 Good evening aspirants, welcome to the hindu news analysis by Shankara A.S academy for the day 26th of May 2023. First of all, I would like to convey my wishes to all the aspirants who are appearing for the pull-ins examination that is to be conducted this Sunday. Do well, don't panic, you will definitely clear the examination. Also I have another announcement for you, there won't be any videos on 27th and 28th of May that is Saturday and Sunday, we will resume the activities from Monday that is from 29th May. Okay, here I have displayed the articles we will be discussing today, now let's start the discussion. Look at this article, it says that IRDAI is planning to introduce an affordable bundled insurance product called BMATRINITY. This is to address the country's low insurance penetration. In this context in our discussion today, we will learn about what are BIMA SUGAM, BIMA VAHAK and BIMA VISTARA. These three are only called as the BIMA TRINITY of IRDAI. First we will see about BIMA SUGAM. BIMA SUGAM is an online platform created by the IRDAI that is the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India. It serves as an one-stop shop for all insurance related needs such as purchasing policies, settling claims and seeking insurance advice. See, we have NIKYA, MINTRA or Amazon for all our fashion needs. Similarly, BIMA SUGAM is a platform for all our insurance needs. Basically, it would be a centralized marketplace where all the insurance products of different insurance companies will be available. Different entities like web aggregators, brokers, insurance agents and bank agents can act as facilitators on this platform and they can sell insurance policies. So basically it provides a centralized database that helps the consumers with their insurance queries and it also allows them to view policy details and renewal information very easily. This is all about BIMA SUGAM. Then we have the BIMA VAHAK. BIMA VAHAK is an initiative by the IRDAI and it is aimed at reaching the last mile of insurance penetration. So, how does this work? In each gram panchayat, there will be a designated person called a BIMA VAHAK. This BIMA VAHAK will be responsible for selling and servicing simple parametric bundled insurance products. This initiative actually focuses on woman-centric insurance distribution. Also, it aims to build trust and awareness about insurance products in rural areas. We know how banking correspondents work right? They provide financial and banking services to the consumers in unbanked areas. So, we can say that BIMA VAHAKS are similar to the banking correspondents in rural banking, but they sell insurance services instead of banking services. This is about BIMA VAHAK. Moving on, let us take BIMA VISTAR. BIMA VISTAR is a special insurance product being developed by the IRDAI. Its main purpose is to provide affordable and comprehensive coverage to people living in rural areas. The focus is on protecting them from natural disasters like flood and earthquake that can cause significant damage. So, now, individuals and communities will have financial security during natural calamities. Know that this product will be launched on the BIMA SUGUM online portal. This will make it easier for people to access these benefits. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the BIMA TRINITY launched by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India. Now, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. It says that the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force has shared a draft recommendation. It suggests that all women should have breast cancer screening every other year starting at the age of 40. However, in India, we have been following guidelines from the Indian Radiology and Imaging Association. This guideline advises women to begin screening with mammograms every two years after 40. So, the new U.S. guideline don't directly affect India. Unfortunately, in India, compliance is the problem because many women only go for mammogram when they notice something wrong. This is about the news article. So, in this discussion, we will see about breast cancer. Breast cancer is a complex disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the breast tissue. Actually, there are different types of breast cancer, but the most common types of breast cancer are invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma. In invasive ductal carcinoma, cancer cells originate in the milk ducts of the breast and have potential to spread to other parts of the breast. On the other hand, invasive lobular carcinoma begins in the lobules of the breast and can also spread to nearby breast tissues and other areas of the body. Now, we will see about the signs and symptoms of breast cancer. The common warning signs include presence of new lumps in the breast or underarm area, then thickening or swelling of particular parts of the breast, irritation or dimpling in the breast skin, redness or flaky skin around the nipple area, nipple pain or retraction, nipple discharge and any other change in the shape and size of the breast. So, it is important to consult a healthcare professional if any of these signs are observed. Now, how it is diagnosed? Usually, mammograms are widely used as a diagnostic tool for detecting breast cancer. They are X-ray images of the breast, so it can help doctors to identify any abnormalities or potential cancerous growth. Regular mammograms are considered the most effective method for early detection. Know that with mammograms, often breast cancer can be detected up to three years before