 Oh, good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. I am audible. Yes, yes, yes, you are audible. Yes, so thank you. Thank you for joining us once again. I mean, this series is really, you know, we are very happy with it with the series and it is really rocking, I should say. And once again, guys, we are meeting in this talk talk webinar series, especially dedicated to the issues related to Israel land. We have our speaker with Israel and its words rising through fire. So without wasting any more time, I require Jyothiranjanji to please kindly take a charge of this virtual stage and please begin with the lecture. Thank you so much. Yeah, I must be visible to you all now. No, I guess there is some internet issue over there. Yeah, just give me a second. I will change my network there. Okay. I will just move to a faster network. Sure, but if there is a network issue, you can just switch off for your camera also that would also do. Is it better now? Yeah, your voice is coming. It is better. And still there is a problem with your network, I guess. So I would request you to please keep switching your cam off if you have any data issue. Just give me a second. Yeah. Okay, my camera's off. Now it's on. Now it's on. Now it's okay. Clear. But again, we can see you. But whenever you have a problem with the data, you can simply switch off your camera. That's it. Right, sir. So please go ahead. Take the charge. I'll just start the presentation now. Dr. Aniruddha, is everything visible to you, the presentation? It must be reading loading. Yes, it's loading. We'll have to wait for it. Yeah, it has come now. Is there a rising through fire? Yes, presentation is on. So, very welcome and good afternoon to everyone. So, like in our first and second lectures, we have covered Israel, its origin, its formation. And then we went through how Israel has been fighting a small low intensity conflict with Palestine. And it's been taking some time for Israel to even, let's say, even today, the borders of Israel. There is a lot of deliberation in that. And many people would still suggest that what one agrees as the border of Israel may not be agreeable to someone else. So the reason for that is also, as some of you might remember, we had in a previous presentation discussed the Montevideo protocols to accept, to foreign nation to be accepted as a state. And we had one of the lines was territory, defined territory. Now, for that reason, many might say Israel doesn't have a defined territory. Well, there is some truth to that, but it still satisfies those Montevideo terms because if you point a finger, you know where Israel is. The final borders might not have been settled. But that's the case with many other states as well. But we do know if you point the finger where Israel is. So we'll just do a recap of what we had done in the previous lectures. Dr. Indutha, everything is visible and I'm audible. Yes, you're audible and everything is visible. Yes. Perfect. Thank you. In the last class, we had also seen the wall that separates and we had called it the security barrier. And we had shown how it's not uniform. Different places, it manifests itself in different ways. We had also discussed the 1948 War of Independence in detail. And in this lecture today, we'll be mainly covering the wars, the major wars. So the interstate wars, the wars that Israel is known for. And we'll also talk about the tassel with Iran and the nuclear issues that Israel faces. The contents on your screen. So the amen structure I have discussed now. So like I said, this is where Israel is. So those who are there in the previous class, they might recollect that we were discussing the geography of Israel. And we had discussed this image, this map. So here is Golan in the north. Here is the Dead Sea. This is the mountain of Samaria, this mountain of Judea. This is the Sharon plain. You can see my pointer, the cursor. This is the Sharon plain. Near Haifa, number three, this is the Karmel mountain. And this is Galilee. And to the north of Galilee, you might see the Jezreel, not Jezreel. This is the Upper Galilee, Lebanon area. And this is the Jezreel valley. And there's a Kidron valley that connects Jerusalem to the Dead Sea. So this is the basis, basic Israel, the main Israel, what you may call the Israel proper. But if we look at it better. So on the map, here is the Golan Heights. Here's the West Bank. Here's the Gaza Strip. The Sharon Plains. And I gave this just Egypt. The Suez Canal. And this is the Mediterranean Sea. It's very important for us to understand this today, because today we'd be discussing the wars. And throughout the wars, we'll be making references to these geographical areas again and again. So I would like you all to just go through it once. Take some time. This is the Jordan River. This is Syria here, Lebanon here, Jordan here, Egypt here. Dr. Anirudha, is it clear to you at least? Yes, yes, yes, it's clear. Perfect. So this is Samaria. This is Judea. These are the mountains of Judea. This is the desert of Judea. Perfect. Okay. So the first part of independence that we had discussed, we'll be going to it, we'll be having a short break for those who are joining us for the first time. So this shows us the directions in which the armies of the major Arab armies moved in towards Israel and Israel depended itself. And it fought that few months of wars and it was little more than a month. And then it went ahead. And we have also discussed why Israel actually was able to win because it had unified command, volunteers. And more importantly, Israel was able to procure weapons, not just from Czechoslovakia, but also from other countries illegally. Because UN had said that there's going to be a blanket ban of import of weapons. But Israel had developed smuggling networks during the world war and also for the civil war that preceded the war of independence. And so these networks were very crucial and it enabled Israel. So we see these were the countries that moved in. But Israel was able to repel them. And the blue color that you see, that was Israel from 1948 to 67. In 67, something happens. We'll be discussing it soon. So as we said that there were people volunteering. Also there were people who brought in bomber planes from US. There was a person who was having a vegetable fruit business in Puerto Rico. And he had large planes for that B-17 bomber type. And he happily lent them to Israel for its cause. Many of the excess World War II weapons were converted for use in Israel. And many people who went to volunteer to fight for Israel were not even Jews. They just came in because they felt for the land. And US in fact had ordered its citizen to not go ahead and fight. Once in a while there were also funny stories. For instance, there were some people who went and bought a lot of weapons and said that we are buying it for the museum. We want to open a museum in Israel. We want to show children about World War II. They brought everything. Then they retrofitted everything with the engineering and the machines and they fixed what was not working. And they were good to fight. Many people even had to get such a letter from Israel to show to you as that sea within fight. So this was a gentleman who brought in a lot of weaponry and he goes on to found that main company called IAI, Israel's peace industries. Similarly, there were other people also who brought in this thing. This is the gentleman who brought in the B-17s, Charlie Winters. Coming to right after the 1948 formation of Israel, there is constant hustle with its neighbors. There are a lot of Pidain attacks, terror attacks. There are infiltrations. And what we see is that the communities and societies near the border of Israel, they have tractors for farming, but those are armored tractors. Then there are teachers. If you look at pictures from that time, there are teachers teaching in classes with a gun around the shoulder. There are grown-ups guiding the children to play dodgeball and the grown-ups are having guns around them. So it looks pretty weird and this goes on. But coming to 1956, we come up with a Suez issue, the famous Suez crisis. In this cartoon, as you can see, this is the leader of Egypt back then, Jamal Nasir. So in 1952, there's a coup in Egypt because they all blame King Farouk of Egypt, who was ruler for the loss in 1948. They say that the king is not able to do it. So the free officers, they engage in a coup and then they take part. And by 1954, Nasir is able to take part. So I'll just move ahead of time right now. So what happens first, they say the king is not able to do his job. So we need to bring in the leftist socialists like Nasir, who are ruling. And when Nasir also loses wars, later on we'll come to see that. We see that the noise on the street is, see even the socialist nationalists, even they are not able to defeat Israel. So we need more of Islam. So coming to the Arab Spring, we see that the Muslim brotherhood in Egypt, in fact, one of the last elections, last proper democratic elections during Arab Spring, and they had elected a Muslim brother's person by the name of Morsi, who became the president but then again the military moved him out. So there's constant hustle that who will win against Israel. So each time you have taken part in an Arab country back then at least, you have to prove yourself that you are going to defeat Israel. So Nasir also goes on his trip and in 1956, all this is happening. They are sending small cladines, small groups of terrorists and militiamen, but a proper war does take place. But it is not instigated by the Egyptians. It is instigated by others because Nasir wanted to build a massive dam called Aswan High Dam in Egypt and Americans and the Brits have promised him that they will give him the required funding and they would give him what is needed. But suddenly they say, no, it's not feasible. We are not going to fund it. So Nasir then threatens that I'm going to blockade the Suez Canal. I'm going to nationalize it. I'm going to take it from you. And then I'm going to use the proceeds from the canal, the transit fee, the toll fee, and then I'm going to use that money to build a dam. Because of this, what I'm is great Britain and France, the owners of the canal get terrified and they conspire with Israel and Israel invades Egypt in 1956 and thus we see the war. This is the Aswan High Dam and that was Nasir promising people that see we are going to get the dam and we are going to use the proceeds for building our own dam using the canal. So this is how the war goes about. Israel invades and then France and England say that, okay, we are going to use this as an excuse to land there. And once they land there, what happens is that the western world, the Soviet Union, they are totally against and they are gassed and they are all posed to withdraw. And then the chief of the Israeli military idea was Moshe Dayan, the gentleman with the one eye, and he had mobilized the tanks for this movement and these are the British troops who are landed on the ships. So it doesn't go well, but Israel is able to demonstrate that it can take over entire Suez and there's a newfound respect for this new country that it has power and it can demonstrate that power. And Dr. Enredda, everything going well? Hello? Yes, yes. Okay. So yeah, every 10 minutes. Yes, can you hear me? I will just speak out so that I know that there's no internet disruption. Thank you. Perfect. So coming 1956, what