the importance of monitoring and risk management system. With the example of Chile, with the idea to have a broad pest and disease monitoring system covering all agricultural crops and planted forest to build on what Vincent mentioned. The changes of planted species and varieties and here the work on clones fits very nicely. Conservation and sustainable management of genetic resources and anticipating future changes by planting cultivars that will be adapted to the future climate. Another very important point that I want to highlight is that in so many labs, planting trees is a way to adapt other sectors to restore water sheds, to establish windbreaks for agriculture, shade trees for agriculture, agroforestry in general, or to have, for instance, to have a cooling effect on cities. So it's also important to show how planting trees can help other sectors to adapt this kind of broad national conversation. So, for instance, there are lots of measures on how you use trees in agroforestry system to be able to go on producing food in spite of climate change. Just some very quick examples of successful integration. I've already mentioned the example of Sri Lanka and probably among the reasons why it has been so successful in integrating rubber as part of the national plan was also showing its importance for resilience as of households as Dr. explained yesterday. In Cameroon, there is also rubber as part of the industry sector. I've already mentioned the example of Chile. Another very interesting point I want to highlight is how successful have been sectoral dialogues in countries that have implemented them like Uruguay and Uganda. And what they have told us is that you have so much important information on vulnerabilities and what to do to adapt, coming from these stakeholders dialogues that you do not find if you just make a desk study. And finally an important point linking also with the presentation of Amy this morning is that many national adaptation plans also give place to subnational efforts. So there are things to be done at landscape level. But what can we do right now? It's often a lack of consideration in national processes for some sectors. And we need to provide evidence of the contribution of the sector to the economy and employment. Big numbers on small holders for instance. A sector focused adaptation reflection to identify vulnerabilities and means for adaptation is good both for the sector itself and to become integrated in national efforts. And we need also a dialogue between the sector and other sectors that might be interested the industry but also the water sector cities. And finally, and this is so important, there is a need and great opportunities for the science community to be engaged and provide options and enabling conditions. Again, taking the example of Sri Lanka, this is really an example of how good science can back up the action of a sector to be properly recognized and supported in national adaptation plans. And I will stop here. Thank you very much. Thank you, Alexander, for your interesting presentation and now we go to our next speaker that is my colleague from RSG, Lakshmi Nahir. Lakshmi will give a presentation on climate risk, what a 1.5 degree pathway for rubber fora. Lakshmi, please, the floor is yours. Lakshmi? Yes, hello. Yeah, are you there? Yes, I'm just. You can start your presentation, please. Yes, I'm trying to share my screen first. Okay, we can see the presentation. Lakshmi, Lakshmi, your presentation is on the screen is visible. You need to unmute. Good afternoon, everyone. Sorry for the technical hiccup. Can you hear me? Yes, we can. Thank you very much. Good afternoon, everyone. Last two days of workshop, we had deeper discussion addressing the results of impact of climate change on rubber protection potential means of adaptation and contribution to mitigation of climate change. Thank you for Vincent and Alexandra who have already covered some of the policy dimension which we need to address from an international fora focusing on the rubber space. My presentation will address the carbon maths from a policy perspective and potential security actions, holistically from a bottom up approach, the rubber space towards limiting global warming below two degrees Celsius rubber is grown. In the annual mean temperature between 26 to 28 degrees centigrade. Only the rubber is grown in the Asia Pacific region, of course that is mainly coming from the Southeast Asian countries. Major researchers already pointed out what are the areas where rubber is shifting from the traditional to non traditional region. We have seen it. And also there is with the rising temperature we have seen a shift from the within a region from the traditional to the marginal lands. Then coming to the climate mass, it is really daunting. One has to look into the decarbonization both from the mitigation point of view. Scientists have already brought in different estimation for carbon maths, which limiting the warming to 1.5 degree, which would reduce the most dangerous and irreversible effect of the climate change. The good news is that 1.5 pathways technically achievable, but the pathway should require dramatic emission reduction over the next 10 years starting from now. So looking at the carbon CO2 emissions, which is a long pathway I have taken the McKinsey's recent analysis done from this perspective. Global population is increasing along with the global growth. One who is looking at the global growth, we can see that every 1% increase in GDP is associated with the 0.5% increase in CO2 emission. This is really daunting. And if you look at the McKinsey's calculation, we have to reach 1.5 degree global warming. There is a huge reduction in emission. Already by 2030, the projection shows that there is 517 gigatons of CO2 emission as we reach 2030. That means we need to work a lot to reduce the CO2 emission. What is the pace transition pathway? Because as of now, CO2 emission per unit of output is very little as 2%. But the requirement is very huge. We have to bring around from this 2% around 50 to 55% reduction to meet the 2030 level. And to bring in to a net zero level by 2050 that requires around 90% more reduction in emission. So what are the climate resilient law emission climate adaptation strategy? We could address that. So there are 5 major economic and societal shifts that would underline