 So, now we got a good idea about water and management of water large scale to small scale and also to small scale to large scale. Here in this class I would like to introduce about why we need this type of management and how we can do this type of management in a technical way. So, this is an introduction about water reserve systems modeling techniques as our previous speaker has talked about water is a crucial element for human being next to the air. So, practically we can live without air for only 29 days after that we may have to go out of this country world and not only that the status of a country or the socio economic development of the country is based upon the available water resources. That is why the prime minister told that the large dams are the temples of modern India. They are the thing which gives us pure this gives the purity and they are the key element in the socio economic development of our country. What is the problem in that there is rain is occurring copiously everybody knows that there is copious amount of water. Everybody hears everywhere flooding, flooding, flooding, flooding. Then what is the problem in that the problems are like this. The water demand is increasing day by day mainly due to three reasons. One is extensive and intensive agriculture as professor Eldo said 83% or 85% of available water is being utilized for irrigation by various methods and also there are two ways how we use this water one is for extensive and another one is for intensive agriculture and this increases the water requirement and second one is the power production and the third one is the municipal and industrial use this also increasing day by day. However, I have listed this in reverse order World Bank list industrial and municipal demand as the first priority. Second priority is for irrigation and third priority is for water production. However, the availability of water this is demand we know that water is increasing day by day its demand. However, even though we hear many places flooding, flooding, flooding and there are some places where there is a severe drought and in some places where we see that there is no water availability and we can say that technically the water availability over a period of time in a space is fixed. We may wonder how there are two variations in water availability one is spatial variation another one is temporal variation spatial variation means availability over a period over the space for example, in India at a given time we have variations in availability of water from Rajasthan to India Rajasthan to Chennai in a particular place for example in Mumbai itself we have variation in availability from one time to another time. So if I consider a period of time what we call technically as hydrological cycle time period water takes its own path to move from one process to another process and nobody knows what is the time period taken by a single water particle it will travel all the processes and reach again its own path that is one cycle and if we are able to assess this time period then we can manage the water availability to some extent and we are trying to find out this length of the path and that is where our people are working what is the data length we need for modeling whether it is 5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 30 years 60 years do not fight because that is the period where we have various spatial and temporal availability but this repeats the cycle repeats and what is this time period no need to fight our people have given this is a constant over a period of time so I could not open this two countries one is India another one is China which gave this time period India gave the time period as 60 years that means we know that each year is named one name and this name repeats once in 60 years and Chinese takes 12 years is the longest time period for hydrological cycle and for them the hydrological cycle repeats once in 12 years and their names are given by animal names and for them this year is pig years right so this is the availability of within this 12 year 12 period technically this 12 years is the jubilant time period or it is the time period taken by the Jupiter to cross over the Sun so that is the water availability and second one is the spatial and temporal variation availability of water over the space and time and this is physical processes we cannot do anything with that alter this spatial and temporal availability but we can overcome this variations by judicial use and efficient and effective utilization how we can do that that is where our technical comes into the matter we can construct large medium and small reservoirs but these reservoirs once it is constructed it will never give us the management we need to operate these reservoirs in an effective way that is where we use this soft computing techniques or water resources modeling techniques and before going into this different modeling techniques I would like to introduce a SWOT analysis of water resources until now even today water industry is never considered as a large-scale industry and we never thought that water is also an industry because we do this SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is strength weakness opportunities and threats now under KIP tech program we have to do individual SWOT analysis for each and every faculty in our engineering colleges that is what AICT strength gives so I would like to do a SWOT analysis for water resources consider this also as an industry what is its strength weakness and opportunities particularly for our Indian country we have a great strength which other countries doesn't have India is gifted with large number of rivers not only that professor Hilda has taken we have gifted with large quantity of water also then where does our weakness lies there are four or five places where our weakness are there first one is spatial and temporal variations which is uncorrectable like the rainfall at Shirabunji is in the order of 11,000 mm whereas at Jail Samyur it is in Rajasthan it is only 215 mm per year this is the spatial variation out of this 410 to the power of meter cube or 400 kilometer cube only 69 kilometer cube is in utilizable form or we can directly use 50% is we cannot even see that quantity of water and secondly whatever the large quantity of reservoirs there are more than 4,000 5,000 large dams in India still the water stored in these dams is insufficient to meet our demand that is a weakness and also the monsoon failures or excess rainfall is a failure of entire season right then second weakness is pollution of the existing resources and this only awareness among the users can revet back this pollution right the