this war demonstrates is that Israel has power. But following that, Israel is supposed to withdraw back to its borders and everything becomes like as it was before. But by 1965-66, it's Nasir who is making noise now. And there is clear cut information that Egypt might invade Israel. Why we think so? Because first of all, there are some incidents that take place. Israel is supposed to go ahead with raids in 1966 because they have been attacked. And also what Nasir does is he blocks the Suez to Israelis and he also blocks the Tehran, the Straits of Tehran. Now we'll have a look at the Straits of Tehran also. But before that, all these small tussles that were going on in 1966-67, there were battles with Syria, small battles that didn't make that much noise. But we all know that there was fire and there was smoke as well. So this is going on, this is going on. And this is the small battle that takes place before the main Six Day War of 1967. In January, we see that Syrians attack and the Israelis fight back and Israelis take out many of the planes of Syria. And what happens finally is that in 1967, the USSR delivers a warning to Syria and Cairo, Egypt. See, Egypt and Syria, Israel is going to have an attack on you. Israel is going to attack you and it is going to happen any day. But there is no clear proof because Nasir sends his man to the border and who checks it out that there is no real big military buildup from the Israeli side. But the USSR insists that there is going to be an attack. And because these countries are kind of dependent on the USSR for their military weapons and everything, they have to play along a bit. And during this time, Nasir was also engaged in the Yemeni civil war. Again, today we have a Yemeni civil war along those lines almost. So Nasir and they all keep on checking and Nasir then goes ahead. He makes noise in the Arab street that I am going to teach the Israelis a lesson for the 48 and he forces the UN troops who are guarding after 1956, the border between Egypt and Israel. He asks them to move. He blocks Suez and Tehran streets. So this is the map that you see, Mediterranean. There is Egypt. This is the Sinai Peninsula. You see where my cursor is? This is Tehran. These are the streets of Tehran. So if Egypt blocks it, Israel loses access to Asia. Because Suez is already blocked for them. So if they won't, they have to go all around Africa and then go to China or India if they want to export or import anything. And back in that time, what happened is that none of the Arab countries were willing to sell oil to Israel. But there was one country who was willing to sell oil. Anyone wants to guess it? Any of the audiences? Who was the country who was willing to sell oil to Israel back then? Dr. Anirudha? Can't guess that. But okay, you go ahead. Tell us. So the country was Iran. Because that time Iran was not the Islamic Republic of Iran. It was ruled by the Shah. And the Shah was an ally of Israel and the United States. So now they are having problems with even getting the oil for their everyday sustenance. So this creates a big headache. And Israel uses this as a cash is valid. Because they say that, see, they have blocked access. They have removed the U.N. troops. It means that they are going to attack. And Israel then sends Aba Iban and its other diplomats to the U.S. Ask them to send an aircraft carrier at least. Ask Britain, please come in and say, maybe avoid the war. But all the Western countries tell Israel that, see, you are strong. Egypt is weak. Even if they attack you first, you will be able to teach them a lesson. So you please don't attack first. Because if you attack first, then we won't be able to support you. Similarly, U.S. also tells Egypt and Syria to not attack first. Meanwhile, what this is, as you can see, these are the zoom-up of the states of Tehran. This is where the ships are supposed to pass. So Israel is in a dilemma. It knows that it is going to be attacked. What should it do? So Israel launches preemptively the operation focus on 5th June, early in the morning, 7.40. It is able to do so because it had very good intelligence. It knew the breakfast timing of the pilots. It knew what are the habits at what time the Egyptian pilots fly. What are the Syrians doing? Because they are also experienced fighting with Syrians. And they had some doubt about Jordan. Because in 1948, what we remember, it was the Jordanians who had actually gained a lot of territory in the West Bank. And the Jordanian military was, in fact, taking seriously. Because it was a British-trained, British-built military. But the Jordanians also, they had been cooperating, understanding sometimes with Israel on some issues. And Israel kind of tells Jordan, see Jordan, stay out of this conflict. You still have a lot of territory, you have Jerusalem, just stay out of it. But what happens is that Nasser invites the king of Jordan to his place. That time, I guess it was King Hussein. And he kind of convinces him to join the fight. And even the King Hussein doesn't have much leeway because the streets in Jordan, even they all want to fight Israel. So Israel goes ahead with the attack on Egypt and Syria, a preemptive attack. As you can see here is King Hussein standing with Nasser. And the gentleman on the top left, that's Levy Eshkor. He was the Prime Minister. Oh no, it's not Levy Eshkor. He will come soon in Astro. So the sixth day war happens. Israel goes ahead. In early morning 7, 40, they are able to take out much of Egypt's air force. They destroy it. In the first early hours, they take out 100 planes. And by the end of it, they have taken out 200 Egyptian planes. And Israel just keeps 12 of its planes for its home defense and deploys all of its air force. It goes in waves and waves. But the Israelis are very smart. They know that the Egyptians might be expecting an attack, even though the USA has told them to not be the first to tackle. So they use this tactic. They fly the planes deep into Mediterranean and they attack from west to east or north to south rather than the expected route of Israeli planes attacking from the east. So the planes go north. Then they attack the bases in Egypt. And Sinai, they attack from the west. So the Egyptians are kind of left wondering. And they have timed it very well. Right before this attack, a lot of the senior staff of the Egyptian air force and the army, they had just boarded an illusion plane to do an inspection of the troops in Sinai. Also, one of the leading generals, he had just told his staff members, I'm going to sleep. Please do not disturb me. No matter what happens. So when the attack happens, a lot of the important people who are supposed to lead the Egyptian military, they are in a plane. Another important person is sleeping and the person who is actually there in the command center is left with nothing because all the planes are out. And this you see is an image of some of the Egyptian planes that have been destroyed while they were still on the airfield. And once that is done, the land is clear because Egyptian air force has been knocked out. So Israeli, Armaco, Israeli tanks and infantry, they're able to leap through the Sinai in three days. So the sixth day war of 1967 is actually a three and a half day war because by the three and a half day, what happens is that Egypt is defeated. They have taken over Sinai, also Gaza Strip. And in the north, we see that here you see the prisoner of wars of Egypt. And in the north, they are also able to defeat Syria pretty easily hands down. They take out their post and they are able to cover much of the Golan Heights and they take over the Golan Heights. When it comes to Jordan, Jordan is compelled to attack Israel because Egypt and Syria have been taken out and it does a meek attack on Israel. But then Israel hits back hard and it takes over all of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. In the map, you see the dark blue arrows. Those are the movement that take place first and then by the 7th of June, those light blue arrows, the one with the strikes, those are the movements of 7th of June. And the entire Jordanian army is compelled to move to the east of Jordan River. So Jordan kind of loses entire West Bank and we might remember in 1948, there were a lot of Palestinian refugees. Now again, the Palestinians of West Bank, they again become refugees. So often in the discourse, we will hear refugees of 1948, refugees of 1967 because those who had taken refuge in the West Bank and those people of West Bank who called themselves Palestinians. Now again, they are forced to move out either out of West Bank or they are internally displaced or they continue to stay there but without any representation in a parliament or in a state because when Jordan existed and it had taken over West Bank, it gave half of the seats in parliament to West Bank but now Israel takes over the entire West Bank and once it does for the first time, the Israeli states and Israeli people they have access to the Temple Mount that we have often seen and we also discussed in the previous lecture the Temple Mount and the Western Wall and here you see there is Moshe Dayan. Moshe Dayan now, what happens is that he makes most of the glory. In 1967, when the war started, the Prime Minister had made some meek voices, meek speeches and the entire military leadership was aghast. They were like, you have already lost the war by showing our weakness to the enemy and making them not fear us. So what the Prime Minister does is he removes the defense portfolio from himself and he recalls the 1956 Chief of IDF and makes him the Defense Minister, Moshe Dayan and Moshe Dayan makes the maximum of it politically when Israel takes over East Jerusalem and West Bank, Moshe Dayan goes everywhere and takes the first pictures and they are available in the newspapers as soon as possible. Whereas the Prime Minister, he is not able to do it. Maybe Ishkel kind of loses his doubt and Moshe Dayan builds his image as the tough man, the Sabra boy, the hero of 1956 and again the savior in 1967 who gets us back Jerusalem and once that is done on the right side map if you see Israel has now expanded itself by almost three times and the Syrian front, the Golan Heights is totally unread. Now the Golan Heights is important because not only is it just a plateau it is also the source of the Jordan River and the Jordanians have been trying to divert the river for some time and the river and the catchment area in Golan Heights in fact feeds into the sea of Galilee or the lake Kineret and the water from there flows into the Jordan River. So back in the time this was the main source for all the farmers in Galilee the northern part of Israel and if that could have been cut off then Israel would have lost out on grain and food also. Already they have to import a lot of weapons and this is what I have already discussed. So the war ends with complete Israeli victory but what happens is that Israel kind of loses something. By gaining territory its total land mass or the population under Israeli control is not now entirely Jewish per se because now the number of Arabs within the same population increases by a large amount they are almost 45% of the total population but of course many of them are restricted to West Bank and Gaza but still if you ask those people which country they belong to they can't punish a Palestinian passport that is workable but Israel is kind of responsible for