 Well, thank you, everyone, for joining us today for another one of HydroTerror's webinar series. Today, we've got some exciting technology news to share with you. This really relates to a revolution in water quality pH sensing. And what's exciting about this is that pH has always been challenging to do from a context of maintaining the sensors. And today's presenters are going to be talking about a different approach for measuring pH, which dramatically reduces calibration requirements, which is so important when you're dealing with trying to measure pH, particularly in the sites where you've got a long way to travel. So we thought that was worthy of sharing with you. And the people who've come up with this technology are called AMB sensors. So we're being joined today by Mark Pritchard, who's the chief commercial officer from AMB sensors. And thank you so much for all those early bird questions. There's obviously quite a lot of people interested in this sensor. So I really appreciate those ones. So we'll get on to those. So what does Mark look like? There's a picture of Mark. He's, as I said, the chief commercial officer at AMB sensors. And I'm Richard Campbell, managing director of HydroTerror. A little bit about Mark. So Mark commenced his career in technology specializing in remote surveillance. Really, his history has been very heavily involved in taking those technologies and building businesses around those technologies and scaling them. And he really has had an international career, as you can see, he's worked in the UK, USA, Australia. He was in Australia for five years. So he understands us, South Africa and Belgium. So Mark specializes in identifying and bringing unique technologies to market his strong background in managing OEM factories in Taiwan, Korea, China, Europe and North America. He provides an ability to be realistic in launching and supporting new technologies. I think that's really important. He knows the challenges of manufacturing and getting reliable sensors into market. He enjoys travel, aviation and winter sports. And he does fly his own airplane. We love your questions, as I think most of the people here know. So it's a huge part of our webinars. The way to lodge a question is to use the Q&A button, which you'll see at the top of your screen. Please type your questions in there. And at the close of Mark's presentation, I will read out those questions and we will do our best to collectively answer those. A little bit about why Hydrotera runs these webinars. We get a real pleasure out of sharing knowledge and we're in a unique position to be learning a lot about technology such as what's come across our desk with A&B sensors. So we like to share that knowledge. We play a role in facilitating education and how those sorts of things can be applied. And we like to have an industry leadership position and this is one of those ways that we do our best to do that. On to the topic of the day, a revolution in water quality, pH sensing, calibration free, time saving and cost reduction. So how did Hydrotera come to catch up with A&B sensors? We were looking at a way, we were looking for an option for our sites. Our customers often want to measure pH remotely and we were looking for an option that would allow us to do that without having to go to sites as frequently as you normally would. Our approach to market at the moment is to be building more and more modular systems. So some photos there of what do we mean by modular systems, modular telemetry systems which integrate the best technologies available both for telemetry and for sensing. So we were out there actively looking for a sensor that we could use for pH. The sorts of applications we had in mind were for mine sites for monitoring tailings, groundwater and surface water and for landfill where we're looking at lead shape groundwater and surface water applications. So we're pleased to say that we've found a partner that can help go on that journey for us to produce these modular systems but also it's a great opportunity to be a distributor for these sensors in Australia. So that was what we were looking for. The problem we were trying to solve I guess for the challenge was we wanted to find a way of with the calibration side of things of traditional pH sensors. They tend to suffer from reference drift, thus they require regular calibration and that just relates to the nature of the technology. You know the glass membrane etc. Biofouling look it's common across all sensors so pH sensors tend to be subject to biofouling. And we wanted to find a option which could limit that biofouling storage of pH sensors can be a bit of a nightmare. They can dry out or if you're dealing with an ephemeral strain for example the strain can dry out and that can cause challenges for those sensors that are deployed there. So it can be quite tricky to install them to avoid that scenario. And all pH sensors require regular calibration and maintenance for proper function when I say all. Obviously I mean all traditional pH sensors. So without further ado, I'm going to pass on to Mark to talk about A and B sensors and how their sensors deal with those challenges that I just listed. He's going to run through a little bit of a history of A and B sensors and how they developed up this unique pH sensor. A review of the technology, the features and benefits, how they integrated those sensors into some of their products. And now we will move to the questions and answers. So over to you Mark and welcome. Thank you very much, Richard. And I must say good morning or good afternoon to everyone who's joining the webinar today. We're very excited about this and working with our partner HydroTerror to introduce the products into the full market down in Australia. So bit of history on the business. And we were founded in 2015 after one winning the Wendy Schmidt X Prize out of some trials that were carried off, carried off the coast of Hawaii. We took that money, our founders took the money, set the business up and over the coming years, the business was really grant funded from seed investment and then series A investment in 2021. And that's where we launched our S series sensors. We deployed about 50 units globally as alpha beta trials. All the feedback from those sensors was taken on board. We then delivered all of those features into the new sensors that were launched last year, which is our OC and AQ series sensors. OC for oceans and AQ for freshwater and aquapulture applications. They were launched as a technology late last year. They were launched as a product earlier this year and we started shipping the units about 10 weeks ago, about two and a half months