next thing is whatever the reservoirs we have constructed at present they are operated based upon thumb rule or based upon experience there is no technical way how these dams has to be managed if you see any reservoir all the reservoir operating policies are formulated when they are constructed they have not been updated regularly based upon the experience gained because these reservoirs is not possible to construct large reservoirs nowadays somebody was asking we have to go in from lower scale to large scale rather than from large scale to lower scale nowadays we have been evolving ourselves superior superior by technology by having we can construct a very big dam technically it is possible there are some other issues like sociological problem environmental impact assessment problems which restrict us in constructing this large-sized reservoirs in India and topography also does not allow us in India to construct large dams in Ganges Brahmaputra everybody says that this much quantity of water goes to see from Ganges from Godavari technically it is not possible to construct very large dams to store this water which are going to the oceans because the availability at the place where water can be stored has already been exploited we can say 95 percent of surface water possible surface water has been stored in large dams and reservoirs so next one is improper improper understanding of the hydrological phenomena even today we have not understood the hydrological cycle or hydrology and its interaction from one process to another process we pose that as if we have understood and try to evaluate it in terms of mathematical equations and we say that it works for 100 percent 200 percent but the same equation same solution if I apply it in some other place it will never work that means whatever we have understood is of limited knowledge and limited space of the given time right and next to resource is the aquifer in our we have large aquifers but unfortunately these aquifers are either overdeveloped or underdeveloped that means either we have salinity problem or we have drought problem we may have heard that Rajasthan is suffering from water scarcity but if you go around this in the rag and the canal we have salinity problem right because of over irrigation and improper drainage arrangements these are all some of the weaknesses in our water resources in India and what is the opportunities for us to improve using our technological if large-scale reservoirs are not possible there is possibility of constructing small reservoirs or medium reservoirs or rainwater harvesting at household and we can use better management for managing our aquifers and we can operate the reservoirs optimally for allocating it for various users by that we can maximize the economic returns then we can augment the sources that is desalinization conjunct to use or we can use for review reuse and recycling in industries or we can go for on-form developmental works or we can create awareness among the people not to pollute the available resources right so these are all some of the opportunities where we can improve our strength and there are certain places where we are unable to make a week into a strength that is called threats this is the first one is large spatial and temporal variation we cannot do anything only thing is we can distribute this spatial and temporal variation by interphase in transverse and second threats is paving of good aquifers unfortunately if you see the metropolitan cities are very large cities they are located in good aquifers and for example Chennai Mumbai Kolkata Delhi they are having very good aquifers unfortunately we are paving it and we are over exploiting this by and thereby we are getting into saline water intrusion once saline water intrusion occurred and once we paved there is no possibility of recharging and re retrieving it back to the original condition that is the threats it's not possible to get back my Chennai to the old status or Mumbai to the old status of unpaid condition so that is one threat second one is this demand demand is increasing it's day by day hour by hour it is increasing due to increase in population second one is the larger threat is from sociological problems we cannot even openly say that we are going to construct a large dam in a place the first problem we will face is the sociological problems right even the largest dam which has been constructed in China it is also facing a sociological problems three Gargi stands then the next one is implementation of best policies which we have derived through our techniques changing the reservoir operating policy in a reservoir is not that much easy you have to convince from chief engineer to the person who is operating the gate it's not an easy task and then very important is the irreversible pollution made for example many rivers which is passing through the cities people know from Nandiyad, Nashik how they are seeing the Godavari how they are seeing the Krishna that they are all black in color within the city reach or you see the Mithi river or Kuom river or whatever the Hoogli which is passing through the metropolitan cities they are all black in color that pollution is it possible to revert it back we have to work hard like how they have reverted back the Thames Thames was also once upon a time it was like that but so much of money so much of courageous is required to reverse back this pollution but in our case this is irreversible the pollution which has been made and sometimes the awareness program which we broadcast may backfire us these are all some of the threats on water resources but still to manage our water resources we need to study how to manage this so there are so many management techniques available one of the best management techniques people used to say is that Samho I managed that's a common management technique people used to adopt to manage a particular problem if you if you don't know how we have managed we say that Samho I managed and sometimes this is the best management policy also and in water resources also we are doing only management like that but what we need is a systematic study that means if something goes wrong you have to correct only that particular place where it went wrong you don't need to go through the exercise from first to last that's called systematic study and there should this systematic study should include groundwater also as one of the resources and for that we need a groundwater availability groundwater assessments right so thus we need a technical background to manage our resources then what is the actual problem as said water resources technical person we are looking at suppose if I want to operate