them now. Also the Arab world passes its three no's in Khartoum as we have discussed in last class and the Fatha and all of them they take on the mantle to fight for Israel now. Now there is also the war of attrition that takes place. The war comes up right after the 60 war everybody is dismayed and everybody thinks that Israel cannot be defeated anymore because they are so powerful and they are so strong we will lose out but Yasser Al-Fath still starts the PLO and we have discussed the entire PLO's life in the previous webinar and the stage is perhaps set for the next series of skirmishes in the form of war of attrition that goes on from 1968 to 1970 almost till the Battle of Karame and after that we see that these visuals that you see on the right these are from the war of attrition from 67 to 70 these take place between the usual suspects Israel versus Egypt Israel versus Jordan Israel versus Syria but it is mainly done by the regulars of PLO and also once in a while between the bordermen border guards Israel meanwhile builds a series of fortifications on the eastern side of the Suez Canal they call it the Barlev Line and they come with their own strategy if you see on the right side map this is the Suez Canal on its right side they build a series of fortifications they have their own strategy to defend it with a few men the plan is to build high sand embankments and these sand embankments are supposed to prevent the Egyptian sides to mount the proper attack because first of all to attack the Israeli side now they have to cross the Suez Canal, the water body and once they cross it they have to face a high wall of sand and the Israelis are very confident that now all the territory that they have consolidated and the dream the Israeli dream is to exchange territory for peace so they offer the Israeli side see you, recognize us, have peace with us don't attack us and we shall return Sana'i to you similarly they give offers to Syria and Jordan we return you the West Bank you have peace with us and you recognize us similarly with Syria Egypt kind of things back then that this is a very good deal, they should accept but the people of Egypt cannot accept such a thing so whoever leader takes such a step he or she might be assassinated or something along those lines and it does happen later as we shall see the king of Jordan can't do it most of his people are almost 30 to 40% are Palestinians, he can't be betraying them and Syria is very adamant now when the defense minister was Hafiz al-Assad the father of Bashar al-Assad Bashar al-Assad is the current president of Syria and he decides that he wants vengeance as well he wants to take the fight back to the enemy so he back in the time Syria used to have a coup once every 5, 6 years once every 3 years so Bashar al-Assad's father Hafiz al-Assad he also does this coup and soon he is the president of Syria now the war that we said within 3 and a half days much of it had happened on the 4th day the Hebron had fallen to Israel 5th and 6th day Israel devotes its time to Syria and takes of entire Kulan in the Arab world this is known as the setback of 67 the 48th loss is referred to as a catastrophe al-Nakba and 67 defeat is referred to as al-Naksa the setback so we all know the situation was right for the next war because everybody wants their land back and thus we have the Yom Kippur war and this war is in fact a case of intelligence failure for Israel because Israel had all the information with itself that a war is going to happen in fact the person who used to give massage to Nasir he was an Israeli agent there were people who used to gardening in the headquarter area of the Egyptian military even one or two of them were Israeli agents in fact even the son-in-law of Nasir, Marwan who we had mentioned in the previous lecture when he was an Israeli agent but it is often claimed that he was a double agent to what extent we shall see today a little bit so the war of Yom Kippur starts in the Arab world it is known as the Ramadan war because that year Ramadan as it is going this year it is in April and in May, back then it took place in October and because in Hijri calendar it is a Luna calendar it does not exactly match itself to the Gregorian calendar and but towards the end of the Yom Kippur war Israelis do they are able to stand back what happens? so the Egyptians draw out a plan with Syria they come and tell Syria you are going to attack from the north we will attack from the south we see that if a Syrian is to attack Israel he or she has to attack from east to west on the Golan Plateau and Egypt has to attack from west to east so what the Egyptians want is they want to attack in the evening time when the sun is behind them so they propose that we should attack around 4pm, 5pm, 6pm something like that but the Syrian side want to attack in the morning time finally they compromise time and they agree upon to attack Israel is afternoon so this is a very bad decision making here because it benefits no one neither the Syrian side nor the Egyptian side if we take into consideration the effect of sunlight but that also plays an important role and it kind of plays into their overall plan but the Egyptians are wily here the Egyptians tell Syrians we are going to take up all of Sinai Peninsula, Sinai a second plan, secret plan that they don't show the Syrians the Egyptian plan is to move only a few kilometers something like 10 to 15 kilometers into Sinai across the Suez Canal and then compel the Egyptians to come and have a talk on the table and use diplomatic policies to finally ensure that Egypt is able to get back entire Sinai Peninsula and make money off the Suez Canal but the Syrians don't know this so when the Egyptians attack they attack pretty well, they attack very well they have been winning in many ways and we shall see how they go about but first let's look at the intelligence failure what happened how come Israelis didn't come to know that they are going to have a war they knew but they didn't act upon what happened so Mossad chief was Zee Zameer this is an image from 2005 of Zee Zameer he was the Mossad chief based on all intelligence he had he knew that the Arab armies are going to attack and he recommends that we should prepare we should call off our reserves and we should be ready to fight what happens is that a man chief whose image will prop up on the right side Ali Zaira he says no, there is no chance of an attack again these two images of the two intelligence guards are from 2003 to 2013 that period so they are pretty old right now one of them is 93 one of them is 96 years old they are still alive that's the case what happens Zee Zameer has access to this pie on the bottom left this is Ashraf Marwan this is also one of his post 2000 picture images but back then when all this was happening in 73 and he was married to Nasir's daughter this is Nasir's daughter so Ashraf Marwan was an Israeli spy what happens Ashraf Marwan is a young man who wants to live a dashing life he also has a sense and love for adventure and he knocks on the doors of the Israeli embassy in London not literally he calls them on phone he arrives by flight in London calls them and tells them hello this is Ashraf Marwan and I want to talk to your station chief for intelligence and he tries to put forth himself the Israeli says ok thank you and disconnect the phone in earlier calls they don't even respond to me they disconnect the phone finally the voice of this this information reaches the Mossad station chief in London and he says walk and he is totally shocked because you don't get such amazing assets walk into you straight away so Ashraf Marwan wants money in exchange but also Ashraf Marwan has some ideological reasons because he has access to Soviet Union because Soviet Union is an Egyptian ally and he sees the system and he doesn't like the communist system he doesn't like the Soviet way of doing things and he kind of makes it hard that I don't want this for my country at least and Ashraf Marwan becomes an Israeli spy and coming to the country war repeatedly Ashraf Marwan sends information that a war is coming a war is coming when not sure unclear because of this what happens is that many in the Israeli intelligence community they are also having doubt about his loyalty is he giving us the right information or the wrong information or before the actual war happens two three times entire Israeli military is brought on to the battlefield on the border lines to be ready to attack or to ready to receive an attack and then fight back against the enemies so there is the belief that maybe the attacks are all fake news and this is just propaganda to fool us to ensure that we pull up all our reserves because Israeli army is mainly a reserve army most of the people who go to fight on the day of battle they are engineers doctors teachers who leave their job and who put on their patiks and go to the battle and there is a small component of 200 to 300 thousand which is the professional army but back by a larger reserve and the small number of professional army is supposed to be backed by a larger reserve but what happens here is that each time you call the reserve Israeli economy suffers and Ali Zaira the military chief clearly knows this and Ali Zaira because he is so adamant and confirmed that no attack is going to happen he kind of delays the early warning systems now Ziz Amir on the exact day of war before it, Ashraf Marwan calls and he tells the code name chemical which means attack is imminent so Ziz Amir flies to London where he meets Ashraf Marwan and Ashraf Marwan says the attack is going to happen at 4 pm, 6 pm so the next day morning 8 o'clock the security cabinet of Israel meets and they are all ready to fight a war but the date 6th of October and the timing they all think the attack is going to come is in the afternoon so everybody mans up things are moving but the target time for them is 6 pm around but Egyptians and Syrians attack at 2 pm as they had agreed as per their plan now this attack that makes 2 pm shakes of Israel and at that time Moshe Diyan says that we might lose the third temple that Israel as a state might be destroyed but it doesn't happen per se because Egypt doesn't move more than 12 km Syria while it is trying to take up entire Golan Heights what happens is that let me show the image yeah so the Egyptians they come here they destroy the Balab Portresses they come in but they don't move forward because they know that they surface to a missile anti-aircraft missiles have a range of only 12-15 km so beyond that their aircraft may not be able to back up their army so they don't move forward and the Syrians while they attack they stop after some time they think that ok we have done enough progress today and half is an assasin that we don't move forward now we regroup regroup in the night and while they regrouping what happens is that entire Israeli reserve force arrives at the border this was the Egyptian attack how they cross the Suez one of the reasons for Egypt's success at least in the 15 km line is that they use anti-tank missiles these small ones called Sagres that they have got from Soviet Union here in the right side and it takes out Israeli tanks like anything and also they have the any Israeli plane that flies into this area falls down because the Soviets have supplied Egyptians with these anti-aircraft missiles the Syrians here they were supposed to go to Nafik they were supposed