 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss dependency theory and its impact on its interpretation of the globalization and global stratification. Dependency theory is a perspective that explains the global stratification as a result of economic exploitation and domination by the more powerful countries. As we saw in the previous module, the modernization theory interprets the whole process in this way because modern societies are at an advanced stage and the patterns of modern society follow them and the less developed countries can also be at an advanced stage. Dependency theory, on the other hand, criticizes and evaluates the whole process critically. According to the proponents of dependency theory, the advanced countries and the developed countries exploit less developed countries and exploit their resources and reach the stage of development. So according to dependency theory, less developed countries are kept in a state of poverty and under development because of their dependence on more powerful nations for resources and markets. Dependency theory is a process that is dependent on foreign aid and is read in the process of foreign aid and can never reach the stage at which developed countries are at the development stage. So the proponents of dependency theory is that the less developed countries will be dependent on either technology, infrastructure, or their life ideology until these countries can never reach the stage of development. So this theory suggests that global inequality and poverty can only be addressed through radical political and economic reforms that challenge the current power structures and create more equitable system. Pakistan is a very clear example of all this process which is explained by dependency theory that countries dependence on foreign aid and investment and to advocate for greater economic and political self-determination. Pakistan is a big share of the GDP and is now a big share of the GDP. That is why our society is getting worse and worse. So it's a food for thought for you that you see how foreign aid or foreign investment in Pakistan is in this vicious cycle and what are the possibilities in the future that according to dependency theory we should assess that if Pakistan remains dependent then what are the possibilities that Pakistan can become a happy country like the rest of the developed countries. So it's a food for thought for you. Thank you.