 So, the anatomy of the nose when you start from the external narees and the skeleton of the nose, the anterior part of the nose is made up of the cartilages which is bound together by some fibrosis tissue which is mobile. So, there are septal cartilages and some processes which is articulated with the bones of the nose which is part of the macular bones and the nasal bones part of the frontal bone also. So, this is the anterior narees and in the midline you can see the septal cartilages there. Some part of the processes of the septal cartilages or the alert processes of the septal cartilages forms the upper part of the nose it is more or less pyramidilins. The lower part of the anterior narees is formed by the fibrosis tissue. So, when you put your endoscopes there are chances that this connection may get ruptured. So, do not manipulate more the patient will get pain after the operation. Then comes the posterior narees. The posterior narees is larger than the anterior narees you can see the dimension and posterior narees is mainly formed by the periguard processes the parotent bones and the part of the septum and on the roof of the posterior narees you know that there lies certain nerves here. So, be careful about that. Then comes the nasal septum. So, you are going to break the posterior part of the nasal septum mostly you are familiar in the upper and posterior part is formed by the the perpendicular plate of the epidermal the lower part is formed by the woman and the anterior inferior part is formed by the septal cartilage. The roof of the nasal cavity here it is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ithmoid bone and it is very thin. So, when you are introducing your endoscope if you go more anteriorly there are chances that this plate may get broken and there may be postnatal disc post ovative rhinorrhea. The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is very important for you because your first thing you are going to see is the skin with some hairs here. So, after that you are going to see the this three conca these are the skeleton of the conca the superior middle and inferior conca the superior and middle part of the ithmoid bone and the inferior nasal conca is a separate bone and ithmoid has one insinate process the insinate process of the ithmoid comes anteriorly and the maxillary hiatus you know that it is closed anteriorly by process of the lacrimal bone posteriorly by the palatine bone. Then what happens this hiatus is normally closed this insinate process of ithmoid bone there is one foramen lies the posterior to the mud bone another foramen is there. So, that is the main opening of the maxillary sinus into the inferior meter the anterior foramen is normally in life it is closed. The mucosa is very important because mucosa is highly vascular. So, when you introduce your endoscope you see the inferior conca and below the inferior conca you see the inferior meters and in line with the inferior meters if you go more posteriorly you will see the inferior tube it is just like 1.25 centimeter behind the inferior nasal conca this is the middle meters if you elevate the middle meters slightly you will see the bulla ithmerdalis and bulla is caused by the ithmodel air cell and this is the hiatus seminary where all the sinuses open you can see the orifice of the maxillary sinus just below the bulla ithmerdalis and if you are very careful you can see on the bulla there are certain openings these are the openings of the ithmodel the anterior and middle group of ithmodel air sinuses and the fontanagel duct opens in the anterior part of the middle meters above that is the superior conca and the superior meters and if you go up this this area is the spinoid model recess sometimes you can get another conca here or highest ithmodel conca and the highest recess also above this you will see that opening of the spinoidal air sinuses the vascularity of the nasal cavity is very important because it is highly vascular you know that any trauma to this area or the little area may give rise to bleeding and as I was talking here is the maxillary hiatus or the maxillary hiatus opening this is the middle meters middle conca actually if you go straight you will get this foramen the spina pyrotent foramen where the branches of the spina pyrotent artery and the nasal pyrotent knobs will be there the nasal cavity is supplied by the 4 pairs of blood vessels the anterior ithmodel blood vessels and the artery postage model artery the spina pyrotent artery there are the branches of the maxillary artery and from the facial side the facial arteries gives some branches which supplies the lower part of the nasal septum and the nasal cavity and they make it reach anastomosis in the nasal cavity and in the turbinates corresponding veins are also there and they mostly drain into the spina pyrotent vein which drains into the teriguard venous plexus the anterior part of the veins they drain into the tributaries of the facial vein the upper part they drain into the branches of the meningeal veins and this is highly vascular tissue sometimes because of the intractable bleeding in this node you have to approach this spina pyrotent artery for ligation. Innovation of the nasal cavity is very important the upper part you know this is the olfactory area which is the upper one-fourth actually if you damage this area then there may be some olfactory problems and if you damage this nasal pyrotent forearm and if you go towards this side there may be damage of these knobs and anesthesia will be there so try to preserve the normal anatomy without damaging the structures and the mucosa is also very important because there is mucociliary movement that movement is towards the nasal pharynx or the cilia moves towards the nasal pharynx so the secretions from nodes go through the nasal pharynx that is why the preservation of the mucosa is very important the nasal septum here it is showing the nasal septum is supplied by the nasal pyrotent branch of the teriguapyrotent ganglia the branch of the maxillary nub the spinoid bone you are going to see the spinoid bone so the three views of the spinoid bone has been shown here so this is the body of the spinoid these two the lesser wing and the gator wing and these are the teriguide plates here it is forming the roof of the nasal pharynx you can see the antiasurface of the body in the antiasurface of the body actually these are the spinoidal conca here the ithmoid articulate and the posterior ithmoidal air cells become complete when they articulate with this part of the spinoid and this is the opening of the spinoidal sinus in the midline this is called the spinoidal crest and rostrum the lower part the spinoidal rostrum is there this is from the posterior surface so this is the posterior part of the body of the spinoid bone which articulate with the occipital bone you can see part of the dorsum ceiling and the gator wing and the lesser wing here is the cranial surface of the spinoid bone so the area which is important for you this is the anterior margin of the lesser wing then this area is called the jugum spinoidally where the the olfactory bulb and the olfactory gyrus gyrus rectus lies here then what you see there is the sulcus this is the sulcus chiosmeticus the optic chiosma doesn't lie here but slightly above it which leads to