to capture that and the next day what happens is that Israelis arrive and they are able to push them back then forward this you see are the surprises really troops of the first days but later on they go ahead now we see they are winning but what happens because Nasir doesn't move forward beyond sorry Nasir is dead by now Sadat, Sadat is the ruler in 73 so Sadat doesn't move he is basically hemorrhaging at the Egyptians that please move ahead and relieve some pressure on us but how can they relieve the pressure because even if they move ahead here first of all the troops of Israel near here are going to be engaged not the troops in the north and secondly even if they were to move they would be beaten back so Shazli the Egyptian general had come up with this plan that we will not move ahead with it but then he is overruled and the Egyptian army is forced to go on the right side and they all move away like the Arya Sharon here his forces are here and he makes this decision to send in scouts and the scouts find this area Dr. Anuradha can you see the arrow yes, yes, yes so this part near the bitter lakes is poorly guarded they use this to transfer all these really troops to the western side of Suez Canal and Anwar Sadat and the other Egyptian generals are very adamant and traditional they say that not a step back Shazli says that we should move back to the west of Suez Canal so that we can face off the Israelis but they are forced to stay on the eastern bank of Suez they don't move more than 12 kilometers because then Israeli planes might hit them and they don't even move back so what happens is Israeli is crossed this canal they hit them from the back and the Egyptian armies defeated in this way and one of the other reasons they are defeated is because many of these forces here they also try to breach the 12 kilometer line because Soviet Union pressurizes them that you should move ahead so that pressure can be relieved and whoever moves ahead they are defeated by the Israeli side and that's why Egypt is defeated Syria is defeated because of its mistakes because it doesn't move when the even the area in front of is open it wastes time valuable time and the Israelis arrived by then in 2-3 days Israelis are there they are battling it out and by this time even the Israelis move ahead further towards Damascus they are only after ceasefire two things come back to normal and once again while Israel had come pretty close to defeat Israel comes out safe Israel is saved but the public and the commentators what a surprise attack they mounted on Israel as we are talking over here Zvi is Ameer the Mursar chief and Eliezer the Amman chief back then they looked something like this young much younger and Zvi is Ameer kind of gave a false impression to his superiors because each time the political leadership ask them please check is there going to be attack tomorrow or day after something like that and back then Israel had a special means special tools some electronic tools these were they were hidden in the sands outside of Cairo in my best estimate they were more than this hands length and they were hidden in the sand and these could be used to listen to the phone conversations of Egyptian army Egyptian people and they could even intercept some of the telegraph and fax information so these systems were supposed to be switched on so each time the political leadership ask the military intelligence chief Zair to check he said there is no chance of war and he almost gives them that impression that he is checking it but he doesn't check it why he doesn't check it because a few days ago they have activated this special means system and one of these instruments had been captured by the Egyptians so he is also scared he doesn't want any further of these instruments to be captured and he doesn't even use them so this is like a total waste you have a system that is supposed to give you early warning but you don't use it for the fear of that it might get captured who is kind of seen as the culprit because he doesn't use it and when the information comes from the Mossad chief Zamir that the war is coming he doesn't accept it but by the time he accepts it it is like 12 hours to the war so nothing much can be done and he doesn't accept it why does it happen because in the Israeli military intelligence we notice that there was this conception the belief that Egypt will not attack us why will Egypt not attack us because it's air force we had destroyed in 1967 it hasn't built an air force that is as good as that air force so it won't attack and because Egypt won't attack Syria will not have the guts to attack us alone hence Egypt and Syria will not attack us the concept of the conception and this was kind of even when he was interviewed Daman ji by the later agranath commission which was set up to investigate why the surprise attack could be pulled off he kind of says that it is not in my nature to push unnecessary information to my bosses and I didn't think that an attack was going to come because based on the information that I had my assessment was that the war is not going to come maybe a problem according to me was this is Zaira speaking according to me the problem was that we could not make sense of the information and the problem was that we didn't wasn't that we didn't have any information while Mozart was saying is that we should look for the information that says that a war is coming so this gentleman that you see this is Uri Bar-Joseph he has written some of the important books about the people how the watchman fell asleep the security guard in this case Amman and that's why the war could happen and this is Ashraf Marwan who was known as the Angel the Israeli Masal and he also has done research Uri Bar-Joseph on why Zaira has this way of thinking so he takes inspiration from the psychological theories of this gentleman here Isko Glansky he is a psychologist who had come up with the theory of cognitive closure or need for closure which says that some people have this way of thinking that they want everything to be perfect the way they want it and they are not very receptive to information that contradicts their framework or the structure of information that they have the war while the 67 war ended with total victory the 73 war was seen as a result of Israel's hubris overconfidence that we will win no matter what Arabs are weak they can't fight so here we have this example a famous example in fact some of you might recollect this man with the feathers from the Greek mythology Icarus and this was 67 war but coming to 73 war it was seen as the fall of Icarus and now the belief is anything can happen 73 wars confirms the belief that anything can happen if we are not careful now up to 73 war we kind of come to the phase where Israel has to now fight other wars also now in 78 Israel had moved into 11 deep insight because there was an important incident where Dalal Mughrabi had done the bus road accident it is known in Israel as the bus massacre of Haifa this is that there are these bunch of PLO people who get onto a boat in Lebanon if you remember in 1970 Lebanon had to accept PLO which had been kicked out of Jordan so the PLO from Lebanon is now acting and they go ahead with this coastal road massacre in Haifa because of this Israel then decides that we will push the PLO operators from the southern part of Lebanon the northern part to the north of Israel we will remove them from this part and push them further north to do this they engage in the operation father of wisdom which is seen soon renamed to operation Lutani and in operation Lutani Israel moves into Lebanon they push back the PLO they also push back other troops but once they achieve the objectives within 7 or 8 days they come back to Israel but what is happening Lebanon right now in 1975 there is a civil war going on in Lebanon and the PLO is one of the actors in the civil war one of the reasons PLO is also very strong is because it has support from the leftists and the socialist militias such as those of Walid Jumlat in Lebanon and the Syrian government also supports the PLO and in 1975 the Syrian military had moved into Lebanon to act as an arbitrator to keep the peace and also they are trying to play a matchmaker they are trying to avoid too much warfare between the different parties at the same time their main aim is to secure their own interests if someone is interested in this part then there is a famous ambassador of Syria to Lebanon back then he is seen as almost the person who is controlling the various strings of Lebanon during this time but we will come back to it later so in 1978 Israel goes back but by 1982 Israel comes back to fight in Lebanon once again what happens is that there is constant aggression from the PLO operators from the south of Lebanon and on 3rd June the Israeli ambassador in London is shot, does not die but he is shot Israel uses this as the reason to move into Lebanon and Israel supports the Lebanese forces which are under the Christian maranites there and the leader is Pierre Jamal and his son Bashir Jamal is in fact the person who is involved in the military matters and they accept Israeli help and support in 1982 once Israel moves in and the first thing they want is to move PLO out of Lebanon so that PLO does not have a home in Lebanon but in this act that Israel is moving in with its large number of tanks with almost 78,000 forces that is the large number in the Middle East and Israel is no longer seen as the small David being besieged on all sides by powerful arms now Israel is being seen as the Goliath that is moving into Lebanon this happens on 6th June and PLO is soon forced to leave Beirut and they move to Tunisia because what IDF does is IDF surrounds their headquarters in Beirut and then they bomb it and the only way out for Yasser Arafat is to accept to leave Lebanon and move to Tunisia Israelis believe that this will give them breathing power and they don't have to worry so much about constant attacks from the north along in Haifa or in Kiryat Alba in that region but soon after Yasser Arafat leaves and much of PLO leaves with him Beirut Bashir Jamail the person you see Bashir Bashir Jamail is assassinated by one of the individuals who was affiliated with the Palestinians in anger the Lebanese forces which are the forces of the Maronites under the leadership of Beirut and Bashir Jamail but let us not assume that all Maronites also support them many don't support many other Christian groups are fighting because there are multiple sides and militias tend to change sides also depending on availability of weapons of food and money depending on safety so the Lebanese forces go ahead and they commit a large-scale massacre in Shabra Shatila in Lebanon, in south Lebanon it is in Beirut in the city of Beirut and in fact there is a movie called West Beirut it shows us how the city is divided between poor and rich and the rich tend to be Sunni Muslim and the Christian Maronites who constitute the elite and the poor are more or less restricted to West Beirut and to the south of it are all these refugee camps of Palestinians so that's where the Lebanese forces go ahead and they commit this massacre but Israel holds some degree of blame to it and there is also a few role in the Israeli parliament because when this massacre is going on the Israeli army, the idea is around this entire refugee camp and after the PLO was kicked out of Lebanon the promise that it was