ago. And the feedback to date has been really, really strong globally on what we're delivering now in the new OC and AQ series sensor. So, so a long history with the business really in depth trials and development for the technology has been proven invalidated. And now we've launched the technology as a true product on the market. So the next slide, please Richard. Go on here, have a look a little bit on how it works. So the slide that you can see that is with today's P8 sensor, a glass based P8 sensor. And we can show there that's a true reading of a sensor in a tank. You see after 10 hours, there is drift on the pH. Now, no one really knows, is that drift or is that a change in the pH level? And the only way you're going to know that is to recalibrate the sensor. So we look at the next slide. So what we do we track the drift, we have a reference tracker electrode within our sensor. And by doing that, we track the drift. And it's very simple math equation to subtract the drift from the pH reading. And that gives us the true pH. And we look at the next slide. And that's the pH reading given from the pH reading that we're taking on the sensor and subtracting that from the reference drift tracking that we hold within the sensor. Again, next slide, please Richard. Oh, sorry. Again, very similar. No, back one, please Richard, sorry. Yeah, it's a very similar. So the graph on the left will show what the reading would be from a pH sensor today or a glass based pH sensor. Never know exactly where you are without recalibration. And our reading, the reading on the right, we never need to calibrate it because we track the reference drift. And that's the main point. We don't need any calibration and that's zero calibration for pH salinity stroke conductivity and temperature were completely calibration free. And in a nutshell, that's our technology. So the transducer or the sensor itself is the black unit on the left hand side of the screen. The transducer is the inner face of the front of the sensor. We've got 18 little dots in there and those are electrodes or our chemical pellets that we charge electronically. And we read the readings coming back from there to deduce the pH and the salinity. And there's no calibration required, but we do require minimal maintenance and that depends on the frequency of the scanning. So if you're in a continuous scanning mode and today our continuous mode is one reading every 23 seconds, you need to refresh the face of the transducer every five days. And that's really a scrub of the other phase with a wet and dry sandpaper block. It's as simple as that. You can do that in situ under water or take it out, scrub it and put it back in the water and it will continue sensing. So if you scale up there, so if you're scanning every 15 minutes, that needs to take place every 52 days. And from there is a direct linear equation if you're doing once an hour every 208 days. So it's very, very or very minimal maintenance required on the units. So that's what we call a braiding the sensor and we need to do that every 15,000 measurements. And after you've braided the sensor 20 times, you then need to replace the transducer. So 20 of braids means 300,000 measurements. And on the bottom left of the screen, you can see, you know, you need to replace the actual transducer in more or less about three years if you're scanning every 15 minutes. So it really is minimal maintenance and extremely minimal ongoing costs for managing the sensor. Next slide, please. Over the years, we've had numerous tests and trials of the units. We're out today, currently we're out in the Antarctic on the Sir David Attenborough yacht. The lower cable observatory is where we won the Wendy Schmidt X trial. We've had numerous deployments with NOAA and there's units with NOAA universities or three different NOAA universities in the U.S. As we speak, having trialled the S series and now working with the OC series. We've been deployed on the Sir David Attenborough boat team at Boatface and never asked the public to name the submarine. You come up with some strange names. And we've proven that we don't suffer from biofouling. We've been deployed out in the Mediterranean off the coast of Barcelona, which is a very high biofouling region. And you can see there on the images, the top image, you can see the sensor. It's the RLS series, but the technology is the same. The sensor there is completely covered in biofouling, apart from the face of the unit, which is the transducer, which is the active part and the important part. And you can see that completely clear. So we don't suffer from any biofouling activities. Next slide, please. A bit more information there and some further trials. Cycle is important one, because that's off the coast of the fjords of Norway, a very low salinity trial. We're integrated to numerous underwater vehicles. Blue robotics is one of the main units that we're integrated with. And we've had extensive tests and trials off the coast of the UK, the National Oceanographic Centre, and the University of East Anglia, Wilderness. Top right-hand corner of the screen, you can see some trials there in heated saltwater tanks. And that's with our centre and a glass base centre. You can see there, they're very, very similar in the readings. So next slide, please, Richard. So now we'll go through some features and benefits of the unit. It's a multi-parameter sensor. The single sensor will give you conductivity, pH and temperature. Next slide. Very simple to use to deploy and to transport. And it's extremely rugged. Just mentioned about anti-biofouling, as it's an electrochemical reaction and a byproduct of that reaction inhibits biofouling as standard. Next slide, please. It's solid state, so it's ideal for remote long-term operations. That's it. And we're at a string of small form factors, so it's ideally suited for integrating and used on third-party products. We've got the Blue Robotics ROV there and an Obscade PTM module for remote operation. And we give a choice. There's four sensors available operating down to different depths. The features are the same between the units, but we range from 5 metres, 50 metres, 300 metres down to 1,250 metre depths. I'm currently reviewing a 3,000 metre unit, as we're speaking today. So it's been designed to be integration-friendly with third-party products. There may be third-party telemetry update systems, SCADA systems and various different integrations onto submersibles and different telemetry systems. Just going back for a second. It's submerged in steps of 1,250 metres. And that's very significant versus the traditional P8 sensors. What's your traditional P8 sensors? What's the