a reservoir or if I want to model a water resources basin what is what are all the problems we may encounter when we go for this water resource planning the first one is inadequate understanding of the system because your problem and the solution which worked better for a basin or your reservoir will never work better for another place so you have to understand even though you are an expert in water resources if you are appointed to solve your problem first thing is we have to accept that we don't know anything about the system start from the scratch understand the physical system first many people solve the problems without understanding the problems right so many works watch what we are doing as research and consultancy is inadequate understanding of the system for example people have designed this interception and diversion storages in reverse of Godavari and Krishna they have designed a pumping system and the pipeline system and they have used therefore alignment when we went there to the actual field it's not possible to do that in that alignment it means it's a inadequate understanding of the system if I want to change that alignment either I have to redesign or I have to spend a lot of money to correct that problem so this inadequate understanding should be violated first we have to understand the system to solve any solution second one is the response of the system for a given input is not known even today the same rainfall we have some runoff in one time period same rainfall we have different runoff the same time period for example if it is June 10th in 1986 if it is 30 centimeter rainfall I have a runoff of let us say 20 centimeter terms of depth if it is on 1987 same 30 centimeter rainfall I never have the same 20 centimeter as the runoff it's the same time period but different years quantity is also same variation in the time is also same that means the response of the system for the given input is not same that is why people say that the probability of nature is almost zero nature will never repeat the thing once again right then the next important problem is heterogeneity of the crops that means most of the reservoirs in India are designed for either wet crop or dry crop but if you go for an irrigation area your reservoir will have n number of crops and all the crops we cannot account when I model for a reservoir operating policy we consider only the major crops and next one is the crop plants are fixed either it is rubby or curry or Sarnajainthi are depends upon the place car, Pishanam, Sarnawari, Thaladi see these crop periods are fixed in a particular basin whether there is water in the reservoir or not the farmer will start the cultivation during that time periods so the crop plants are fixed secondly the reservoir releases that is also fixed the very important technical mistakes we do in construction of reservoir is the keeping the sill levels of canals at different levels right particularly we say that high level canal right we say that there is so much quantity of water is going as the surplus so we want to utilize this surplus water through high level canal so the high level canal means it will have the sill level very nearer to the surplus level so when there is a surplus water only the water will be receiving in the high level canal even when there is a surplus when we are drawing the water through the regular canal the water level drops suddenly so even though there is quantity of water you may not receive water in your high level canal and mathematically it is not possible to model these different levels in the canals but still we are trying to do this through parametric programming but not achieved to that particular level and next one is shifting of dry crop to wet crops that means if we design a reservoir its capacity based upon assuming certain crop dry crop and find its keep it demand or keep it capacity fixed suppose if I change the type of crop in the command area my demand has increased enormously then even though I have a water in the reservoir I cannot release the required quantity of water my parameters canal carrying capacity is fixed I cannot release more than the canal carrying capacity so these are all some of the problems which you have to address or which we are trying to address through mathematical programs and the very important is that study is called systematic study I think you are all researchers and you have an exposure about systematic study I given a simple example of what is systematic study right if I want to study 10th standard I have to start from first standard second standard third fifth so that is called a systematic study so that systematic study can be done through a systems approach so what is systems approach we say that our body is a system right a car is a system so a system contains various components right we have various components we have hand we have head we have artillery we have legs we have nervous system so we have various subsystems so these components are these subsystems they will work individually or they may interact or may not interact with the other subsystem they have individual goals but all are working for a common goal and that is we call it as a system and physically if there is a system if you give an input you will get an output then only we call it as a system and in water resources there are three different studies through the systems approach first one is system design second one is system analysis and third one is system synthesis system design is we are going to create a system means I am going to design a water resources project I am going to design a dam I am going to design the canal carrying capacity I am going to fix the command area I am going to fix the type of crop that is the area of the crop power production everything we call that as a system design we are creating the components system analysis is here already the creation has been done we are going to operate that system we are going to see the interaction between one component to the other component and system synthesis is fine tuning while in the operating itself if you achieve 90% if I do system synthesis I can achieve 99% efficiency right so these are all the three different systematic studies we can go ahead then if this is a systematic study why I need this systematic study in water resources if our problem falls or says yes to any one of these five questions then I need a systematic study if my system is large and complex for a complex system it need not to be a large even a small system can also be a complex system then I need a systematic study right or if a system involve or necessitate knowledge from many disciplines right we know that water