given is that the Palestinians will be kept safe and many of the PLO IDF soldiers had fired players to see that what is going on in the Shabra Shatila refugee camp and the Lebanese forces of the Jamaels of the Bashirs they had used this light to go and kill people finding the massacre comes to an end one full night but once Israel is there in Lebanon it comes into confrontation with Syria also because Syria as I had mentioned a few minutes ago is also present in Lebanon and they are trying to act as the middlemen the arbitrator so it is expected that Israelis and the Syrians will come into contact they will end up fighting and that's what happens they fight and the Israelis are able to take out the surface to a missile of the Syrians and the Israeli F-16s dominate the battle field finally there is an agreement that the Syrians will restrict themselves to the Beka valley and the north of Beka valley the western part will be more with the Lebanese militias the region south of Beirut will be with the Israelis and the region south of it will be with the UN let me say it once again if it is not clear Beka valley is on the east of Lebanon and that part the northern part will be controlled by Syrians the rest of Lebanon if you look the northern part is with some Lebanese militias supported by Syrians and the southern part of it is entirely dominated by the IDM but the border area of Lebanon with Israel that is still with UN this occupation or the presence of Israeli troops in Lebanon goes on for the next two decades and during this what happens? Israel loses whatever good will it had in south Lebanon because in the first time the Israelis move in what we see is that the Shiites were present in south Lebanon they are disenfranchised they are kind of happy with the idea of presence the reason being when other militias used to control territory they used to engage in creating these force, toll boots where if any vehicle is going through there they collect tax and take that money or sometimes they will even kill people if they have not been paid on time but the idea which is a more professional army it doesn't do all that in fact Israelis provide medical aid to villages they also provide schools to create good will so the Shiites in the earlier days till 1984 at least are very much supportive of the Israeli action in Lebanon but by 1985 Hezbollah is created in 1990 almost all Shiites believed that the Israelis should not stay anymore by 2000 finally Israelis leave Lebanon entirely but the vacuum that is left in the southern part of Lebanon where Israel had its stronghold now that is taken over by Hezbollah which is a Shiite militia and because they are present there and the Israelis are withdrawn they create their own garrisons with monetary support from Iran and they are also very much anti-Israel because throughout the 1987 80s 90s they were the ones who are fighting Israelis in the south Lebanon area and once they get this territory because Israel is left and the Lebanese army is very weak they use it to fire rockets missiles and in 2006 they even kidnapped to Israeli soldiers if you can see this image this is from the footage that was initially released by Hezbollah in 2016-17 but this even happened in 2006 what happens is that there is this patrol there are two hummers that are patrolling the border between Israel and Lebanon and the Hezbollah troops they are waiting in the bushes and they have installed some ID's below the soil they have prepared the small shoulder launch missiles to attack these patrol parties and they attack them in the first attack what happens three soldiers die they kidnap two who are remaining and following it but how did they do it? what Hezbollah has done at first is they attack north of Israel they run away by rockets in different settlements when Israel focuses entirely on that at that time they attack this patrol party and they kidnap the two soldiers Israel does not exactly understand what you are, what has happened and they send in a tank an armored personnel carrier and the helicopter and the tank is destroyed and all four crew members die one soldier from the armored personnel carrier he also dies you see this image this is from one of those rockets that were fired in the northern Israel and this entire zone that you see this comes under the envelope of Lebanese rockets in response to this kidnapping and killing there is an operation change of direction which leads to 34 day war known as the second Lebanon war during this conflict Israel does not make a permanent presence but it moves into Lebanon tries to take control tries to destroy as much of Hezbollah outposts and missile sites and it gains, it has some success but what happens is that the Hezbollah they are from that land and they have much greater knowledge and information and they engage in the classic guerrilla warfare and one there was even a small radio cast by their chief Hassan Nasrallah Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah and he says that the ships that you see outside and he is pointing to the ships that are right outside the Beirut Harbour because during this war what happens is that the Israeli navy blockades the waters the air force blockades the air the Beirut airport which is the Hariri airport is destroyed as well and Lebanon is kind of clubbed in even though Israel is not surrounding it Israel has it by its throat so Hassan Nasrallah in one of his radio broadcast says that just look outside into the sea of Beirut that ship that ship will be burnt right now it will be attacked and he kind of shows them his power so if any of you want to see that clip of Hassan Nasrallah speaking on radio and telling that that ship will be destroyed and right after that that ship is in fact bombed the ship doesn't fall out of action the ship stays alive but it catches fire, force servicemen die so if some of you are interested I am going to post in the chat box just a second yeah this is the chat box yes please do that because if I present the video the video will have a lag so if you click on it you can see that video it's a 1 minute long video and yeah this is the video you can play it right now if you want you can play it after a gap if you want and it's very interesting because it shows that it's an example of classic theater there is a ship outside the year is 2006 the ship belongs to the strongest military in the region and Hassan Nasrallah hiding in a small basement is staying on radio will attack them in the seas and all and the ship is hit the missile that is used to hit the ship is a Chinese missile it's a C802 Silcombe missile it's a subsonic anti-ship cruise missile now China had not sold this missile to Hezbollah China had sold it to Iran and Iran had transferred it to Hezbollah now you see where I am taking you all I am slowly and slightly taking you to the Israel-Iranian conflict because during the 90's also much of the ammunition and the arms that the Hezbollah was using were in fact from Iran the money that Hezbollah uses even today to sustain itself comes from Iran and the 2006 war ends the second Lebanon war ends Israel withdraws and there is an exchange of prisoners because when Hezbollah had kidnapped the two soldiers even then they said that we will return those two you free the prisoners of Hezbollah that are in Israeli prisons Israel won't allow itself to be let hostage but because of the damage in the war finally there is a swapping of prisoners and the two soldiers I think they return back in coffins and with that the second Lebanon war comes to an end but the conflict doesn't even today Israel sees Lebanon as one of the sources of problems and troubles as a strong military force but before after 1978 invasion of Lebanon then the 1982 invasion of Lebanon by IDF something else had happened as well so in 1981 Israel gets the information that Iraq is building a nuclear facility with French support and Israel launches the operation or operation Babylon and they go ahead and destroy that entire site of reactors you can see the image on the right side that shows you the reactor and the nuclear plant power plant now Iraq's excuse was that we were building it for producing energy but Israel's doctrine is very clear under the Menachin Begin doctrine that any other country that tries to get nuclear weapons or nuclear capabilities in our neighborhood we are going to ensure that we get the nuclear weapons so Israel sends its F-16s and F-15s yeah those were F-16s and F-15s the F-16s did the bombing the F-15 the Eagles they provided the air dominance and the air superiority and they ensured that the air was clear out of away from any intercepting planes so there were 8 planes now if we compare to the Indian Air Force we use the Sukhoi 30s in the same role as the F-15s that is air dominance and we use our MiG-21s mainly as interceptors and dogfighters the reactor was Osirak famous for that name and this was the path taken by the Israeli planes Dr. Anuradha can you see the image on my screen showing Saddam Hussein on the right side it is clear so this is the path they take Israeli planes go from the right over Saudi Arabia and they attack the nuclear reactor and they come back so this also tells you something even back then the Israelis were more confident to fly over Saudi Arabia than over Jordan but even the Jordanians exactly knew when this happened because Saddam Hussein wasn't exactly a very friendly person with his neighbors and he was fighting a lot and when Israel did this Osirak attack under Operation Babylon a few days before Iranians had also attacked the same reactor because Iranians don't want the Iraqis to have a nuclear weapon and even after the 1979 Iranian Islamic revolution we see that the Israelis and the Iranians are in fact cooperating to great extent throughout the Iran-Iraq war of 1980s we see that Israel even supplies a lot of weapons and ammunition to Iran these are the F-16 that was being refueled this is the exact image that was taken before it flew over the Osirak plane before it took off from Israel for these attacks and this we discussed the 82 war was known as Operation Peace of Galilee, the 1st Lebanon war we have discussed all this today if we look at Israeli and the Lebanese border we see that the south Lebanon there is no Israeli presence at all there is Hezbollah presence if you see my mouse cursor here on the right side if you go on a bus trip anywhere this area and you look across the border you will be able to see Hezbollah flags similarly in the southern part these points that you see these are all Hezbollah lookouts and this border is in fact controlled by the United Nations under UNIFIL and I mentioned that first the Israelis took out the nuclear reactors of Iraq in 1981 the Lebanon Hezbollah war take the first Lebanon war take place Israel invades Lebanon from 82 to 1000 has presence there in 2006 the second Lebanon war takes place for 34 days and in 2007 Israel gets the information that Syria is this time building a reactor now the Iraqi reactor that Iraq had built was also plutonium reactor so they wanted to use the waste of the uranium based reactor take out the plutonium and create an implosion device and then use it as a nuclear weapon Syria also was going to build a plutonium plant so this image that you see in the center the left side is the image of the nuclear power plant of the nuclear plant being built in Syria this image that you see on the left it was bombed in 6 on 