 This study used a path analysis approach to examine the impact of various environmental factors on ecosystem services, ES, in arid and semi-arid mountainous regions, finding that precipitation is the most significant factor influencing ES and shaping synergies in trade-offs among them. Human activities had the greatest influence on habitat provision service, while temperature exhibited a suppressive influence on ES. The impact of factors such as NPP and altitude on ES was comparatively modest, but human activities assumed a substantial role in shaping the relationship encompassing water conservation service. The study provides valuable insights for managing ecosystem services to optimize ecological construction and promote regional sustainable development. This article was authored by Cheng Wenwei, Jiaqin Zeng, Jiping Wang, and others.