sort of maximum depth you see them coming down to? About 300 metres or...? If you go into the oceanographic side, there are some that will go down to 2,000 metres, but the price of those units is more than three times the cost of hours. And they need calibration, which takes about three months. So it's a very, very different ballgame. OK. Thanks for that. No problem. OK, the sensors are adaptable. They work in fresh or saltwater environments in any orientation. So you can just basically throw them in the water and they'll start sensing. And again. So another important factor is that we can store them dry or store them wet. Again, very different to sensors that people are used to. And that means that they're very simple to store and easy to transport. There's no special handling requirements for the units. The units themselves are an integrated SD card, which will store over 15 million readings of conductivity, pH and temperature. And that really, if you look at it, you can do the math on that. That's many years of operation. Digital units. We don't have an analogue output. So we don't have a four to 20 milliamp output. It's an RS232, RS485 serial or mild bus output, which makes it extremely easy to integrate with third party technology and third party product. The units are extremely robust and there's no special handling requirements and there's no fragile components within the sensor to worry about for storage of a transport, transporting or for use. So the user can fully program the units to start, stop and the frequency of sensing. So it's very flexible and easy to use. Are there any other things that you'd be programming into about now? In what respect? Sorry, Richard. This is fully programmable. So I'm just wondering, is it start, start, stop and frequency? Is that the things? Those are the ones that we're looking at the moment. We're looking at putting some alarms into the units, but that'll be via an external GUI. So there'll be pop-up alarms on over and underage readings. Okay. And the units are automated. So there's an immersion sensor in the unit. So you can program the unit, power it up and put it in the water and it will start programming when it senses the water. So that's very important if you're looking at floodplain use or some areas where you're looking in dry riverbeds and you want to know when there's appearing, the sensor will automatically start when the moisture becomes apparent. Pretty clever. Okay. Okay. We're constantly monitoring ourselves. So they are intelligent units and we'll prompt operators if there is any intervention required. So we'll give an output on health status and an output on the transducer status. So it will tell you when it needs braiding if there is an issue with the sensor as well. So it's very helpful for long-term remote operations. And that's generated straight out of the firmware. Out of the sensor itself, yeah. Yeah. And it truly is a disruptive technology. The units are patented and it's unparalleled by any other sensor that's available on the market today. Very affordable. I think Rich has got some pricing to go through at the end of the presentation. But we've just seen with extreme low ongoing costs and low maintenance costs delivering significant savings against conventional sensors on the market today. I think it's the... This maintenance one is the big one, right? It's huge. Yeah. And it's reliable data as well. And you've had some applications where you've been deploying these in sediments as distinct from water, haven't you? Yes, we have various different sediments and also interesting down in concrete as well to check the maintenance of the actual visibility of the concrete on some deep mining boats. So if you wanted to deploy these in actual tailing sediments, for example, is there a reasonable application for them? It should be a reason. What we need to check is the actual pH of the substance we're going into. We operate from 2 to 10 or 1 to 10 pH. We've got a good overhead in there. So we're OK up to 11. The higher the pH level, the more acidic the sediment we're going into. That could cause us some issues. And we tend to lose resolution as we go up the pH range from 11 and above. When you usually get to that range, people just want to know how acidic is it? Yes or no? But the actual specific measurement of it. So we just lose some of that granularity, some of the resolution in the higher levels. And then as you go to pH 14, obviously we're going to start seeing issues with the transducer itself because of the acidity of the substance that we're immersed in. Have you tried to add in... We do a lot of monitoring of the red muds that come out of the sort of processing of orbsite. Have you, you know, in their pretty caustic environments, have you actually monitored any of those or trial tests? Not today, but we're very keen to work in all of these new applications, work with people to see how the units perform in all these different environments. And that's something that we actually promote is that we want to be looking at all of these different applications just to see how the sensors are behaving. But in that sort of application of sediments, the configuration of the housing that you'd put around the sensor to allow you to drive it into the mud. Do you have anything for that? Or that's something that we'd customise at our end and it wouldn't need to be installed? That's something Richard that we take your lead on really and work with you to deploy. That's very cool. I'll go to the next slide. Thank you. This is the last of the features benefit slides. It's calibration free. And that's one of the main points to remember and take away from this webinar is that we're calibration free for pH, temperature and conductivity. Next slide, please. I have a quick overview now of the different products that we offer. This is a compatibility matrix as provided in the back of the data sheets and so on. And it just gives a good indication of the products that are available and the interoperability between those units. So next slide, please. So we have four sensors. AQ, which is for fresh water and lower depth ratings, five and 50 metres. The OC range for 300 and 1250 metre depth ratings. Features between all of the units are the same. One difference on the AQ5, it has a plotted cable on the rear of the unit. All of the other units connect via a six pin subcon connector. The integration kit that is shown at the bottom there, that's really a bareboard assembly and that's for integration with third party products. And mainly submersibles where people want to take the unit and integrate it within their own specific submersible. I just mentioned some