it can be felt manually. Basically, early detection means easier treatment. Now, we will see about the treatments for breast cancer. The treatment for breast cancer depends on various factors including the type and stage of cancer. Mostly, surgery is the common approach which involves removal of cancerous tissue through lupectomy which means removal of tumor or mastectomy which means removal of the entire breast. Then, we have chemotherapy. Chemotherapy may be recommended to shrink or kill cancer cells using specialized medication. These medications may be administered orally or intravenously. Then, hormone therapy is another option. It basically blocks hormones needed for cancer growth. Then, biological therapy works with body's immune system to fight cancer cells or manage side effects from other treatment. Finally, radiation therapy. It utilizes high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells and it is often used for surgery to target any remaining cancerous cells. This is about the treatment for breast cancer. So, that's all regarding this discussion. Here, we saw about the types of breast cancer, its diagnostic method and the treatment available. Now, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Now, look at this article from the text and context page. This article gives us a clear picture about the recusal of judges. Here, the term recusal of judge refers to the withdrawal of a judge from hearing a legal case. Now, why is this topic suddenly in news? This is because on 10th May 2023, a former Supreme Court judge, Justice M. R. Shah, refused to recuse himself from hearing a plea moved by former IPS officer Sanju Bhatt. The plea of Mr. Bhatt has sought to admit additional evidence in an appeal filed by him in the Gujarat High Court that is challenging his conviction in the 1990 custodial death case. Following this plea, Mr. Bhatt also made another application in the Supreme Court that particular sought for the recusal of Justice M. R. Shah from hearing Mr. Bhatt's case. Mr. Bhatt contended that there was reasonable apprehension of bias by Justice Shah. This was because earlier as a high court judge of Gujarat, Justice Shah passed orders against Mr. Bhatt while hearing his plea linked to the same 1990 custodial death case. So, Mr. Bhatt made an application in the Supreme Court for the recusal of Justice M. R. Shah. However, Justice Shah dismissed the plea by stating that this move was an attempt to indulge in bench hunting. Here the term bench hunting is nothing but the action of the petitioner to get cases heard by a particular judge or court to ensure favorable order. So, by stating the attempt of bench hunting, Justice Shah dismissed the plea of Mr. Bhatt for the recusal of his own. This is one case. Similarly, a few weeks ago, the Chief Justice of India, Justice D. V. Chandrachudh rejected an application. That particular application sought the recusal of the CJI from hearing petitions seeking legal recognition of same-sex marriages. So, in the backdrop of these two cases only, this particular article about recusal of judge has made news today. So, in our discussion today, we will understand the points provided in the article. And before that, the syllabus relevant to the discussion is highlighted here. You can make a note of it. Now, first let us understand the term recusal of judges. Firstly, a judge can withdraw or recuse himself from a case whenever there is a potential conflict of interest. Here, the conflict of interest can arise in many ways. Like, the particular judges holding shares in a litigant company or the judges having prior or personal association with the party and so on. So, in this case, the judges recuse himself to avoid bias while deciding a case. This is one of the reasons for recusal. Apart from this, a judge can recuse himself from a case when an appeal is filed in the Supreme Court against the High Court judgment delivered by the same judge before his elevation as Supreme Court judge. This is also done to avoid bias of the judge. These are the two main reasons for the recusal of judges. Now, moving on, we will see about the procedure for recusal. See, there are two procedures for recusal. Firstly, automatic recusal. In this case, a judge himself withdraws from the case. Secondly, a judge recuses when a party raises a plea for recusal by highlighting the possibility of bias or personal interest of judge in that particular case. And note that the decision to recuse res solely on the consents and discretion of the judge and no party can compel a judge to withdraw from a case. Now, what happens when a judge recuses himself from a case? If a judge recuses himself, the case is listed before the Chief Justice for Allotment to an Alternative Bench. After that, the CJA allots the case to another bench. Note that India has no codified rules governing the recusal process. However, several Supreme Court judgments have dealt with the issue of recusal. Now, coming to the next question. Do judges need to record a reason for recusal? As we saw just now, India has no statutory rules to govern recusal process. So, it is often left to the judges themselves to record reasons for recusal. Sometimes, judges specify the reasons orally in open court, while other judges issue a written order by recording the reasons. So, it is up to the judges to decide whether to reveal the reason for recusal or not. Now, what about the recusal in other foreign jurisdiction? Unlike India, the US has a well-defined law on recusal. See, Title XXVIII of the US Code provides some details about the groan for