 Hello friends, we have understood what exactly the integrated pest management means. So, before going to the application part of integrated pest management, it is very much essential to know the various concepts of integrated pest management that was given by Metcalf. The first and more most important concept is to understand the agricultural ecosystem. Ecosystem means it contains various entities like forest, agriculture, ponds, etc., whereas agriculture ecosystem it is less diversified than forest ecosystem, then it is susceptible to various unusual catastrophic events of pest incidents. This agricultural ecosystem it is continuously manipulated by human beings because of various agronomic practices that are being followed for raising the crops. So, hence this agroecosystem it is highly susceptible to the attack of various pest and diseases. The next and foremost the important concept is to planning the agroecosystem. Before implementing the integrated pest management system in crop production we have to understand or we have to plan the agroecosystem. Planning lies in the selection of varieties or hybrids. So, to give one example if you select some susceptible varieties which are actually harboring higher intensity of pest in certain localities, one should not select such varieties because it intensifies the activity of pest control methods. And here is another example in cotton wherein sucking pest like leaf hopper it is one of the important pest in cotton, so it attacks heavily on the glabrous type of varieties, then you have to select the purest type they are very thereby the attack of this cotton sucking pest is less. And another one example that is crop rotation, so before the planning one should know what type of crop should be grown. So here is one best example that is the management of corn rootworm it is one of the important pest in maize production. If you grow continuously this corn in a location who are going to get higher or more number of pest at the same time the incidence of this corn pest borer I mean corn stem borer will be high. Hence we have to rotate this corn with soybean thereby you are going to reduce the pest population in the next season. The another important wherein the management of pesticides mainly it is involved wherein we look for more than cost benefit, benefit risk is highly dangerous hence it is going to cause much damage to the environment and the human beings. Farmers always they more concerned about the cost benefit. The cost benefit decisions they are actually lies with the crop produce, then method of crop production and where exactly the production unit is located. So in this way the cost benefit should be always more than one and next comes the benefit risk. So here most of the farmers they do not know what should be spread and what should not be spread. So of course the particular insecticide or pesticides may be very effective against a group of or target insect pest but at the same time if it is going to cause much damage to the environment and human beings. So such chemicals should not be selected and the always one should consider the socio economics of the pest management strategy while selecting the insecticides. Next is tolerance of pest damage. Say Dr Prabhupāda he has dealt in detail about various the parameters which are involved in decision making of pest management in that economic threshold level, economic injury level they are very much important always one should manage the pest below the economic injury level thereby you are going to get higher amount of benefit out of that particular strategy. So here I would like to give some examples how exactly one can tolerate the minimum pest damage or sometimes as well you can tolerate higher pest damage also. To give you here one example leaf folder it is one of the important pest in pad ecosystem when this leaf folder causes even 30% damage during later part of the season it will not reduce the yield in pad ecosystem. Another example is ground nut so leaf folder or defoliators they are the important pest of ground nut after 70 to 80 days even if you record more than 50% of leaf damage one will not I mean there will not be any much reduction in the yield and another example in case of sunflower the top six leaves they are very important in the production. So even there is lot of defoliation of lower leaves there will not be any much reduction in the yield. So everybody should know what the economic threshold level of different pest and what exactly the pest damage is going to interfere in the yield thereby we are going to increase the pest that is and its natural anyways for multiplication and also one can protect the environment from being polluted with pest sites. So the continuation of the earlier concept so at least we should leave some part of pest residue so that one can increase the multiplication of its natural enemies like parasitoids and prudents thereby they are going to reduce the pest population below economic threshold. So that's why always the concept of pest management is to suppress the pest but not eradication of the pest. Then another important concept that is timing of the treatments. So most of the times this timing of the treatments refers to the pesticides because most of our farmers they depend on pesticide use and it is very much required because unnecessary application of these pesticides they are going to cause much hazardous on the environment. So we have to identify the crucial period of pest occurrence and its ultimate effect on the yield thereby timing of insecticide it is more important thereby you can save lot of pesticides application on the environment. So single timely application it is going to save lot of further application of pesticides. So that's why only single spray if it is properly timed can prevent most of the damage due to insects and also one can avoid the excessive spraying also. So for wanting as well one can use various the devices which are available like furomon truss for the for recording the activity of adult thereby one can time the application of these pesticides. So you have the technology but if it is not acceptable or if it is not understandable by the end users so there is no use of implementation I mean there is no use of implementation of these IPM programs that's why education is much needed regarding the concept and understanding of the concepts and implementation of IPM programs. Since India is one country wherein we have lot of the uneducated farmers they don't know what is pest and what when it has to be taken prevent measures that's why the concept of the pest management has to be ascertained to the end users through involvement of many stakeholders or NGOs. So it is very much essential to understand the concepts of integrated pest management before putting these integrated pest management into the production system. Thank you.