measuring of concrete pylons for offshore wind farms and so on and drilling stations. We've had a number of people just taking the sensors embedded them in concrete, taking the umbilical out to the technology platform behind and then just simply after they've been in for a period of time, they cut those cables and then replace the transducers within the cement. Next slide, please. I won't dwell on this slide. This has just given a complete overview of all of the features and benefits that we just went through. It is a disruptive technology. We're extremely simple to use and we're calibration free. Next slide, please. All right. Would you like to give an overview of the takeaways? Sure. Thanks very much, Mark. It's a pleasure. Thank you. I do agree it's a disruptor. It's going to change the way we maintain a lot of water quality sensing zones for sure. So I think we heard it pretty clearly. Big benefit with being calibration free. So for all the hydrometrics people on the call, I think that will be attractive to you. It's very simple to deploy storage requirements. Much more simpler than conventional ones. And the transportation is less risky. I like the fact that it's got this sort of internal diagnostic function and what feeds back to us the status of the sensor and whether or not we have operational concerns at any time. So that providing correct data when you saw the slides about the drift and these sensors. And then that's perpetual challenge for a lot of people measuring pH. And it should save us lots of time and money in terms of really getting that high quality data without having to go to site so often. Now, without further ado, because we had so many early bird questions for this one, I'm going to charge on. And hopefully we can get through all of those. So look at that. There's 13 early bird questions, Mark. That's close to a record. And it's specific to what you're presenting on, which is excellent. So I'll read these questions out. And then Manik and I will do our best to answer it for everyone. So question number one, do you have a song with A&B sensors for pH conductivity, turbidity and dissolved oxygen and other parameters for groundwater applications? So today we don't have a song specifically the one sensor will give you pH conductivity and temperature. We are actually working on DO on dissolved oxygen, but that is 12 to 18 months away. But that's expected to be available within the same hardware platform that we have today. And DO will be released via a firmware upgrade that people can purchase to achieve that sensing parameter. We're also looking at reducing the size of the actual sensor so we'll fit into some of the standard songs that are available today. But today we just have the single sensor. It's a 41 mil diameter sensor. It's a little large to go within existing songs, but it is extremely light in water. It's four grams. So it is designed to be able to clip on to the side of an existing unit and then integrate into the columns. I think in summary there, the turbidity sort of things isn't currently an option and DO is not currently an option. So it's pH temperature and conductivity. If you do need all of those in one measurement song, we can interface it back at Hydrotera in, you know, have multiple inputs coming into telemetry to do that. But you may get to the point where you run out of space down a sort of conventional monitoring well. Typically the diameter can get too big. So it depends a bit on the diameter of your groundwater well. Question number two, how is the acceptance for calibration free pH among regulatory agencies? Does it appear in the latest standard methods? I'm not sure on that one for your region, Richard. I pushed that back to yourself if you could put that one up. What I could say is that we're working on a commercial basis with the regulatory agencies as the requirements come through. So what about over there in terms of UK, et cetera, have they embraced methodology? We're working with the Environment Agency for use in up and down river measurements from outlets. There's no specific regulatory requirement for that monitoring. And we're just engaging with the Dutch regulatory bodies to look at for use in freshwater applications. But it is very early days for us in those regions. OK. Let's say we're taking them one by one. All right. Well, thank you. It might be worth us running some trials with regulators and regulators on this webinar. We'll get in touch. We can look at running a trial as well with them. Question number three. I wish to understand lifespan of the sensor under various operating conditions, e.g. continuous readings versus timed readings. I think you had a pretty good slide on that. I did, yeah. But it's a common question, how long are the units last? So just to recap. If a continuous reading for us today is every 23 seconds, that's our reading interval. So if you're reading it every 23 seconds, you need to refresh the transducer every five days. And then you'd need to replace the transducer every 100 days. But if you take that out to readings every 15 minutes, you need to refresh the sensor every 52 days. And that means you need to replace it over 1,000 days. So you end close to three years. And that's just a replacement of the transducer. The sensor itself is still operational. And the transducers are very low cost to replace in comparable application. OK. In terms of question number four, is the PAID sensor technology in use Australia currently? And what has been? Yeah, we've got a number of sensors out there at the moment and a number of trials planned. But we're looking on the back of this webinar to really launch it out into the market. People have looked at the sensor, people like the CSIRO, Body for Oceanographic Requirements. And we've got some units that are deployed with them as we speak. As I say before, we're looking to now push the technology out into the market with our friends down at Auditorium. So in terms of some of those existing projects in Australia, some of them with the water authorities, for example. For wastewater applications with two of the utilities? Yeah. OK. Well, it'd be interesting to get their reports, I guess, in terms of they quite often do, you know, technology evaluation trials. It'd be interesting to see those as well. Question number five. Is there a future where pH probes could be robust and accurate in field soil testing applications? That should really be possible. But what we're looking at is moisture in the soil. So it would need to be a damp application if that makes sense. And as long as the pH level is within the parameters that were operational, then there's no reason why we shouldn't be used