for a 1.5 degree pathway. First one is sustainable production. That cover a holistic approach starting from different cultivation approaches. We heard from various scientists who spoke last two days. Now the terms are changing. It's not the good agriculture practices. It is the climate smart agriculture. And then halting deforestation is a key element. How to discourage deforestation, especially from a small farmer's point of view. Then one element which is not directly addressed in the last two days of deliberation is how we can curb the waste. More into a circular economy perspective. Embracing the circular economy and boosting efficiency in the planting material. And industries decrease the greenhouse gas emission. And this reduces cost and improve efficiency performance. If you look into the renewable raw materials and bioenergy sources. This is another key area where the rubber space also need to look into for reducing the CO2 emission. Then electrification is a massive decarbonization driver for transport and building. And if you look at the total CO2 emission, transport sector and agriculture contribute around two third of the total emission. And specifically if you look at the transport sector, one fourth of the emission is coming from the transport sector. So how and what are the policies need to be there to offset this level of emission. So carbon capture and carbon sequestration activities. This is another area where the industries and the players in this space need to look into for the next 10 years to reach the target line of 2030 as well as the target line of 2050. Specifically coming to the rubber space. What could be the transition to a 1.5 degree pathway for rubber. This is more addressing from a lifecycle of the product point of view starting from the production to the recycling and reuse of the product to begin with the sustainable production. We in detail head about the land use changes and the farming practices from many speakers and also the previous two speakers also address this more in detail from a policy perspective. Beyond from the land use and farming practices, what are the policies and the action to be done. So first one is the responsible sourcing starting from the traceability of the land and how the rubber and the rubber products and overall carbon footprint and the business strategies can address the efficiency of the raw material. And both from a free supply chain as well as from a circular economy point of view to bring back that into the discussions on the bio economy which is already addressed by a previous speaker in the session for beyond natural rubber the synthetic rubber who is coming into the the general rubber space started addressing the the bio economy, the main feedstock which is fuel based. The butadiene now started looking into bio butadiene production and from the bio butadiene production, the bio based BR and SS BR which is mainly going to the major inducer market the tire. If I take the example of the major inducer, the tire sector, how the tire sector is looking into the circular economy and what is the mass behind the CO2 emission from the tire business, looking into the raw material site around 12% of the CO2 emission is coming from the production site. And then one person is within the distribution site and the major share of the emission is happening in the use phase that is around 86% of the emission is happening in the use phase of the tire or the automotive industry. And then it is the collection of the end of the life of the product that face it is 1% of the emission is happening. And the last phase is reusing reusing phase it can be brought back to the different type of materials, which have white variation, or we can bring back into the original form, either it is it as natural rubber or synthetic rubber, which could be possibly replace the virgin source. I can give some examples some of the major leaders in the tire space has already made announcement and commitment of free using such raw material around 30% of the requirement. This is one good example where the private sector is coming in to make the commitment, starting from the industry and from the industry to the national level and this can be brought back to the global rubber space. And beyond the tire sector, the non tire sector, there are wide range of materials, even though the consumption is only around 30% of the total natural rubber space. The recycling possibility and reuse of the both natural and synthetic rubber, which is coming from the non tire application, that is also very wide, but certainly this needs partnership, there are various projects developing in collaboration, addressing the recycling from the non tire segment. So decarbonization drive this is the major element of course this is half of the challenge to be addressed for CO2 emission perspective. The decarbonization elective vocal is the major driver addressing the decarbonization drive. We have already seen various emerging market and the developed market started addressing this elective vocal. So we can see that in China around the is a major consumer of the elective vocal though China is the largest emitter of the CO2 and coming to what are the best mitigation policies and what are the strategies or the instruments to address this mitigation policies. Carbon tanks, which is covered earlier in detail but I like to bring that the perspective which the rubber sector could address here is to bring a tax on the the processing of the plants. Based on how much is the CO2 emission and also for the whole industry in proportion to the carbon content. Then next one is emission trading system. In emission trading system, the firm must hold an allowance for each turn off their emission and the government can set a cap on total allowances or emission or the market trading of the 11 11 so stabilizes on the emission price. The fee base is also bringing some scale of fees on products and activities with an above average emission rates. There are already different regulations in place. For example, the standards for emission rates for vehicles which is very much common now in both emerging market as well as developed mature markets. The energy efficiency in the electricity and the products are also now in place in developed market and also there is minimum requirement for the use of renewables in the power generation