 Hello everyone. Welcome to groundwater hydrology and management week 9 lecture 4. In this week we have been looking at data for stratification of the aquifer, basically looking at how layerings happen, what data we collect and how to manage it. We've looked at in the last class how manually we can connect the layers and make a stratigraphy or also use software that can be done, basically giving you the names of the software which you are welcome to use. It is important to now know where to get the data to input into the software. So we started by defining where and how to get the more logs, the stratigraphy data, the layering data. And then we looked at where and how you can make connections between the layers thereby making a fence diagram and stratification aquifers. And we looked at how to collect data and put it into a model and what type of models are available. These are field data. So how do we use someone else's data or the government's data? How do we use? That is what we'll be looking at in the first part of today's lecture. So this website you see here are most of the water related data. It is an Indian government data and most of the data here or all of the data here are owned by the government of India and are people who have added data to the database. So the link is given here. You're welcome to go to the link and see how these websites behave. In the next class, I will go through some of these websites. Today, I would like to stress on how this website is created and what data you can take. Here, when you go into this India WRIS website along with the little log full link, I've given you the link in the slide. We'll be taken to this page and then you can zoom in and zoom out and click on the locations. Depending on your internet speed, it will take time. So don't push the model. Don't worry if it is taking too long because there's a lot of data and it might take time. Once you have the data, you can download and use it in the softwares that I mentioned. You will need to create an account to download the data. So please go through this website in today's lecture and slowly start downloading the data before that start the account and play with the website as in what is each button mean. So that you'll be ready in the next lecture when I teach. You will also have an account to look at and practice within or how I do. So if you go to this website with the little log, I'll just first tell about what is the little log data. You will be shown a map of some red points. The red locations are where the sample has been taken, the bore log has been taken, the borehole has been made. When you click it, it will be blinking for some time and then you'll get this little log. So now you can see how many layers are there in this little log. Dominant layers only two, which is your non aquifer alluvium shale and then your unconsolidated sediments quaternary, decent. So almost they give you an H and also tell you what kind of aquifer it is. More details on that could be just you can search for the names that they're given and you'll get it. So this is not a geology course. I won't jump into all the major sediments and quaternary those kind of things but for now you can understand that it is two distinct layers and then there is a unconsolidated layer and a non aquifer. See the non aquifer could be labeled as different terms in different books but here you could see the water bearing or where the water is storing in the groundwater pore spaces is given by the blue color. The dashed line is called the static water level at the time of drilling water. So when they drilled, you can see the well location is Sikandarpur Kampu, well ID is given, state Madhya Pradesh, district Gwalya. When they drilled it, the first water they hit which is called the static water because it is called static because it is not being pumped. So it is a stable static water. You drill the hole and then the first time you hit it, you record the water level. I hope you remember this is what I taught in the previous two lectures back where you make a sheet and then by drilling you can know where the water level is, you record the water level. So this is the first water and the only water here because there's no other line which shows an impervious layer and water and it is the dashed line as a static water table, water level. So once they put it at the time of pumping that is the level and what is it? It's almost around 10 meters, 10 meters below the surface they got water. So this is the meters and this is the little log. There are some instructions here on how to use the website and because it's a new addition to the website. And then you have on this side the map where the location is. It says exploratory well, observation well, piezometer well, others. Exploration as I said it is not for water level monitoring it is just to take the little logs. So these are the wells by CGWB or by the state government where they have made the well. You put it in, take the water level, take the type of material and that's it. You go ahead to the next location. The observation well is a well where the water level is being monitored. That's why it's in blue color. Pizometer well is a well which has a piezometer. It's like a meter which they put inside the well. It monitors the groundwater every day or month depending on the time interval. Whereas your observation well they monitor four times in a year. So now you see the three different types of wells where exploration is just for the logs, little log, what kind of rock, what kind of aquifer. Observation well is for the water levels which is done by CGWB mostly for four times a year and then your piezometer well which is having an instrument at the deep aquifer. So if you ask me what is the deep aquifer well then it will be the piezometer well because you cannot put a meter in and then take the level every four months it's too deep. So what they do they put a transmitter or a data log which logs the data they put it inside and then they take it every year or every two three years once because the battery life is large. They take it and then download the data and put it back in. They can also make a system where it relays the data but depending on the depth it may not relay the data. You'll have to take it out put it in your system to download the data and put it back in. So what you see here is one little log data so the idea is you collect more and then make the stratigraphy using the handmade model which I showed in class or the softwares. When you take it it will be like an excel sheet or a text sheet whether how you would like to take but you can also note it down in pen and paper right it is what it says from 0 to 10 