there at all. That's a good question. So is it the soil solute that's being measured? And at what moisture content does your pH probe have some... That's something I need to check and come back to that. I don't know that off the top of my head. No worries, Mark. It was a slightly curly one. Question number six. How long term stability of pH measurement in waters of varying salinity? That's probably the first part. And then propensity to fouling, I think we've covered already, but there's long term stability questions. Yeah, okay. Now our stability is driven by the number of readings that we carry out. And as we say, we need to abrade every 15,000 measurements. Now we've done trials where we can see we have not lost resolution for a long period after that. We've given ourselves a good overhead on the 15,000 readings. We're going out to 70 and 18,000 readings, and we've seen very little change in the accuracy of the measurement. Just the window of the accuracy, the resolution increases slightly. So you re-abrade and you're good to go again. Did I answer the question? Sort of. I was wondering just about this abrasion step. So those units that you're putting into concrete, right? For example, how does that... So that's a set and then throw away sort of scenario, is it? So... It is absolutely. Yeah, absolutely. Now, we can extend... Just give you some background on that. We have 18 pellets within the front of the transducer and we go around those pellets and charge them at different times intervals to get the readings of the pH. Now, if we reduce the pellets that we're reading, so instead of reading... I was trying to get my maths right here. Instead of reading all 18, we're reading three in each section. That will extend the lifespan of the transducer, but it will affect our accuracy. Now, for some of those applications where they're in concrete, they're not really concerned over the accuracy. So yes, no question that they're looking at. So about the readings on the number of pellets that we manage, we increase our lifespan, but we do decrease our accuracy. Yeah, that makes sense. Question number seven. pH verification in buffer solutions. So has it been reduced then? That's a good question. We're looking, it's a very common question and we're looking to see how we can provide an answer for this because people take it, put it in a buffer solution to make sure that it's operational. We don't operate today in buffer solutions. So we need to send people, trust us. But we do need to be able to provide a way of proving the operation to a pH level. And that's something that we're working on because it is a very common question. We've got units out, mentioned with the Dutch at the moment, and also in North America and other areas. They've taken the unit, stuck it in a buffer solution and can't understand why it's not reading correctly. Because of the technology, we don't work in that way, but we're looking at providing a solution so people can verify operation. You showed some data in the earlier slide comparing a conventional pH sensor versus the ANB sensor. And it compared really well. So I guess I'm just a little bit intrigued. So with a buffer solution, you know, you can measure using the conventional pH sensors as well. So just make sure we can't just replicate that. So something unique about buffer solutions that are preventing your time. It's the strength of the buffer solution that we do in that manner. The way to verify it today, to take a class sensor, calibrate it, check the pH, and check our pH. You'll see that there very, very similar. Obviously that's not what we want. So we're looking at finding a way to operate in those buffer solutions. It's completely alien to the way we're operating today. Okay. All right. Next question, right. Understanding how this works, question mark in situ and at depth. I think we've covered the maximum depth. It was 1,250 metres of submergence. I guess if we're talking about depth below ground surface, what's the maximum cable length that one can run to these sensors, do you know? Well, we're running on 2,32485. So 2,322 comms is about 20 metres. 4,85 direct cable attachment is about 150 metres. Then if you go into data repeaters, IOT networking the units, putting on telemetry systems, there's really no limit to the distance of operation. The units are ideal for remote operation because of the nature of the beast. We need a 5 to 42 volt DC input. And with that, we then charge the chemical pellets so it's an electro-mechanical operation. And we then read the peak from those pellets to the pH and the salinity. And if people have got weird and wonderful applications, we can then look at modifying that peak responses to really suit the application in question. Hopefully that answers the question there. I think it answers the second part. So the in situ bit, I think maybe they're just referring to understanding how it connects to the power supply, etc. So the AQ5 has a potted bleed and that's available with a one or a five metre cable that's attached to the unit. It's a subcon cable that then goes or is provided via a pigtail and then you can just make that terminal off. The AQ50, OC300 and OC1250, they have a six pin subcon connector, a male connector fitted to the unit. So you require a six pin female subcon connector to take the data away. There's a six pin connector. You've got IRS 232, IRS 485 and POW. Okay, thank you. Question number nine, what are the cost of these sensors and what is the expected life? I think we've covered the expected life. In terms of the costs, in terms of just to be the straight, the simplest of their senses, the AQ5, we're looking at a price of around four and a half thousand Australian dollars based on currency conversion. We're looking also to provide these as modular telemetred units that can be deployed straight in the field and they'll be, if for the surface water side of things coming with a boy mount and can just be deployed and connected up to satellite or cellular telemetry. So in the case of a unit that we've got names for these like Yabbi for the surface water boy mounted one, it's going to be about six thousand seven hundred dollars for a fully telemetred floating module. It's easy to deploy. And then for groundwater, we've got a magnificent brand name STYGO, which will be approximately six thousand dollars for that same functionality. So that just gives you a bit of a feel for pricing but obviously give us a call and we can give you quotes. Next question. Question 10, what are the tolerances, e.g. saline water, e.g. water, et cetera. So is there a sort of salinity or a conductivity level that is a safe point to deploy up to? I need