industry. So there are also some digital technology solution which the both the science and the global rubber community can tap into this like the blockchain and the GIS which we can look into how much is the emission coming from different space. If you look into the jurisdiction approach, for example, we can tap into that and for example, a blockchain technology can be used and the token can be passed from one place to another and the total emission can be calculated and offset against a certain industry. Specific to the rubber industry what are the adaptation and the mitigation actions and also how the tree as a whole could be used as a carbon sink to offset the CO2 emission. It is possible to chart a 1.5 degree pathway that does not remove the carbon dioxide to offset the ongoing emission. This is a mass but this mass simply doesn't work. Reducing the carbon emission is no longer enough to hold the impact of the climate change. For example, if you look at the rubber plantation, I know that this research report most of the scientists are familiar with. I'm just quoting also Dr. Aziz mentioned in his inaugural talk around 40 million tons of CO2 which is possible to absorb with more than 300 million or around 400 million hectares of natural rubber. This is a very good mass which the sector could use in different international level dialogue and discussions on bringing or integrating natural rubber into the UN level or climate summit discussions. Reducing the carbon emissions is no longer enough to hold the climate impact. The ecosystem based adaptation and the national adaptation plans. Already these two topics was discussed in detail by the two earliest speakers. And carbon capture and carbon sequestration it is an area certainly we need to discuss how collaboration and integration in the rubber space can be done. The climate finance Vincent has already brought in detail some of the policy dimension we could address on climate fund. But suddenly this is the fact in addressing the climate change we need investment. Then large scale investment is required to significantly reduce remission. How can we encourage to bring more investment. To attract or to support small farmers to discourage deforestation. This is something the rubber space or the producing countries more address to the small farmers we could look into. I like to bring one example here because this is most of the industry players and those who are in the natural rubber space known about this. This is the the collaborative project on green financing landscape. That is one good example of the green investment between Barito, Michelin and the TLFF, which is already in place. But of course this is a good project bringing more jobs into the rural community as well as to the rubber farmers who are more focused in an ecosystem based adaptation. And then this can be upscale with the right financing partners. This is this is one policy option which can be used in other countries. And how this could be addressed at the global level. This is a policy element for discussion in the next panel session. Next slide. You have to close the presentation please. Yes this is the last slide. What is the pathway for the rubber for our moving forwards. The actions are already initiated by the country level as already mentioned in the NDC and the NDP. Action plans but looking at the rubber segment around 40 million hectares of rubber plantation. It's a very strong carbon sink. And then proper plan for replanting of old trees. With a good ecosystem model rather than a monocrop intercropping and the mix cropping that is well aligned with the national NDC three, which is mentioned earlier. And then decarbonizing supply chain via regulatory framework to bring it free of deforestation and with an assured traceability check. On the land origin because this is indirectly is encouragement for small farmers to not to go for deforestation. And I should leaving income from rubber farming for social safety net for millions of small farmers. Of course, this is brought in for discussion in the earlier panel by Dr. Raseez. The living income concept is already addressed in other crops like coffee and coa and also this topic is brought under discussion. Not that formally but this will become soon in a formal way with the major producing countries consuming countries IRSGA IRDB ANRPC. And the global platform on natural rubber. Then reuse of the natural rubber from the end of the life of the product. This is an area where certainly collaboration and partnership is neither one industry or one country alone cannot address this. And it's a time for act to now on the bioeconomy and the circular economy. Then financing to encourage climate adaptation in natural rubber is Vincent has already addressed this. International accounting of carbon in biomass and its value addition. This is also mentioned by earlier speaker is this an area we need to collaborate and how we can collaborate this how we can account for carbon in biomass as well as for the furniture and other wood products. It's a question to be addressed and work together. Public private sector collaboration mitigation and adaptation. And of course for this we have to create awareness and this is a wonderful opportunity we do have now the exchange of information and what it is happening at the scientific side. This is already a need to be conveyed beyond the scientific community to the general rubber community and the climate community which Vincent has already pointed out and also people has to adopt it. That is very relevant for a sector where millions of small grovers and more than 90% of the production is coming from the small grover site. Then integration of the rubber in mitigation policies measures and adaptation policies and how these discussions as a holistic approach starting from bottom to the top how we can bring the discussions in climate summits and other UN FCC and other discussions. Okay, thank you. I think it's. I'm passing this back to the chair. Thank you. Thank you for your presentation. I think we have some time. 10 minutes for some discussion. Q&A session. There is anyone from the speakers that would like to make further comments. Vincent or Alexander. No, there is a question from Dennis Somba that actually was for Vincent. I asked you. I guess many, many of the presenter. In all these workshops could reply