around 1 meter you have this very thin soil that is our top soil and then you have the blue layer from 2 meters to 30 meters and then the 50 meters line there's one other one and after that everything is the non aquifer. So with this we would finish the aquifer little log data and how you use the data but be careful on understanding the static level. It is not the water level actual because it is not being pumped whereas most of these observation was record what is being pumped okay so it will be fluctuating a lot whereas this well it won't fluctuate depending on the aquifer. If it is an alluvial aquifer it will it will fluctuate but if it is a normal hard rock aquifer it won't fluctuate much because it is an observation well it is kind of shielded away okay. So now we finished the litho log the stratigraphy etc but now we're going to jump into kind of wrapping up this course we need to understand what other data is needed okay and where is it available that is what we'll be looking at in the next two three lectures what other data is needed for understanding groundwater and where to get it. So if you look at this diagram you could see that there is multiple data sets that are unique to understand groundwater starting from your road map of where the location is and then the land use land cover how is the land covered in terms of the green you know land is it like crops and etc and then you have your fence diagram basically your bore log how the log is made and then you have your raw material I'm going from bottom to up just to show all the layers okay because when you start this is the easiest to get you can easily get the major material of the rock because that is already available for us right whereas if you go down further and further you have different different data sets so let's look at it as hierarchy the first and foremost thing is the ground water level you need ground water level to understand the dynamics how it's been pumped and how the water level fluctuates for that there is multiple agencies that collect data we'll get to those agencies so then we need the ground water properties which is starting from the aquifer properties do we have the layering how many layers are there and what are the layers do we have the liniments or the geological uncertain areas and lines where water would just pass through so these are more geological terms which actually help to quantify the aquifer thickness and or how much water is stored in the aquifer then you need your soil type and geology which is very important all these data mostly you will get at a large scale it is up to you to kind of focus it down to your study and find more data from local environments hydroclimate and rainfall which is including your rainfall temperature humidity wind speed all these climatic parameters which help to explain the hydrology is very important those you can get from many sources because these are more easier to get there's a lot of climate models global circulation models and or a lot of data sets from satellites that can easily capture the rainfall temperature and other things the most difficult of this would be your underground parameters including your stratification layers how many layers are there and most important your groundwater so these are all on the supply side how much water comes how much water is stored and how much water is available for your groundwater use okay these are called your supply side in your budgets water budgets remember the water budgets we discussed that what is more important along with the supply side how much water groundwater I have is your demand estimates because your supply is shrinking because someone is taking the water out it's not just shrinking because water converts to base flow and then goes into the rivers it is shrinking because or coming down the groundwater level is coming down because there is a lot of demand and the demand can be estimated using your land use land power because if I know there is a lot of agriculture if there is a lot of forest and trees plants there is some water movement some water being taken out right so that you can find out using the land use land power data the pumping scenarios gives how much water is being pumped out of the aquifer basically you would ask for metering of pumps and or some data that gives you how much water has been pumped for example your irrigation database if you know how much crops are grown in an area and you know the per crop water requirement you could easily calculate the pumping volume so this is a demand that has been occurred you need to take that okay so let's write the equation here quickly you have del S right or change in storage or you want groundwater storage equal to your supply minus demand this is the net groundwater available the groundwater storage how much is available is nothing but your supply versus minus demand according to your hydrological water balance that I explained earlier in the first class classes and the supply is given by these parameters which is plus q in q out plus your g groundwater recharge right and then you have a minus of e t e t is your evapotranspiration how much water is lost during the pumping and your pumping scenarios minus actually a bracket let's say this is supply minus demand is your plus domestic and so you could see how this water balance has evolved which is nothing but your gws storage your supply minus demand so you need to get all the supply data intact and then subtract it from the demand to get this data when you get the land use land cover again you have satellites and other things that you can get data I will actually present this in the next week we'll go each bullet and then we'll collect the data and we'll establish a conceptual model to show how this groundwater depletion scenario is happening then we look at pumping scenarios how do you estimate a pumping scenario and then we also compare the domestic versus industrial use domestic you can estimate using your population and then the lpcd rate how much water they would consume and your industrial use is very very difficult to estimate we don't know how much they use agriculture is the biggest demand however we can easily estimate it using your satellites and other data that is available good so moving on then we have groundwater data which is coming from level data where do you get the groundwater level data and all these measurements and everything you get it from government bodies farmers NGOs and industries okay so the industries would be inclusive of your water industries and your agencies that supply water bottling industries they might have some groundwater data okay because they consume a lot of groundwater but mostly