resources is a large system and a complex system and what resource requires knowledge from various disciplines we need hydrologist we need irrigation engineers we need structural engineers we need sociologist we need economist right we need various knowledge is from sociological that's very important then agricultural crop management crop production engineers so we need knowledge from various subjects then only we can operate our system in such problems we need a systems approach or if the objective need to be quantified in terms of mathematical terms or logical terms right then we need a systematic study we can quantify our water resources in terms of mathematical monetary benefits non-monetary benefits are logical terms then we need a systematic study then if one or more variables involve uncertainty there also we need a systems approach for example if it is a factory I know if I give this much of input the output is fixed it's a deterministic problem whereas in water resources large number of variables involve uncertainty rainfall inflow into the reservoir there are so many uncertainties in such problem to solve I need a systematic study and very important why we need even if there is no for all these problems if your problem has many alternative viable solutions then also I need a systematic study I think only water resources the problem where it will have a alternative viable solution even water resource we can say no no no for the first four but the last one if I give a reservoir for one person he will manage with a better way than any other person or if I give the same problem to another person he can manage it in better way than any other person so a same problem will have multi alternative solutions then also I need a systematic study okay I accept that if I want to go for a systematic study what are all the steps as a modeler or a water resources modeler I want to do a model and what are all the steps if the steps are fixed I can reach the goal if my steps are not fixed I cannot reach the goal so what are all the steps there are five important steps in water resources systems analysis first one is a definition of system and objectives if our objectives are clear 50% of our problem is solved right so that's why in research also we say that identify your objectives identify your topic identify your system 50% of the problem is solved what is that we have to identify what is the components and what is our boundaries then identify the decision makers then quantify your objectives that's the first step second step is now you model your system using various mathematical modeling techniques that means find out what is the relationship between your input and output by different modeling techniques then not only that get the solution for the model many water resources problem the solutions are alternative we get n number of viable solution which is the best solution to be implemented in the field get the solution then select the best solution then give it to the policy makers so the policy maker will select a particular solution and they will implement in the field so our study does not stop at that point you have to study the performance of our decision that is called performance analysis or performance of the solution how it is working in our field whether our assumptions are correct whether the parameters what we have assumed is working nicely so once we do this performance analysis if whatever we give the solution and actual field it is 90 percent then we are becoming a very good modeler suppose if it is not working then what you have to do is that is the feedback for our first step and redo the modeling get the better solutions so these are all the five important steps that we have to posit onto a water resources system analysis and I can say as a starting people the first and important for us is the second step how to develop a mathematical model that is where the core research is working so that means we say that models right models we know this a characteristic representation of a prototype right it may be a scaled up model or scaled down model for example in our laboratory hydraulics IIT Bombay we have done various number of physical models they are all scaled down that means the prototype will be of large size we will be scaling down to one is to 10 or one is to 15 or one is to 5 so the model will be smaller prototype will be larger whereas in chemistry or in atoms the model will be of scale up the prototype will be smaller model will be a very big one right so we in water resources always we have this scaled down models and the main purpose is to select the component important components and also to find out the relationship hydraulic hydrologic structural versus the hydrological relationships that's the main objective of this model studies there are four important model studies in water resources first one is iconic models second is physical analog and mathematical models I think we know what is iconic model an iconic model is a model which represents only the prototype we cannot conduct any experiments on iconic model for example if I have a car car toy right that is an iconic model I cannot conduct any experiment on this car and relate the result to my prototype that models we call it as iconic models then we have this physical models physical models or representation of prototype in same medium or same entity we can conduct the experiments on these models and relate the results to our prototype this may be based upon various similitudes renal similitude, Weber similitude, fruits similitude depending upon the hydraulic and hydrologic conditions what we do in hydraulic is either fruits similitude or renal similitude then third one is analog models there are certain experiments certain prototype problems which we cannot do it in physical model studies for example if I want to study the seepage analysis below an earthen dam even if I construct a small scale I cannot visualize how this water is moving below my earthen dam in such places we do this analog model that means conduct the experiment in some other entity there in analog model I do the flow of current in water and I relate this flow net of flow of current in water to the flow net of seepage analysis that is called analog models then the last one is mathematical models this has been evolved I can say this mathematical model is a soft computing techniques and after invention of computers after invention of these laptops everything all other three models have become absolute we are not going in for this type of models only large scale models we go in for physical or analog models nowadays for small problems operational problems planning problems