to it. This is a very good question. I mean, who should really take the initiative and at which level to engage into this discussion and bridge this silos. So I would really think that here, of course, the national level actors, the national institutional actors have a key role. So the representation. So it's true that when the small holders are not represented at national level, that makes it difficult, but still that there is an organization of the sector. They are producers, et cetera. There is a value chain, and this is a key stakeholder to mobilize. Then there is research, I think research and the linkages that this institution can have with the ministries and looking at these processes. Then there is probably also a role that's more suggestion to IRSG in providing some guidance, and maybe this is one of the follow up of this workshop, say, okay, you don't know how to engage. These are the things, these are the processes going on, and this is how you can engage and what you can do. And this could be something that the IRSG could consider doing for its members. If it's not already the case, but it's not, it's new territories, maybe for some of the actors, but there are ways to explain how to engage into these based on good examples. What you can bring, and this could be something that the IRSG could consider doing for its members. If it's not already the case but it's not, it's new territories, maybe for some of the actors, but there are ways to explain how to engage into this based on good examples, as Alexandre has shown in his presentation. Yes, if I can say something about this, I think, no, RAB has a lot of organization associations and but in a way, you know, this workshop is an answer or a first answer to the question that our friend has put because the issue is not who has to get to delete but how we proceed in organized coordinated fashion. I think this is the main point. Most likely, there will not be the leader of one organization. In my view, there should be the cooperation of various organizations in trying to reach a goal. First, we have to set the goal and we have to set an action plan to reach that goal. So I think that could come from discussion like this and from follow-up of this discussion, being sure that everyone will be involved in it. Yes, I think one of the strengths and pointing to that and of the sectors we've seen that there are many actions, a range of actions that can be solutions, that can be mobilized both for mitigation and for adaptation. And there is a range of different organizations that tackle all of these in different ways from the generic resources aspect, the improvement on clones with IRDBs, the issues of technical itineraries, you know, so in analysis, incentives, household economics to look at how that can strengthen smallholder livelihoods through different approaches, including diversification, etc. So I think, yeah, fully right. The point is how to coordinate all of this and bring the positive elements and the solution element to the table, because one of the bottleneck that exists in the current climate discussion is more about the solutions and also how the solutions can bridge a big gap between a technological industrial fix, often large scale, and something that is more conducive to the objective of smallholder livelihoods and food security. Just to add one point to as a follow-up of Vincent's comment, because in this space data visibility is not very clear. So what we could do for getting that data visibility, without data visibility, we all have a set of solution and technology side is the science-based evidence is there. But if the data is missing, the implementation and further discussion is difficult. How we could address this and how we could get a better data, this is also an area for discussion among different agencies at the global space. Alexander, do you have any questions? Maybe just a first reflection on why rubber is often less mentioned, or even not at all. One of the entry points, in the major entry point for the agricultural sector in the climate change discussions, was food security. And it has been a bit easier, or people are more used to mention coffee, cocoa, even though their impact on food security is providing income exactly like rubber. So one thing that needs to begin is just to mention rubber as part of it. Just to take an example, a week ago, Vincent made a presentation to the Science Council of the CGIR. He had four minutes and in these four minutes he mentioned rubber. It was so unusual that yesterday I had another meeting with some other people that listened to that and thinking about food security. They said, oh, but we have not to forget the impacts on livelihoods. Take rubber, for instance. So what I'm pointing out is that there is a very powerful narrative of the rubber sector, renewable material, 90% of it from small holders, so important for some countries so that once we have the right narrative with some data behind and some evidence, if everybody has the reflex to put it in the appropriate place when reviewing the reports of the IPCC, when having a discussion with the private sector, when that it will gradually come into it. And part of the narrative, as Salatori said, is the institutions that are supporting the rubber sector, the strong integration with the private sector, which is also now something that the general discourse on climate is very much looking for, because everybody now is realizing that it is not only the task of governments to do something, but for everybody, including private sector consumers, there is also the discourse. So we have to enter in all these discourses, bioeconomy, sustainable world, adaptation, and as Marcel has shown, all these discourses are around the negotiations. And by experience globally, you begin discussing a topic in the site event, and one year after it is taken on board, and two years after it's entering the negotiations proper, there are ways to influence the whole discourse. And also there is the national, so there are various entry points, the national one, the international one, private sector one, and the global discourse on contribution to food security in a more sustainable world. I think it's five o'clock. If there are no other comments, I think we can close this session and have 10 minutes break, and then we'll come back for the final panel discussion.