your government bodies have a lot of these data agencies I'm saying as followed by your farmers which because farmers eventually should have but it's expensive and they're kind of not sure if they'll be built for water say they don't monitor the groundwater okay so farmers data is available and NGOs other people who work on the ground with the farmers they have some data the central ground one agencies include so I'm going to break which are these agencies that I'm talking about the government agencies include central groundwater board which is the instituted government body by India to monitor groundwater across India okay they are the central body under the ministry of Jalshakti department of water resources and river development and congratulations government of India with an office in Delhi almost every year they would release a book like this called the groundwater year book in India and it will have every single state mapped with the water level fluctuation and most of the data is shown as a net value for example for one year what is the net if you want the actual data I will show you how to get the actual data in the coming classes the next board which is important is a central pollution control board also called a CPCB see the CPCB is mandated to control pollution and monitor the pollution right because as the name suggests it is for controlling how do you control without monitoring so that is why they have a lot of monitoring networks so when they monitor the surface pollution land pollution they eventually have to monitor the groundwater for pollution because it can move inside and that is why they will also have some records at least water quality only they do so they have good lab facilities where you can collect the data and put it eventually they have also had some groundwater data which you could all take it up from this website that I will be showing in the next class or WRIS website then you have the state agencies for example the public works department in Tamil Nadu the UP government government's groundwater board UPGW and SWID okay so all these boards at different agencies support with the budget to monitor groundwater they have a capacity for example scientists in central groundwater board and consultants that work across with these borders they monitor the data they write reports and books and it is published like for example this book is published open source anyone can take it and read it initially the data was not available for free you had to pay for the data nowadays most of the data is available for free there are some sensitive data you cannot take so they will label it saying yes we have a monitoring well but we will not give the data it is sensitive data and along with this there are other agencies that I have given you here on the bottom which have a lot of groundwater data UN, IGR, RAC and also your other international bodies that are interested in groundwater conservation in India they also collect some data which is available through their different websites and portals so what has the government of India done for this all this data that I mentioned is they have created a web page or an application called groundwater estimation and management system so this was developed for helping to understand groundwater with the data they have and also some advisories using their advisory team which is made up of MNM to people and industries across the world for example UN Delft it is a well-developed standardized national information system database the link is given here on the top you could see if you zoom in to the slide you can see it here or just type gems groundwater India you will get it and it has given you all the instructions on how to download how to set it up FAQs etc so this data is all hosted into this information system but running this as I said there are multiple systems running this would take its own learning curve and because we just have three more weeks I'll be focusing on just collecting the data for you there are youtube tutorials on how to use these websites please go and check it on youtube you will learn how to use it what jump has is a lot of data banks and databases okay which is needed for posting the data see not every state government would have a big server and store all the data so it is better that the government India was having this website and from the website they collected all the data that they need and kept it in a data bank and database which is available for free for public it improves the quality of data and processing capabilities because you your computer or your hardware may not be suitable for collecting and running these samples so they have given you an information system which can help in making these trend estimates the the degree of deviation from groundwater static line and your depletion scenario all these things you can take it is aimed at promoting free exchange of data among the uses of various various agencies when I say various agencies it includes the government and public private also but most importantly between the government agencies like agriculture, irrigation, forest, climate change, gel shakthi mission, domestic water demand, water ministry, ganges, rejuvenation, gel jeep and all these all these missions can have different data and now they have one common place where they can put the data and encourage exchange of data among the users it was done by as I said MS data infotech limited where data has put a lot of their staff on government projects for building these infrastructures IT infrastructures I mean and domain specific now see the IT has built a good IT system where if you put data the recommendations can come however you also need some technical background which is given by the central groundwater board key scientist state groundwater agencies like your PWD DHB delft consultants these are consultants from Netherlands and the national informatics center which is more on GIS and data analytics so all these work well together as a system and you can download and use it all the instructions are given in this website moving on from next class on we would go into each and every part of the groundwater so if you see here in the WRIS website which I shared in the little log also I will be going through each of these bullets to show what it happens and how the data is being shown because some students may not get it when they open it it may not open properly you may close it and say it's not opening so there is a process on how to do it I will lively show it on this platform so that you could use it for your information make sure to create a link so that you can download and use the data thank you I will see you in the next class