the optic foramen behind that there is an elevation called tuberculum celli and lateral to the tuberculum celli this is the middle clenoid process the anti-clenoid process you can see anti-clenoid process the diaphragm celli is attached here this is the the cellar tersica so you are going to approach the cellar tersica through the spinoidal air sinus so you have to know the relations of the cellar tersica so laterally what you see is the intercalated artery and making the siphon on the medial side of the anti-clenoid process this is the dorsum celli and these two are the posterior spinoid posterior border and here this is the cleavus which is continuous with the occipital bone this is the posterior clenoid process here you already know that the fixed margin of integrum cerebelli is attached here the fixed margin the free margin is attached to the anti-clenoid process laterally lateral to the cellar tersica this is the position of the cavernous sinus the intercalated artery with all those nerves lies here so these are from our specimens the anti surface of the spinoid with the opening and the crest has been broken here and on this only the posterior it model cells articulate to complete the onodis sinus onodis sinus with the one of the largest spinoid posterior group of it model air sinus which lies in contact with the optic knob you know already that optic knob lies here and this is the pterigoid canal the video knob and the artery of the pterigoid canal passes through it this is this two are the pterigoid processes it lies just above the medial pterigoid process this is not natural it has been made you can see some part of the spinoidal air sinus here the spinoidal air sinus it is a pubertal in shape the volume of the spinoidal air sinus is normally 7.5 millilitre see the roof of the spinoidal air sinus here and it is lateral wall it is floor and it has a septum the septum is not always in the midline sometimes there may be coronal septum one instead of one there may be two septum or three septum and it may be incomplete septum also see here the spinoidal air sinus the roof of the spinoidal air sinus it extends near the cellar tersica and it has a posterior wall it has an anterior wall it has a floor and it is a lateral wall the lateral wall is most important because in the lateral wall there are elevations for the internal cavity artery and the optic nerve which is very important so a roof is formed by the jugum spino deli and the junction between the roof and the posterior wall you see the cellar tersica is there so when you are entering into the nasal cavity you are going to break or you are going to enter through the spinoidal osteum you are going to break the anterior wall you are going to break some of the nasal septum and you will enter it so relations of the spinoidal air sinus are very important and if you move your endoscope slightly anteriorly you will break the roof of the nasal cavity or if you go more posteriorly you can see the esthetician tube opening here so please remember the relations of the esthetician tube here this is the roof of the spiroidal air sinus here and this is a model air sinuses this is the posteriori model group of air sinus see there is a big air sinus and most probably this one is the onod sinus because it lies in contact with the optic nerve here so you have to be very careful in this region because sometimes it may be confused with the spinoidal air sinus and here is the internal carotid artery which lies on the lateral side of the air sinus these are some of the specimens here there are two elevations you can see this is the anterior side so optic nerve is here and the internal carotid artery these two elevations are there and you can see in between there are two recesses this recesses optic carotid recess sometimes the internal carotid artery elevations may be very large and it can it can touch the opposite side internal carotid artery elevation so that situation is called kissing carotid you have to be very careful about the kissing carotid sometimes the incomplete symptoms may be attached to this carotid elevations there are three types of spinoidal air sinuses pneumatized and non-neumatized the sometimes it is divided into sailor pre sailor and the post sailor the sailor is the commonest type the pre sailor goes up to sailor tersica and the post sailor air sinuses may reach up to the occipital or the bezy occipital here is the elevation of the optic nerve here for the carotid artery this is the pituitary gland and this is the recess and see the air sinus how it has extended the inferior conca middle conca these are the middle meters and the superior conca has been damaged and this is the roof of the nasal cavity the frontal sinus and this is the opening of the insertion you can see the vertebral artery fourth part of the vertebral artery coming here yeah I was talking about this kind of septum there may be sometimes coronal septum will be there in the air sinus so this is one type of septum you can encounter this is the middle meters with the bulla see the spinoidal air sinus here and this is the coronal septum instead of a sagittal septum this is the coronal septum and the air sinuses extended into the into the cleavus into the occipital bone this is the post sailor type of spinoidal air sinus sometimes you can encounter overlapping spinoidal air sinus one sinus may come above the other sinus nasal septum and different stages of deception and the same specimen to dissect the lateral wall of the nasal cavity so slowly we are dissecting it this is the bulla and you can see the air sinuses so I will show you some of the portions of the nasal cavity and the spinoidal air sinus in our specimen these are the metae the inferior metae the middle metae here is the opening of the maxillary air sinus so this is the middle conca this is the superior one and the superior metae this is the spinoidal air sinus the superficial fossa is here you can see is the this material is inside the spinoidal air sinus this is the septum the posterior part of the spinoidal air sinus it is reached up to the cleavus so what I was talking this is the anti side and nasal cavity so what you see is here is the middle conca and if you go directly straight you are reaching the station tube opening and this is the superior conca and through this spaces you are going to enter into the spinoidal air sinus and see this septum the coronal septum are present here and this is the optic nerve optic plasma is here then you can see the internal carotid artery this is the internal carotid artery and this is the elevation for the carotid artery and this septum are attached to the elevation of the carotid artery and this is the recess this is the elevation for the optic nerve this is the carotid artery elevation and this is the carotid recess and this septum is attached to the optic this elevation for the carotid artery there is another septum and this air sinus is encroached up to the basal part of the occipital bone here again see that optic nerve is here and this is the optic elevation this is the recess this is the internal carotid artery and this is the elevation for the internal carotid artery and small small septum there in the the coronal septum is there in the air sinus so here you are going to enter into the sinus like this so thank you all.