we do only mathematical models mathematical models we express the relationship between input and output in terms of mathematical equations and I can classify the mathematical models in water resources as two broad areas first one is hydrological models another one is water resources models so this is an example for a physical model study a surplus over a year this is surplus of a spillway and this is how to study the ski jump formation these are all the models carried out at CWPRS Puna the courtesy is to them these are also model study of discharge over a spillway and this is dam break analysis can also be done by physical model studies wherever it is not possible to express the relationship between input and output there only we are going in for this type of physical model studies nowadays for example large pumping schemes which is an inverse of a dam we don't have mathematical models to represents the hydrology as well as hydraulics there we are going in for physical model studies right so I have listed out what are all the important models in hydrology see there are various types of models in hydrology they are all classified into three types first one is empirical models which are derived for site specific input and output second type of models are physical models which are based upon the physical processes and these physical processes the parameters of expressing these physical processes are also based upon empirical approach so we need some parameter estimation in physical models then the last and very important and complicated models are the conceptual models which is based upon the physics of each and every process for example Nash model linear reservoir model in instantaneous unit of derivation is a good example for conceptual models deriving rainfall runoff relationship by incorporating evaporation interception various other evapotranspiration they comes under physical models right simple rise formula dickens formula they are all examples for empirical models and these models depending upon how we give the input can be classified into four categories that depends upon the input first one is deterministic probabilistic stochastic and fuzzy deterministic means the input is clearly defined as a number all our numbers only they are tagged with some suffix in deterministic the number is very clear if we say the input of inflow is 50 million meter cube then that is a deterministic model suppose if I tag this input deterministic value with a problem or with a probability the probability of occurrence of 50 million meter cube is 0.75 then such types of models are called probabilistic model if I tag the probability with time then we call that as stochastic model if I say the probability of inflow of 50 million meter cube in June month is 0.75 so it is same number same probability with the time then we call that as stochastic models instead of saying a single number if I say a range or if I say it in a linguistic form if you say the inflow is 40 to 60 million meter cube or the inflow is high then I call such type of modeling as fuzzy modeling so this is based upon the values then based upon the time series data all water reserves data or time series data based upon this we can classify the models as stationary models or non-stationary models you know that all Arima model Arma model they are all stationary models then based upon the data it can be a lumped model or distributed models then based upon the relationship between input and output it can be linear or non-linear models then they based upon the time step in my model in what condition I want to stimulate I want to find out the rainfall of today tomorrow day after tomorrow or I may have to find out the rainfall of this month next month then my time step is day this is month so this is a time step in my model at what time steps I am estimating the time the processes or it may be an event based that means in time based models my time interval is fixed for each and every fixed time interval I simulate the base in whereas in event based my time is not fixed suppose if I want to model the flood studies then I don't look in for a fixed time interval the flood we are looking only for the events to occur so here the events are fixed time intervals are variable whereas in time based model time is fixed events are variable then we may model a single variate or multi-variate single where it means just inflow into one single reservoir that's a single variant if I try to model inflow into five reservoirs at a particular time period then that is a multi-variate y is equal to mx plus c it's a single variate y is equal to m1 x1 plus m2 x2 plus m3 x3 plus c it's a multi-variate I am trying to model various parameters or various variables at a given time then based upon the site it may be a single site or multi-site so these are all the models the unfortunate condition or the better thing is the models need not be of any one category all the research done are only combination of models the remaining I said if you find out what is your objectives 50% of your problem is solved if you have selected the correct model you are remaining 25% of the problem is solved because there is no single model available to solve all the problems so I have to combine the models to solve my problem depending upon the site condition so I have just given a simple example there are taken only conceptual models stochastic conceptual models then stochastic empirical models or it may be a deterministic conceptual or deterministic empirical if I consider stochastic it may be stationery or non-stationery or it may be linear non-linear or it may be lump or distributed so there is a combination of different models together in a single model depending upon my type of data site and location or the properties of my time series data that is in hydrology whereas in water resources which is mostly used for planning and operation we have two broad classification that is called optimization and a simulation the optimization models they are called prescriptive models that means the optimization model will give you the best solution that is why if we have some illness we go to a doctor he gives a prescription that means for this problem this is the best solution that is called optimization models whereas simulation models are mostly used for planning for a same input we generate alternative scenarios and that is called simulation models they are called descriptive models right so these are all the various models in water resources again I have listed this based upon the processes and different model types again we two broad classification is optimization and a simulation again based upon the values it is