 Dear students, in this module we are going to discuss external sources of social change. When we talk about external sources these are other than what the society inherently produces and most of these sources can also be considered globalized sources of social change. So, first of all the globalization is a powerful external source influencing the societies through increased cross-border interactions, trade, and cultural exchange. It can shape the social change by introducing new ideas, practices, and influences into different societies. So, external sources ki jab bhi hum baat karte hain to globalization choke a significant role play kar rahe hain aaj ki duniya mein due to the available means of communication jaise media hain jaise social media hain internet hain to in sab ki wajah se duniya choke interconnected hain to ideas ka flow jo hain from one aspect or from one part of the world to another part of the world. Ye bahut rapid hain, bahut quick hain to globalization external sources of social change mein se ek bahut hi significant aspect hain that needs to be understood. For example, the spread of English language usage worldwide influenced by the globalization has significantly shaped the communication, education, and cultural dynamics in many societies. So, as you can see that English language cho hain it has become almost a hajmonic language around the globe, particularly because of the use of internet technology, aap kisi bhi website ke upar jaate hain to aap ko English language ke upar hi jo hain cheez hain nazar aate hain aur zyadatar jo content hain wo aapko English mein hi available hota hain. To iski availability ki wajah se jo hain wo you are forced to learn that language and that is why most of the people around the globe jo hain wo nazar aap English ko bol sakte hain, bal ke samaj sakte hain. So technological advances and changes particularly those driven by the advancements in the other parts of the world can act as external forces of social change. To globalization ko promote karne ke liye jo hain wo ek important aspect jo hain wo technological advancements bhi hain. Jaise jaise duniya ke andar technology ke innovations ho rahe hain, wajse wajse hain our means of communication jo hain wo bhi rapid ho rahe hain. To recent past ke andar agar hain 15-20 saal piche bhi chale jaane toon dekthe hain ki communication itni rapid aur itni fast nahi thi means of communication jo hain wo itni zyada available nahi thi jitne ke aaj ki duniya mein available hain. So these changes can transform various social aspects including communication, work, layer and education. To ye jo sources of communication hain, ye sirf aur sirf communication ke sources nahi rahe aap, bal ke transformation ho chukhe hain ke andar, ye aap economic, economic sources bhi ban chukhe hain, aap ki economic aap bahot bada jo chunk hain wo ini communication ke sources ko use karte huye bada hota hain. Jaise ke hum dekthe hain ke mohlib websites hain to un kezriye aap ka saara trade and commerce ka nizam jo hain wo chal rahe hain. Isi tara se bahot se aise kaam hain, bahot se aise showbe hain jo sirf aur sirf technology dependent hain aur uni ki wajah se wo promote ho sate hain. For example, the global spread of internet has drastically reshaped the societies enabling instantaneous communication, remote work and access to a vast era of information. Then we have different environmental factors which can also become the external sources of social chain. If certain societies are producing more carbon as compared to the other societies, so that production not only affects those societies but also the world, also the global societies around the world. So, it also can influence the social change in societies worldwide. So, these changes can shape societal behaviors, policies and infrastructures related to environmental sustainability as well as disaster management. So, as you can see that we are facing different disastrous situations due to the floods as well as the climatic conditions which are not only shaping and transforming our environment but also our other institutional aspects as well. For example, our economies, our healthcare are also dependent on these changes. For example, the increasing frequency and severity of wildfires in Australia driven by the global climate change has led to significant social as well as economic shifts in the land management and practices and policies in Australia. And lastly, the international relations which are shaped by the political situations around the globe between the nations including the conflicts, alliances and diplomatic relations can shape the social change around the societies. For example, the end of apartheid in the South Africa was heavily influenced by the international pressure and sanctions demonstrating how international relations can drive the social change. Similarly, the migration which can be the international migration can also act as the external source of social change although the migration can also be a consequence of that political change. For example, the warlike situations people are forced to migrate or the economic situation which are also one of the important consequence of the political situations can also force people to migrate from one country to another country. The influx of Syrian, Afghan or Rohingya refugees into different countries has shaped the social changes in these societies which also influence the public's attitudes, policies as well as community dynamics.