to come back to you on that, Richard. I don't have those figures in my head. I know if you're down to the very low salinity level 10 microseconds and then we're starting to struggle down at those levels. But again, the more we're operating in these low or high levels, the lower levels are the problems for us today. We just need to see the readings, take samples of the water and do some checks on them. So I need to give you a true fully fledged answer on that. I need to come back to you. The lifespan of the probe, I think, because that's due to the measurements. Obviously it can go up at the least at the marine level going up the other way. It's got some good range there. It would be interesting to know for the tailings applications and some of those more hyper-saline groundwater applications, what the threshold was at the other end. In Australia, we've got a lot of pretty saline groundwater. So it'd be good to know that. So we will come back to the audience on that one. Question 11. What moisture levels are needed for reading in soils? I think we've said that we'll come back to them on that. That's another one for you to work on. Yeah. Just on the time period required, how long does a stable reading take? From power on, you'll get the first reading in five minutes. From power on. OK. And that's how long we take to set up. If you're operating in continuous mode, so once it's powered up and it's taken five minutes, then it's just what's the maximum frequency that you're producing? Today is 23 seconds. Every 23 seconds. That's going to drop very in the very near future to approximately eight seconds. And again, that's another feature that we'll be releasing on Firmware. Well, I thought that frequency is more than enough for most people. Question number 12. Where can we find the current Australian standards about water, pH, chlorine and salinity? I'll come back to you on that one. I think that sounds like a bit of homework for myself. Question number 13. Would the sensors be suitable for deployment in deep boreholes? Yeah, no issues there. We'll go down to 1250 meters. Pressure underwater so that deep boreholes really won't provide an issue for us. Now, we have got so many questions coming through, Mark. In the Q&A box, we've got 17 to get through. Lots, though. We've got 15 minutes left to run, though, so that's good. He should be able to... All right, so Ross McFarland. Ross is an EPA auditor in Australia, so he's got to keep him happy. Hi, Ross. Could you automate the abrasion maintenance? We haven't. No reason why that couldn't be provided. We've actually spoken with a couple of the sun manufacturers where they've got a little wiper on the front of the sun to wipe the glass-based sensors that are out there today. That could be replaced by an abrasion arm and fitted, so just like a windscreen wiper, it would abrade the front of the unit. It's nothing we've done today, but we have discussed it. Okay. So it's under evaluation of whether we can do that in the future. Yeah, it's under evaluation. It's not something that we're developing, but a couple of the sun manufacturers are looking to provide that. Okay. Yeah. Next question, some anonymous attendee. Will this work in high-solids applications such as mineral processing plants, like 20 to 50% solids? Okay. Again, I'll need to come back on specifics with that. Yeah. So I think that would be an exciting application to be able to explore. That sort of relates a bit to things like the tailings, dams, applications, sort of things. So we'll come back to the group with some answers on that one. Next question from Mark Intervera. Can we use these pH sensors in soil profiles and at depth? I think we've answered that. So it sounds like it's going to be soil moisture dependent and Mark's going to come back on that one. And in terms of depth, it seems to be plenty of application for deploying it at depth. Next question, Abdul Hanan Khan. I forgot that right. Which industry mostly using these sensors at the moment? Okay. Our main deployments have been in oceanographic applications. That's where we've come from. We are now spreading out. There's a lot of use in aquaculture and fish raw systems. And freshwater applications are now coming through in volume. So we've moved down the salinity scale really. And our full freshwater application has just been released with the latest film operation. And the way our sensors work, you don't have to tell it whether it's in fresh or salt water. It just knows and we'll just start working with a moving window of operation between the different salinity levels. So we've come from oceanographic applications and we moved down into aquaculture, freshwater and wastewater. Okay. To give you some idea on freshwater, sorry, just some of the applications. The department of the environment in the Netherlands are using some freshwater applications. We've got a number of sensors being that are deployed currently out in the Great Lakes in Canada. And then some utility companies are looking at in wastewater applications as well. So it is wide and varied is what we're saying. So in Canada, obviously, it freezes over. So it's got no issues with being frozen at various times. Not that we're seeing. As I said, they're deployed right now in the Antarctic under Sir David Attenborough York on the ice. So we're not seeing any issues there. If it freezes, then we need water moving over the transducer. So we'll lose readings there. But in, you know, frigid water, there are no issues. And there's three units being deployed next month in Alaska for a six-month deployment as well. So it shows we can cope with those extremes. Yeah. That sounds exciting. In terms of like that Netherlands example, is that monitoring of like a river system or what's the actual surface water application? Is river systems that we're looking at? Yeah. And dams. So they're boy-mounted systems or? They're under trial at the moment. Right. So, you know, the use case will be varied. Yeah. It's in a ferry-box style application by the side of the river or boy-mounted. Please. Next question around pricing. I've given some pricing. Just give us a call. It's going to depend on how you want to mount it and what telemetry you'd want on it. And as I said, we're putting together some modular options at the moment. Next question is from Peter Volts. Is it possible to have an STI-12 model? What would an STI-12 model be? Come on. So STI-12 is a comms protocol. That's very common in environmental sensors. Like I think it was developed by the USGS years ago. So quite a lot of the sensors that we sell have STI-12 as an option or Modbus. It doesn't really matter too much. It just depends on what