6 September 2007 and ended up like this with the operation outside the box and this reactor has a very interesting story to it now you might understand Syria is not that rich a country though it has enmity with Israel why would it go for building a nuclear weapon and they probably understood that Israel might attack, US might oppose so the funding for this reactor it is believed by several sources came from Iran and the technology and the engineers and the scientists were in fact North Koreans North Koreans were present there and they were helping them build this so the image on the right side can you see this with the dome yes yes yes this is the North Korean reactor so you see the shape the same rectangular shape but what they have done in the case of the Syrian reactor they had covered it up they have covered the dome entirely so that it does not become that obvious that is the nuclear reactor but there were several similarities taken out of the laptops of some of the Syrian senior scientists they had images with the North Korean ones with the North Korean scientists and thus North Korea was in fact helping them so it is believed money went from Iran to North Koreans North Koreans sent their engineers and scientists to Syria and finally Israel came and bombed this reactor now the final and the most important phase of the conflict is with the Iranians but till now if anyone has any questions please ask us we will then go ahead with the Iran part for 5 minutes any questions if there are any questions that can be raised see yeah please go ahead we will take questions at the end of the program if you have a question please ask otherwise I will just what is the story with Iran so from 1950s Iran had diplomatic relations with Israel there was a allowed flight from Tel Aviv to Tehran regularly so after Turkey Iran was the second Muslim nation that had full relations with Israelis and there was even a Hebrew school in Tehran because a lot of engineers and scientists from Israel used to go and work in Iran to help them build a lot of things because Israel had access to certain technologies that Iran wanted also Israelis and Iranians before 1978 they were building long-range missiles the ICBM type but of course they were ballistic missiles so there was cooperation even in military technology and Iran used to sell its oil to Israel because no one was going to sell it and there was good relationships you could say Israelis and Iranians could travel to each other's country very easily there were no restrictions but the conservative section of Iranian society the religious part led by the Ayatollahs they didn't like this they were against it but the Iranian Shah he was very happy with it and many of the weapon systems that Iranians were using in fact often used Israeli software or they had some Israeli hand or Israeli designed to it this is how it went but come to 1979 we have the Islamic revolution and things change and the Israelis are asked to shut their embassy in Tehran and go away and in fact what the Iranians do is they hand over this embassy to PLO to rub some salt on the injury so they hand it over to PLO and the Iranian new Iran that comes into existence they want to be seen as those guys who were able to do what the Arab regimes were not able to none of the Arab countries were able to defeat Israel in war but the Iranians are saying we are revolutionaries we are better because every revolution's claim is that we are better than the previous generation so the Shah of Iran he was a monarch he was seen as just another monarch like those in Saudi Arabia or Kuwait or Emirates noise was that we are better and revolutions tend to be more universal so they wanted the revolution to spread and they wanted to prove that where the others had failed we are going to succeed so they make it pretty evident that one of the agendas is to retake all the lands of Israel and make it Palestine to ensure that Jerusalem comes back to them hands of the Palestinians they make all this noise so when the PLO people come on a visit many of the senior leaders come over to Iran for a visit you must understand that the PLO were not that religious folks they were very secular they were very socialist and they were along the lines of in the Cold War era they were with the Soviet camp and that's right even back then Indian government was also very close to the PLO and Indian government also supported them in several ways and when the PLO guys come to Iran the first thing in the evening they ask where is alcohol and the Iranian government doesn't exactly like it because they are trying to create an Islamic state and here the PLO guys are coming from Palestine and they are saying where is alcohol so the Iranians don't exactly like it and further into the night the PLO guys come out of the hotel room and they say can we get some DVD movies there were no series there were tapes back then but they wanted to watch movies they said can you give us movies or can we go to a theater but the Islamic regime was like these guys are crazy they want to drink alcohol, they want to watch movies what is going on so Iran and PLO don't exactly go ahead with great footing but Iran is able to support Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Gaza Strip and even in West Bank it supports his Bala and this support in initial days might have been very covert in later days it becomes very overt and on the face for instance this is a 2020 image of a briefing by Ali Haji Zadeh who was the chief of the aerospace for the IRGC now Iran has two militaries one is the professional army navy air force which is known as the Artej and then there is the IRGC in Parsi it is known as Sepai-Pazdaran and Calabaslami and in short it is known as SEPA so the SEPA and Artej are like the two forces in Iran the SEPA is like the revolutionary armed forces which belongs to the regime the Artej or the professional army navy forces belongs to the nation it's like the Chinese PLA the PLA belongs to the party and not exactly to the nation and because the party is taken over the state of China so the PLA serves as the defective Chinese army but in Iran there are two militaries and this gentleman he is from the IRGC, the SEPA and he was having a briefing in 2020 it was in response to the assassination of Kasim Soleimani I guess and you see all these flags behind it these are, this flag is of Hamas can you see the arrow that I am running around Dr. Rindu Radha can you see the arrow yes, yes and these are the other affiliates serving in different countries so you will find the flag of Houthis who are fighting in Yemen so IRGC is pretty now on the pace that yes we fund them and yes we run them and one thing is all those terrorist organizations yeah from the western point of view these are all terrorist organizations but how do I say there is a political party in Lebanon as well they fight the elections as well and they have an armed group as well so Hezbollah has two hands you can see one fights elections, one fights with bullets and yeah you could say like that it is very much along those revolutionary lines in fact I had a Chinese friend who was studying with me and he drew several parallels between Iran and China he said that Iran when I studied I feel that it is so similar to my country except that they are poor and they have personal freedoms and that is how my Chinese friend had once put forth Iran and now you see something is common in all these flags I have put some of the flags there is an AK-47 in all of them yes gun gun I think AK-47 yeah and you see the design template so more than often you see the design template it means that it is being funded by the IRGC this is a militia within Iran itself this is Hezbollah this is Kataib Hezbollah that serves in Iraq and this is Ansar Allah that is Houthis in Yemen so often if you see the Houthis one of the shorter images that they used to show is this part only show this part but the full image that you see in the Iranian media like this image are taken from the Tehran times so they show the flag of the Houthis like this and none of these organizations are secular organizations they all are Islamic they are Islamic Shia they are mainly Shia organizations I mean but one thing we must understand they are very much against ISIS Al-Qaeda they are totally against them because ISIS Al-Qaeda they are all Islamist but they are Sunni Islamist organizations and these are Shia revolutionary organizations like if you go and ask any of their spokesperson are you Islamist they will say we are revolutionary that is why they have the AK-47 in their hand they are fighting for a revolution according to them and below the the lower line images that you see this you see it was taken from their azure but according to according to their ideological allegiance and interpretation so the revolution according to their political allegiance geological allegiance and their interpretation of their revolution so it could be an Islamic revolution not the revolution that that secular people could understand exactly they want an Iranian Islamic revolution something along those lines and the reason they take up the term revolution is because if you look at the Islamic history for much of it the Shias have been downtrodden and it has been the Sunnis who have been in power that's why there is also the Muharram we see that the Martham right so it reflects the sorrow and sadness so on the left side that you see this is the flag of Liwa Fatimhen or Liwa Zinibin because see in the Syrian conflict the Syrian civil war there have been lot of militias that have taken part and this is the flag of the militia that takes money from IRGC but the most of the people who are members of it they are from Afghanistan they are taking money from what from what source they take money IRGC IRGC Iran you see the flag with two guns two AK47s and the second image that I am dragging right now this is the militia from Pakistan consisting of Shias of Pakistan these are known as Liwa Zinibin and Liwa Fatimhen which means Fatimhen Brigade and Zinib's Brigade in English because Fatim Fatimhen dynasty and Zinib these are all important figures in Shiite historiography and towards the right side if you see here is the fighter in Iraq with the flag of their affiliate of the IRGC this map shows all these various organizations fighting in all these countries is it all visible yes it is clear and visible so Hezbollah in the north is the headache for Israel in the Palestinian Islamic chart their headaches for Israel but because Iran has all these other proxies in Syria, Iraq, Yemen so what this has led to is that the Arab world UAE, Saudi Arabia they all have kind of decided that they will bury the hatchet with Israel even Egypt has signed the official peace agreement long ago but now it is even happening at a much greater level and today there is an UAE ambassador in Jerusalem in Israel you can even go to a Twitter page I think day before yesterday he had his food in an Indian restaurant in Herzliya day before yesterday the ambassador of UAE to Israel and yeah he had it for Iftar because there is Ramadan going on and even Saudi Arabia and all they have all come together in a different world so the Arab-Israeli conflict that we are talking about all this time it has kind of become history in a sense because most of these Arab countries have decided to put their stock with Israel but in Iraq the majority of the population is Shia