deterministic probabilistic stochastic and fuzzy and very important here is the last point that is based upon the solution algorithm right we have linear and nonlinear right so nowadays we represent only the nonlinear model because in earlier days people used to work lot on these linear models but in reality the relationship between input and output is not linear so we are working mainly on nonlinear models the solution algorithms which we have listed if you solve this by manually it is not possible to solve right there we apply our softwares there we apply our computers and that is why we call this as soft computing techniques I can say even linear programming in water resources is a soft computing technique because if I consider a large reservoir with three canals and with 20 crops in each canal if I do a monthly model then I will end up with 144 or 186 constraint with 150 variables I cannot solve a matrix of 144 by 122 by hand I need a computer it is not possible manually even though we are superior our brains are superior than computers it is not possible physically possible to solve that in such places we use these computers that is why still I classify linear programming is also a soft computing technique in water resources because the system is large the very important techniques I have listed here linear programming integer programming mixed integer transportation assignment they are all linear programs or then nonlinear programs are dynamic goal programming genetic algorithm genetic programming particle swarm algorithm ANN they are all classified under nonlinear programming what is that we need in water resources systems modeling we need two things two mathematical equations first one is objective function that's either it may be a cost minimization or benefit maximization technical objectives then we need the constraints these constraints are the boundaries where I can fit my objective function so that my objective function value is maximum and these constraints may be of four types physical economic economical sociological as well as technical so the solution here or my problem here is find out the maximum value for my objective function without violating the constraints so physically solving these constraints is not possible that is where we take the advantage of computers and we class classified this as soft computing techniques linear programming will be defined as the relationship between input and output is linear I think you are all well versed with this this is a good example for a classical linear programming model right so the advantage of linear programming is easy way of getting the solution and large number of softwares are easily available in getting the solution but it has three or four great advantages one is the output is crisp either the solution is in the space or my variable is in the solution space or not my values will have either a zero or one right then the result the result may be in local optima right then we may have some infeasible solutions lastly very important is our real life problems are not linear problems right but even now today people are using this linear programming to find out the optimal cropping pattern in a reservoir these are all other forms of linear programming the stochastic chance constraint integer mixed integer fuzzy logic thing we can go this in detail later the next important type of modeling is nonlinear programming I have a nonlinear relationship between input and output either in the objective function or in the constraint or both still I classify that model as a nonlinear programming model depending upon how or where I have this nonlinearity I have various solution for example Newton Raphson method is one of the method to get a solution roots for a nonlinear equation so these are all some of the equations and this is the widely used software for solving a nonlinear equations right these are all other forms of nlp model quadratic programming geometric separable genetic algorithm and genetic programs the another important is a dynamic programming model this is the most important model we apply in water resources because only water resources requires a sequential decision that means if I want to operate a reservoir if I release the water on June once it is released it is irreversible so my decision on July depends upon the release I took on June so in such type of sequential decision-making problems dynamic programming is the best modern unfortunately many real-life problems we cannot solve through this dynamic programming because of this curse of dimensionality even with the soft computing techniques even though this dynamic programming gives best results to derive reservoir operating rules I cannot solve because of curse of dimensionality my computer will stuck up because the matrix will go in terms of thousand by thousand or two thousand by three thousand like that right so this dynamic programming is very important there are four important dynamic programming which we use in our water resources one is optimal routing particularly in pipe network analysis or sewage pumping which is the optimal route through which my pipe network has to pass or it may be an optimal allocation within the canal reaches what is the release for each and every slewies or it may be for a reservoir operating rule curves or it may be for capacity expansion means if I plan for a water supply for a city of 50 years but what should be the capacity for each and every step I have to increase we will not construct all the capacity in the starting itself so it depends upon the economics I think this simulation I will take it in the next class so that we will have some because this is a different technique next class I will take this simulation if you have any solution you have any questions you can ask the questions before that this only introduction I would like to introduce this slide morning we was talking about the status of water resources today right 90% of the countries in the world there is inland water resources problem either non availability excess availability or internal sharing problem remaining 10% of the country they will have cross-country problems maybe fighting with the next countries thus if water is not managed technically efficient way this WATR will become this TE will go and we have to fight for the water as a water resources managers I call we are all water resource managers because we have interest in water resources we will be part of any one either we will shoot the problem or we will create the problem at both are good if you create a problem there will be somebody to solve it or if you are solving it somebody is there to create the problem right thank