people are trying to interface their sensor outputs to in terms of the telemetry models. So some telemetry... We have Modbus there today. Yeah. Modbus within the unit. Yeah. So there's no concern with interfacing, but in terms of an STI-12, that's just another comms option. It's not the one that you've selected. We have plenty of telemetry modules you can plug Modbus straight into here. So that's fine. Victoria Hammers. The next question. Is this type of sensor suitable as a portable sensor therefore not deployed in a single location with continuous monitoring rather using the sensor for single samples taken in the field like a handheld device? Absolutely. The readout is a digital readout. You can look at a line of data at a time. It'll give you the three parameters as a serial form. Or we're just developing a GUI for the unit that could be run on a small laptop and then at the unit. So, you know, handy. Absolutely. So is there already set up a portable... like Pebble used to picking up and using handhelds to turning it on and saying the radar... Yeah. We haven't got a handheld specific unit. I know a couple of people have taken the AQ5 because it was the lower depth radar unit and they've deployed those in handheld applications but they've provided their own interface... not their own interface, but their own supporting product equipment for it. So we don't have a handheld reader with a probe. That isn't available to them. But that's something that Hardware would look to assist with. You know, if there's demand for that we could set up something like that for ourselves as a rental or, you know, if you wanted to purchase it. Next question. What is the reference probe made of and how does the electrochemistry work without giving away all your secrets? It's our secret source, it really is. The reference electrode is a silver electrode and that's really all I can go into. You sort of cut out just at that critical moment. Do you want to say again, the reference probe? Perfect, perfect time. Yeah, it's a silver electrode. The reference electrode is a silver based electrode. Right, and it's solid state, right? Yeah. And you've got a patent on it. So does that mean people can go and have a look if they really want to know? If they want to have a look at the patents, there's multiple patents lodged on the technology in multiple regions. I think there's 40 odd of the last count. So it's quite heavily protected. But the chemical composition of the pellets is one of the main patented solutions that we provide and then the format of how we're reading those electrodes. All right, I'm just sort of curious if someone, if you put a patent on it, it doesn't matter if you share the information, but I'll leave that one alone. The anonymous attendee has thank you for the presentation. So thank you, Mark. This looks very promising. The pleasure. However, what are the limitations that ANB, not ANC, ANB are still ironing out with this device? Okay, fair question. Very low salinity, I mentioned 10 microseconds. We're working down to those lower depths and fresh water we're just implementing now or was implemented on the release last week and we're just refining that for the really fresh water applications. Those are the main points that we're ironing out as we speak. But all of those are firmware upgrades on the sensors that we're providing. A big issue that we're trying to resolve right now is supply because we've just been inundated with requests for product and so on globally. It's getting the units out of the door right now and managing some of the supply chain issues on processes and so on. Okay, but it's ready. It's deployed, it's been proven. That's what I was trying to show on the first slide with the history. It's been developed over the last six years with the electrochemical part of the unit, which is the secret source for the reading of the pH. That's really been refined over the last six years and we're just now putting that into a new form factor, adding all the different features that people have asked for over that time period. So the unit is ready to go. Annie's shipping. Roger Burrett's raised three questions and then he's put them a bit further down and someone's snuck in in between. So we will come to yours in a second, Roger. But the anonymous attendee who's snuck in is asking, are you developing a mechanical auto wiper arm to provide the scrubbing abrasion requirement for maintenance? Similar question a few minutes ago, really. We're not looking at that. We have spoken with some of the sudden manufacturers who are looking to develop that for us. It's on our list, but we've got a very long list at the moment. So I can say it's there, but there's no, it's not in the foreseeable future. OK. Well, there's plenty out there, right? I guess it's just about taming with someone. Roger's first question. How secure are the sensors? How secure? In what, in coms or? I'm not sure. Let's come back to that one. I'm not sure, really noticed. Yeah. Question two was, could they be used in water treatment plants or swimming pools? Swimming pools are probably not suited for us today. But water treatment plants, we do have some trial applications running through as we speak. Again, it depends on the treatment that you're looking at. You know, and the state of the effluent that we're treating. All of that depends on the use case. There's a swimming pool. All I can say there, Richard, is, you know, if you do have any question, any customers with specific questions in specific applications speak to us because we're very open to working with our customer base to make sure that, you know, the sensors are delivering the requirements or the features and the operational requirements in the specific requirements people do have. Almost linked to that, I suppose, is do you have a connection with an Australian university, such as ANU? Are you doing any trials with those universities? Anything like that? No. Not with the universities. We are doing trials with CSIRO on the oceanographic side. And there's a paper out at the moment from Rio Tinto on mining. Okay. What would be interesting is last webinar we had David from the Rivers Institute of Australia. They do a lot of monitoring and they've set up a sort of CRC for looking at monitoring technologies that would be smart to work in with them. They've developed a global lake monitoring network, for example, which is a big, very successful enterprise. So that's part of Griffith University. But I can help facilitate that one. Next question. Anonymous one. Are there separate probes for freshwater and sea water or can one probe work in both environments? Yeah, the single probe will work in both