and thus Iran has a strong influence there the regime of Bashar al-Assad in Syria also depends on Iranian and Russian support and Hezbollah is there in Lebanon there is a continuity here which is often referred to as the Shia axis or the Iranian axis and this allows Iran to have access to from Persian Gulf and Arabian sea all the way to Mediterranean and now an interesting thing as I had promised to talk about some of the cyber operations of Israel now Iran in 1979 under Shah as we had discussed how Israel and Iran were coming together and they were trying to build a missile and a nuclear weapon so Israelis knew that Iran had nuclear ambitions under Shah but once the Ayatollahs come to power they don't have that much interest in nuclear weapons in initial days but they make a lot of noise that we want the nuclear weapon but for some reason maybe theological maybe practical or money reason they don't exactly move in the direction of creating a nuclear weapon but coming to late 90s we see that the Iranians actually want but they make noise in the opposite direction that we don't have nuclear weapons we don't want nuclear weapons in 80s they said we don't they said we want nuclear weapons but in effect they are not actually pursuing it in 90s and 2000s they are saying that we are not pursuing nuclear weapons but they are actually pursuing it in some ways based on intelligence reports so what happens often since 2000 it has been noted that whenever there is a secret nuclear installation of Iran that Israel or the western countries are able to discover and the IAEA comes and tells Iran oh you have this nuclear installation why didn't you report it to IAEA because Iran is a signatory of NPT and is also a member of IAEA and what Iran's excuse sometimes has been the person who was the director was on leave we have run out of the legal paper with the header of our organization to send the letter or the fax machine was not working something along those lines because some of the excuses have been the person the in-charge person he was on leave and he was the one who was supposed to letter so often it has been seen that Iran is building something later on when it is discovered then it is forced to come clean so one of the allegations is that if you were doing it for peaceful purposes then why were you hiding it also the nuclear program in Syria and Iraq that were destroyed by Israel they were based on plutonium but the nuclear weapon cycle that is being planned in Iran and much of it is underground it is uranium based because of plutonium the entire circuitry the cycle nuclear cycle tends to be smaller but it is often more exposed to the soil in case of uranium you can provide it like you can have the heavy water plant in Natanz you can have the a new construction plant for uranium or the place to prepare the yellow cake in one place you can have the centrifuges being in another place you can do the separation and keep everything at some distance so should Israelis or someone attack these installations not everything is destroyed in one go or one bombing attack bombing ground then by 2006 Israelis are very adamant that they want to attack the Iranian nuclear installations and the US and the George Bush they want to prevent that because already they are entangled in Iraq and Afghanistan and in some ways Iran was also helping the Americans in Afghanistan and in Iraq in the early days and even in 2015-16 in its fight against ISIS you had US military bases side by side with the Iranian proxy bases and they were together fighting against ISIS of course the US army cannot say that we are cooperating with Iran and they are not officially cooperating but in 2006 US kind of tried to dissuade Israel from going ahead with a full-fledged bombing run with planes and all like it had done in Osirat and in Syria instead they come up with an operation Olympic game which is a cyber attack Israelis unit 8200 and US is NSA they both come together and they create a Stuxnet program and it is smuggled into the centrifuges the computer that handle it so what happens is that sometimes centrifuges because of this program it moves very slowly sometimes it moves very fast but the Iranians are able to see there is some discrepancy but they don't understand what is happening so the hackers the Israeli side and the American side in the centrifuge computers and they send a patch up so that it patches it up now the Iranian computers show that everything is fine everything is normal but actually the centrifuge is moving very very fast the Iranians don't know this because their computers show them that everything is normal suddenly they are exploding voices because the centrifuges then it moves so fast the material it is designed to move at a particular speed and frequency and it crosses that things start breaking apart finally by 2009 Kaspersky and one more company they are able to discover that this was in fact Stuxnet and they are able to discover it and they are able to make it public because one of the Iranian engineers or scientists he plugged this pen drive to this computer and then a laptop he plugged this laptop to the centrifuge system and he brought it back home and then from a pen drive it moved from his laptop to many other computers around the world and thus we had the Stuxnet in 2009 where there was a big scare and computers were being affected now we came across the Olympic Games attack and after that what happens is that even till date is there hasn't exactly acknowledged that they were behind it so we can't tell things for sure but it is well known that you need 8200 and NSIC cooperated and they were able to ensure that Iran moves away towards from its target and then there was the JCPOA in 2014 which Israelis didn't exactly want to happen because they preferred to destroy the Iranian nuclear facilities and today the deliberations that are going ahead between the Joe Biden administration in Iran is to increase the time period that takes for Iran to become nuclear because before JCPOA in 2014-15 that period Iran was in a stage where based on some assessments it could build a nuclear weapon in 8 months but more people believe that could do so in one year because Iran had this capability and today the US administration wants Iran for that gap the time gap to become even longer so that then they can go ahead with further negotiation but because Iranians are not willing to exactly go ahead and agree to many of the things again there was a recent attack in one of the nuclear installations this month in fact and it was all over the news again once again so we come back and we see that what happened then is happening once again that's all I guess and you are all open to ask questions Yes, very interesting session as usual I mean we have been learning a lot since the first lecture so thank you so much for sharing your knowledge and most importantly the experience okay first question from my side okay it may be related to Hamas itself see now since the establishment of Israel in 1948 okay it has spout almost eight recognized wars so and two Palestinian intifadads and then a series of armed conflicts if you look at in the broader Arab-Israeli conflict so that was one thing right and then on the other we look at you know the Palestine liberation organization which was PLO which was relatively secular right and which was ideology based organization and was trying to fight for the rights of the Palestinians and now we come to Hamas right then Hamas is in a direct opposition to you know the PLO and also leadership is also quite opposite which is a militant organization political organization also currently you know in power in Gaza Strip you know and what I learned that this organization Hamas is also being funded by Iran right I mean this is what you can verify it if I'm wrong yes so how do you see this journey from PLO and then now to Hamas I think this is ideological transformation or conveniently the people have changed their basis right when they realize that their socialist revolutionary ideology not working then let us go and support the Islamic fundamentalism actually I don't understand one thing right I mean with the design conflict okay the theological conflicts also we get to see right I mean the theological from perspective right so somewhere I feel that those people okay you may call them revolutionary or whatever or west call them terrorists right they are taking refugee to the Islamic you know the principles or the Quranic principles so what is the stand of the common Palestinian I really want to know okay how does common Palestinian look at this transition when Yasir Arafat a wise leader okay secular person and from Yasir Arafat to this you know these people okay who are celebrating fundamentalism and you know in the name of revolution so what would be your take on it thank you so much it was an amazing question and thank you thank you something that's also close to my heart because how do I say it personally speaking I'm a big fan of Arab culture Arab food Arab music my favorite musicians happen to be there is one singer from Lebanon Amr Daib my favorite as well that name came out okay but not exactly okay last night properly but just give me a second I'll find out his name I guess it's very embarrassing to be honest yeah Zia Burje Zia Burje he's a Lebanese singer and I can tell you the culture and all that is very amazing but now we come to this part that political part like how does it happen now what is this change so if you go to the streets of West Bank you'd see that there is today a strong support for the Tanzan faction within the PLO within the FATA like within FATA there was Yasser Arafat who was more like a leader but the Israeli side if you ask them they would see him as a terrorist as well because many of the terrorist attacks that were happening whereby the fringes of his organization itself when he was commanding many of them so they see him as a terrorist no matter what but the people of Palestine if you ask them they see him as a leader and one of his military commanders was this guy just give me a second the Tanzan now the Tanzan within the FATA was created so that they can carry out military actions or militant actions if I may and they have a leader and just not getting his leader's name right now just give me a second he's right now in a security prison in Israel he has a lot of support within the Palestinian street right now and he has also been caught sometimes like he engages in a lot of these pasts in the prison but he has been caught violating that I'll just take you one second I want to give you the name of this person because his name is important because should he ever come out of the prison yeah his name is Marwan Bergoti Marwan Bergoti he is in a prison in Israel the streets in West Bank even within FATA there is more support for him than to say FATA today Yasir FATA is no longer alive in his place we have Mahmoud Abbas who is the president of the PA and Mahmoud Abbas is a diplomat he's a bureaucrat he's a person who knows how to deal with the Israelis he knows what to say how to get angry and then go ahead and make a proper deal so that the Palestinians will benefit but the people also see the FATA and the PLO and the PA so the Hamas because of its past legacy as a charity organization and its image that it is built as fighting against the strong fighting for the weak so it has some currency on the street that they are