disqualification of justice, judge or magistrate judge. Such rules are also codified in the American Bar Association Model Code of Judicial Conduct. The Title XXVIII of the US Code specifies three groans for recusal. Firstly, financial or corporate interest of the judge in the litigants firm. Secondly, a case in which the judge was a material witness or a lawyer. And finally, the judge's relationship to a party. So, if a judge in the United States is involved in any of these groans, then he should have to recuse himself from hearing the case. This is all about the recusal procedure followed in the United States. Apart from the United States, the United Kingdom also has laws on judicial recusal and they were evolved through judicial pronouncements. Now finally, let us see some points about the rules that are formulated by the Supreme Court regarding the recusal of a judge. The Supreme Court has outlined various factors that are needed to be taken into consideration for deciding the impartiality of a judge. The factors were outlined while giving various judgements. Firstly, in the Ranjitha Kurvas Union of India 1987 case, the Supreme Court ruled that the judge should need to look at the mind of the party before him and not to look at his own mind. So, the Supreme Court said that if there is reasonable apprehension of bias in the minds of the litigant, a judge should recuse himself from hearing the case. Secondly, in the case of Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association with Union of India 2015 case, the Supreme Court observed that if a judge has a percussionary interest, no further enquiry is needed to decide whether there would be a bias or not. So, if a judge is having some interest in any of the litigant's firm, there is no enquiry needed to prove the bias. So, the judge has to recuse himself from hearing the case. However, in other cases, the Supreme Court said that the enquiry is required to prove real danger of bias. From the judge once it is clear that if a judge is having some interest in any of the litigant's firm, then the judge has to recuse himself from hearing the case. Whereas in other cases, it is up to the judge to decide on recuse him. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw the background of the reason why recuse him recently made news. Then, we saw about the provisions in India. Then, we saw how the process is followed in the foreign countries. Finally, we saw the Supreme Court judgments regarding the procedure for recuse him. I hope this discussion was helpful. Now, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. The news article reports that four members of the Bukkarwal family and nomadic tribe of Jammu and Kashmir were killed when a tree fell on their tent. In this context, let us learn about the Bukkarwal's. The Bukkarwal's are a nomadic ethnic group. They primarily rear goats and sheep in the high altitudes of the Great Himalayan range during summer. During winter, they moved to the plains and the foothills of the Shivalic mountains. Due to this migration only, we call them nomadic group. This migration is driven by the need to find suitable grazing grounds and better living conditions for their livestock, which is basically sheep. During the harsh winter months, the Kashmir Valley experiences extreme cold and heavy snowfall. This makes it difficult for the Bukkarwal's to continue their pastoral activities. Therefore, they migrate to the warmer regions of the Jammu. Here, the climate is more favorable for their sheep and it also provides them with better access to food and shelter. So, in Jammu, the Bukkarwal's settle in the plains and hilly regions where they can find ample grazing land for their sheep. They establish temporary settlements and make use of available resources to support their livelihood during the winter months. These settlements are often consisting of tents and temporary shelters that can be easily set up and disbandled as they move. As the winter season comes to an end and the weather becomes more favorable, the Bukkarwal's make their way back to the Kashmir Valley for the summer season. In short, we can say that the Bukkarwal's are mostly goat herders and shepherds and they move from one place to another with their herd seasonally. See, the Bukkarwal's are listed as a scheduled tribe in the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and in Ladakh. They are the largest Muslim tribe in India and they are the third largest ethnic community in Jammu and Kashmir region. Apart from the Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, you can also find Bukkarwal's in the Afghan province of Nirustan. The Bukkarwal's play a significant role in the economy and culture of the regions where they reside. Their experience in herding and their knowledge of the land are vital for their survival and the well-being of their communities. They sustain their livelihood based on animal products they get from their cattle. That is all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw the basic things you have to know about the Bukkarwal tribe for film examination. Now, let us conclude this and take up the next news article. Look at this article here. It says that the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India will conduct nationwide surveillance this year. This surveillance is aimed at curming the adulteration of milk and milk products in both organized and unorganized sectors. This is about the news article. In this context, let us learn about milk adulteration and then about FSSEA. Let's start with milk adulteration. Milk