environments. We auto-sense whether in fresh or pushing water and we have a moving window for sensing between the two. So the answer is yes. We've got a single probe that will work in both environments. Okay. And what are the stability readings, reading times like? Again, I'm not quite sure on the question though. I think with a lot of sensors, like if we're doing groundwater sampling, you have a certain time that you wait for stabilization of your parameters, but often that relates to the water you're pumping through them rather than... Okay. So I think it might relate more to your earlier comment that it takes five minutes before it gets first reading. Yeah. And then the stability when we're up and running, that's down to the number of measurements taken. And we report out on that. So you'll know, we say every 15,000 that go upwards in requirement for the abrasion and we report out on that on the comms. So it will tell you when we need abrading. And all we do, the accuracy gap widen slightly as the abrasion is required more and more. Okay. Now the next question, we've got five left open and we're just run out of time. So you have it to continue on? You'd be wanking. Yeah, I'm good. You're a good man. It's time to get up now. Thank you for getting up so early, by the way. It's no problem. Can commands be sent to change the frequency of sampling rates based on things like water levels, pH values, et cetera? E.g., the sensor is initially configured to sample hourly, but if the pH drops below six commands are sent to change... Oh, maybe below. Commands are sent to change the sampling to 15 minutes. Yeah, I'm hesitant there because, yes, it is possible. That structure isn't available in the protocol today, but that would be a very... If you've got a simple terminal program that you're reading the information from and we can set some triggers up to sense the levels that are required for action to be taken, a command string could then be written to be sent to the sensor to change its parameters. So, in theory, yes, but it isn't there today. It's sort of interesting. It's a bit like we do quite a lot of automated stormwater sampling and you have a trigger in it. You can go to a higher frequency of reading that's sort of commanded from the module that we have above it. Worth us exploring. Absolutely. Next question is from an anonymous attendee. What parts need to be replaced? I think... Yeah, one part, and that's the transducer. It's a very simple job. Do you remember how the sensor looked like on one of the earlier slides? On the face of the sensor, you've got that, the slightly different colour, circular piece on the front. You remove two screws, pop a collar off, fry as the transducer out, pushing your one in, put the collar back in the screws and you're good to go again. It takes less than five minutes. Very simple to do. That's our next question. Does it have GPS built-in or would it need to be coupled with other sensors with GPS? Yeah, nothing built-in, but I know from Spock speaking of you, Richard, that's something that HydroTera could provide. Yeah. Next question is from Jacob... Ruth Wilson. Sorry, Jacob. Can you program sensor through third-party data logger or do you need IP software user interface to program? We've done a number of integrations with third-party units and they have been available or capable of programming the units. So the answer is yes. It would, again, it would depend on the integration and the level of integration that's provided, but we are very open. Our full protocol and command set is available online. And all the CRC commands are on there as well. So people can take that and program it as required. And look, we're going through that right now. Yeah. So if you've got further questions on that, Jacob, just give us a call. We're setting up various modular units that we interface with a range of different modules of the service. So yeah, probably best just to give us a call. Another one from Roger. We're already in public areas. I think what we're getting at here is, can we just deploy this down a well, hanging from a well cap or is it always connected to a module with a power supply at the surface? And how do we make that secure? Okay. We always need a power supply. There's no integral power supply to the unit. We do have some battery packs that we've just released, but those are for really oceanographic long-term deployments. But there's no reason why that couldn't be used in a lot of the mining applications and so on that was mentioned. The number of looking at the sensor, there's two grooves around the side. And those are there for a circular mounting. But then that would have to, in a form to suit the application. Hopefully that answers the question for you. Yeah, Roger. It'll certainly be easier for me to answer that question for you once we've finished developing up these module, modular units. We're looking to launch them around early August, about the 4th of August, I think it's our plan. So they'll answer those specifically then. Comment from Medi Zaboli from CENTAC. Medi, I don't know if you know, Mark, CENTAC's an Australian founded business that developed up some fantastic soil moisture monitoring technology based on capacitance readings. We could do a bit of a paired study there using their capacitance probes and comparing against when your pH sensors started to kick in and work at different moisture levels, I guess, that might be an interesting study. I don't know. We do have a lot of them deployed out there, so that may not be a bad idea at all. Next question. Will you develop lab bench type sensors? Nothing planned at this point in time. We're looking at environmental sensors for deployments out in oceans, mining applications, freshwater wastewater applications. Okay. Well, Mark, we've actually done it. Well done. I've only got a few minutes over on the duration. I'd really like to thank everyone for attending today. It's great to have so many people, but it is a unique technology and I think you should be proud of yourselves for having developed it. That's really good progress and I'm pretty sure the hydrometrics people out there and others who have to measure pH will appreciate this advancing technology. So thanks very much for attending today. And originally, thank you for arranging this webinar. Now, we really look forward to working with HydroTerror going forward and seeing what deployments we can see. Excellent. Well, Mark, you often have some breakfast and we will all get on with our afternoons here in Australia, but thanks very much for getting up early. No problem. And thank you everyone for attending. It's been a pleasure. Bye for now. Cheers now.