not corrupt but should they have been in a position where they have all the power we should judge them how much corrupt they are how much not corrupt they are but today in the West Bank within FATA those people in PA they don't exactly want to move all the way to Islamism of Muslim Brotherhood which Hamas follows but they are willing to go ahead with an extreme version of FATA ideology more like violent socialism under Marwan Bargothi but we must understand these people all of them they are first and foremost Palestinians they are nationalists socialists, Islamists much later for them the first goal is to get Palestine but today most of them understand that sacrificing all the entire life for a political cause may not always be worth it so many people live normal lives they have a house in US or Canada, they have a business in Argentina and you will find this prosperous diaspora many people in West Bank also they don't take this war that seriously but when something happens like during the recent Ramadan barricades were put up near the Damascus gate in Old City so that instigated a lot of people so the same people who are going to be supporting FATA if there is a stimulus and there is a certain atmosphere in the Petri dish, they will certainly back out and they will lash out against the ruling dispension of the Palestinian society itself but if you want to know whether the society per self is very radicalized not so much while these people had voted for Hamas the election held in 2006 that time but in the personal lives they are not so radicalized at least not in the Palestinian society when you compare it with say Egyptian society per se because there has been a secular dominance for a long time but see the leadership was secular it didn't give a regular dose of secularism in the form of injections in the society so you might see many things that are very contradictory for instance in Palestinian society you will see a lot of confident young ladies who are willing to go ahead and take leadership at the same time it doesn't mean that we should equate it to same as the Palestinian society but there is how do I say it there is a desire to have a developed state rather than going with an Islamist state but given that once in a while there is a conflict with Israel and they vote they vote for the party or the militia that is most capable of fighting Israel or even if it is not capable if it claims goes up with the bravado Hamas is not that capable it is not that rich but what happens is that it says that we will give up for everything we will throw all our rockets at Israel the fact that it is able to make a political claim or take up a political stance that no other party in West Bank is able to take that itself entices it to the Palestinian people at some level that we are able to hit back we are able to fight back I think I am not to answer the question entirely but I have made an effort No no indeed I mean I really understood especially about the society okay so transition has happened but society is relatively still free you know their conscience and their thoughts are also free and basically what they are imagining is a free world not ideologically radicalized world yeah and I would like to tell you one thing the way we see freedom right their freedom is seen as a different thing because getting closer to Islam for many people even in Hamas ideology getting closer to Islam is getting closer to democracy for them the Quran is the constitution the Shura is the parliament for them having an Islamic rule is like for them it's the best form of democracy on the other hand a western open liberal democracy by Hamas standards they see it as a decadent one but I would also like to give you some extra information here in West Bank you will find lot of shops of Victoria's secrets I don't think we can see that in India that much in West Bank if you go to Nablus or even in Ramallah you will be able to see KFC you will find Victoria's secrets you will find all those amazing brands at the same time many of the brands are not even available I will admit that also they have IPTV in their rooms many of the people a normal school teacher has intellect internet protocol TV in their rooms in India we don't have it till now in Palestine those families they have internet TV I am not talking about Netflix and all before Netflix and all this became common there was an attempt to come up with internet IPTV that it is just like cable but over the internet so they went there and if you go and look at the roads and streets of Palestine they are way better than India the roads are so slick you would be surprised the suffering and all that we see on TV it is mainly the refugee camp within West Bank like Tel Balata or the other refugee camps that I had shown the images in the previous one so even the sociology within the refugee camp is different and in the normal city like Ramallah you will find alcohol you will find the best bars you will have the best parties but if you go to a refugee camp all these things cannot be there because the people are relatively poor and when people are poor whatever they have they tend to celebrate it more so they have religion and religion is not that expensive so they celebrate it more and even in Ramallah homosexuality is more tolerated than to say in a city like Nablus and any other questions I see there are few people like Nikki Vishohe and Sulito Vishohe I would be happy if you have any questions and Dr. Nirola you can ask other questions also hello yes sir yes Mr. Vishohe Nikki Vishohe you are speaking hello yes sir yes please go ahead sir until now is there a possible whether Iraq and Israel there will be pardon me sir shall I slide because there is a problem just give me a second I will put my headphone just a second Nikki Vishohe you are asking a question could you repeat you could be able to hear it better now I guess ok sir so since since the beginning between Iraq and Israel so is there any possible whether there will be there will be a peace among them is there a possible among whom Israel and Iraq Iraq or Iran just Iran oh Israel and Iran right am I getting you right so it is very much possible because how do I say in politics there is no hard and fast rule and people in higher leadership they usually tend to be very flexible for instance in 1948 if someone would have said that the Egyptians and the Israelis would make peace it would have been difficult to even think of it if someone would have said that the PLO and Israel would have made peace people might have even loved at them because they were fighting constantly and when it comes to Iran the people most of the people on the street the people who live there they don't have a particular reason to hate Israel per se and in Israel also people love Iran people love Iranian culture people love Iranian food anger is more against the Iranian government and the regime now from what I understand and see the Iranian regime is very strong in Iran and it is not that there will be a revolution tomorrow and the government will fall but yeah the government might fall in 50 or 40 years if they mismanage the economy very badly and there is a revolution by the common people and they push it out it is even possible in 10-20 years but that does not even happen even the Ayatollah led regime the Ayatollahs who rule Iran there is an extreme faction and at the end of it if the leadership on top like today the foreign minister he is not exactly extremist neither is the president Rouhani they are more liberal clergy would like more hardline leaders to come to power but these leaders if they act very nice with Israel the clergy will instigate the people and other devout people against the liberal parties so once in a while the president and the foreign minister they are though liberals they have to make statements which are which might be echoing the voice of the conservatives they have to do it for survival for instance maybe in 10 years France and United States tell Iran that we will give you nuclear energy but we will come and we will operate the nuclear power plants in your country and let's say Iran accepts it and Iran gives up any of its domestic or indigenous nuclear power and maybe it opens up more to the market forces then once Iran is opened up without sanctions it will be in some or the other trade relations shipped with Israel because even in 2000 and 2005 there was business between Israel and Iran how funny it might sound but that's how it was it was happening through proxies there is an Israeli businessman telling the technology for water purification or desalination so he will transfer it through Turkey and Norway and then it will go to Iran the sticker will be everything of a different company altogether it won't have any Hebrew letters or any thing aiming towards Israel so that once it is deployed in Iran nobody knows it at the same time who are these people who have the capability to buy and import all these things from an Israeli businessman they are of course the elite who survive in Iran without support from the clergy so more than often these are relatives of some of the other person who is related to the revolution so while people seem to be fighting they seem to be cooperating at some level as well so depending on the situation and what they have they will change these chances but they can't do it suddenly because even China in 1950s and 60s was against US but in 1962 when Mao had said to the Americans to Nixon that we can't suddenly be singing praises to you so we will keep abusing you for some years but don't take it too hard it is just to keep our people happy interesting are you satisfied with the answer yes sir thank you so much ok thank you thank you so much for your question anyway now it is really a time for us to conclude the session Jyoti Ranjanji, thank you for coming you have delivered three successful lectures and we got really enlightened and these are the topics which normally are not actually discussed you know in the Indian academy actually I should say but people like you those who are so dedicated to understand and learn more about Israel and Palestine issue are like hopes for us also the source of information so in this context I would like to request you to kindly come up with one or two more lectures and I would also like to apologize because these lectures are so dense and there is so much content and even I must apologize I personally believe that every five slides isn't good enough for one full lecture but we have so many and we have to compress it what I understand Jyoti ji what I understand is we cannot measure the knowledge right whatever is coming from your side we are taking it and we are really grateful for that thank you so much so I am looking forward to yet another couple of lectures so thank you so much and have a great evening ahead so we can thank you for your question and all the participation thank you so much I would like to just make one point many of the topics we discussed we didn't discuss them in depth in fact each of them can be discussed in depth so I would like you to maybe even do a small survey in your classroom maybe what topics the students want I can come up with each of the topics I can even do it on monthly basis or maybe once in two weeks so whichever topic they want I will come up with the slides of that I will email you I will inform you what topics they want right thank you so much have a great evening