adulteration refers to the process of intentionally degrading milk quality. This is done either by adding some inferior products like water or by removing some valuable ingredients like butter. In India, milk adulteration has become quite common where it is being done to increase the quantity of milk and to make profit illegally. Some adulterants like water, urea, detergents, starch and synthetic milk are used to adulterate the milk in India. If we look at the data, the results of National Milk Safety and Quality Survey 2018 showed that 12 out of 6432 samples of milk were found unsafe for human consumption due to adulteration. The World Health Organization has warned that if milk adulteration in India is not stopped, a significant proportion of the population might face life-threatening diseases by the year 2025. Now, who is responsible for checking the milk adulteration in India? The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India is the authorized government body that checks Food and Safety Regulation in India. It is the FSSAI that conducts surveillance on adulteration of milk in India. Now, let us see some points about FSSAI. FSSAI is an autonomous cum statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006. It is functioning under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and it is headquartered in New Delhi. The primary responsibility of the FSSAI is to lay down science-based standards for articles of food. Apart from this, FSSAI also regulates manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and import of food items. This is to ensure the availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption. Now, we will see the organizational structure of FSSAI. The FSSAI comprises of a chairman and 22 members. Of the 22 members, one-third should be women. The chairperson and the members of FSSAI are appointed by the central government. This is about the organizational structure. Moving on, let us see about the functions of FSSAI. Firstly, it frames regulations to lay down the standards and guidelines for food safety and for laboratories in food businesses. Secondly, it grants food safety licenses and certification for food businesses. Thirdly, it provides suggestions to the government in framing the policies related to food standards. Fourthly, it collects data regarding contaminants in food products and identification of emerging risk. And fifthly, it creates an information network across the country about food safety. And finally, it promotes general awareness about food safety and food standards. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we covered the basics of milk adulteration and about the organization called FSSAI. Now, with this, let us conclude the news article discussion and take up the practice problems questions. We have four practice problems questions today. Let us see them one by one. Let us take up the first question. With reference to the insurance regulatory and development authority of India, which of the following statements is incorrect? First option, the nodal ministry of IRDAI is the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. This is incorrect because the nodal ministry is Ministry of Finance. Other than this, all the three statements given here are correct. IRDAI is a 10-member body. As per IRDAI, third-party liability insurance is mandatory for all vehicles playing on public roads in India. IRDAI adjudicates and disputes between insurers and intermediaries. Since they are asking for the incorrect statements, the correct answer here is option A. Moving on to the next question. This is a pair-based question. On one side, tribes are given and on the other side, states where they are located is given. See, if you have been reading the newspaper daily or if you have been watching our news analysis daily, you would be knowing that the Mai Tai tribe is from Manipur and not from Gujarat. Other than that, from our discussion, we know that Bakkerwals are from Jammu and Kashmir and Irulas are from Tamil Nadu. Since only two pairs given here are correctly matched, the correct answer is option B. Two pairs only. Moving on to the next question. It is a three-statement question about FSSAI. Let us take up the first statement. It is functioning under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare. This statement is incorrect. FSSAI is functioning under the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Okay. Moving on to the second statement. It may issue guidelines or orders from time to time for ensuring the safety of food imported into India. This statement is correct. It is one of the functions of FSSAI. Now moving on to the third statement. It grants food safety license and certification for all food businesses. This we saw in the discussion itself. Third statement given here is correct. Since statements two and three are correct and since they are asking for the correct statements, the correct answer here is option B. Two and three only. Moving on to the last question. This is a quiz question for you. This is based on our breast cancer discussion. Okay. Interested aspirants can post the answer for this question in the comment section. The main question based on today's discussion is displayed here. Interested aspirants can write the answers and post it in the comment section. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPC preparation, subscribe to Shankar A.S. Academy's YouTube channel. I am reiterating the announcement. On 27th and 28th May, there won't be any news or latest video. We will resume the process from 29th May. Thank you.