 any inquiry, except the format of the NSM exam that we will discuss at the end. So, if you want to ask anything, discuss anything, this is the best time, no questions, nothing to be asked, then I will switch over to teaching something. So, this is today is the day when we are only going to have clarification of doubts or further inquiry into a concept any construct, any theory, whatever we have discussed or you can take the liberty of going beyond the usual core structure, something that we have not discussed, but if you want to discuss that, then that is okay. Say goal relevance basically refers to the fact that the goal that you have set for yourself that the goal that you are trying to how relevant you find it for your own self. The importance of this concept basically lies in the fact that there are several things that we strive to achieve in life, which might not be extremely relevant for one's own self. The very fact that we are a social being ensures that we will have no several factors that would moderate our behavior, that would influence our behavior. In life many a times you might go ahead doing something that actually is not your aspiration, you did not think of achieving it, but there are certain circumstantial demand that forces you to move in that direction. The concept of goal relevance basically explains that find the target that you are trying to achieve in your life, how relevant do you find it to and much more important also is the fact that when you are trying to attain a goal, you will have multiple intermediate targets to achieve. Say if you think that tomorrow I will be a big successful entrepreneur of this country, it is not that you think of it today and the next target is being extremely successful entrepreneur here. So you will have to set intermediate goals and you know that all these intermediate targets finally lead you to achieve whatever you are finally aspiring for. Now if you are doing an exercise like that, this means that you are setting all the intermediate targets in such a way that the cumulative effect of these intermediate targets would be the final goal that you are trying to achieve. Now you make it, you arrange all these targets, the intermediate and the ultimate goal into a synchronous fashion. But remember one thing that this is a rider to the concept of know congruency of intermediate targets and the ultimate target. Usually the targets that we set in life from time to time it might get revised. What you consider to be worth achieving today may be 10 years down the line you do not find it worth achieving at all. And therefore, you would realize that in the later half of their life you would realize that people know start thinking in terms of goals that had they had not thought of. So it is not being a successful entrepreneur or when you said know that my target is to be remembered after life. Then you understand that fine all these are not so important, what is important is and then you redefine the construct. So that is the importance of goal relevance and goal congruence with respect to adjustment process. Yes. See that would basically depend on the level of the neurotransmitter that is available to you. And understand one thing you remember we had talked about the whole issue of how frustration finally leads to an aggressive behavior. So usually what would happen once you have a situation at hand you would try to have a control of it. Aggressive retaliation starts coming only when you realize that things are going beyond your control. Or you are put in a state for long where you realize that situation has been extremely no agitating for you. And therefore, in the new situation by default you show an aggressive outcome that could be a possibility. But that would come only when you have a sustained exposure of a situation like that. But in individual episodes what would happen is that you would try to first have a control of the situation and the higher is the realization that you if the situation is not under your control higher would be the chances of showing an aggressive outburst. That is like say the final resort no because all other strategies are not working so explode. And people will then keep quite calm they will surrender and that is how you will have a control over them. That is the final goal. Yes any other question see hostile aggression is an act where no certain degree of violence is in built into the act. Whereas cultural aggressions are basically an attempt by a group of individuals. So that they can manipulate the behavior of others modify the behavior of others. Take an example not a good example to quote especially early in the morning but say 1947 communal rights when the partition of the country took place. Now you force somebody to leave one geographical boundary and move to the other side and the cost of movement is very high. The cost of the movement includes that all your properties all your relatives they are left behind. You have to move on a bar footage so whatever you can carry just you take it and move many of the people did not get even chance to carry whatever they wanted to along with them. You are forced to surrender to the group. If you read both the literary description the historical description and there is a fantastic work by a very famous psychologist professor Ashish Nandi on this whole partition issue. How it finally lead to the change in the psyche of individuals on both sides of the boundary with him he also has a Pakistani collaborator who is in the west. Now this whole dynamics if you look into the details of it you will find exceptional type of descriptions like people being forced to change their religion. People being forced to marriages people being kept as keeps with the dominant ones in that violent groups. Now when you as a group start enforcing that fine you have to surrender to my religious belief you have to practice my faith that is an example of cultural aggression. As an individual I am not asking you to surrender to know my faith my belief my way of life but when as a group you start pressurizing the minority to do that that is an example of cultural aggression. Violent aggression is usually an act where an individual shows an act of violence against an individual the possession of the individual or towards other member of the group to which this individual belongs that is a example of violent aggression. More than the group it is basically the final goal that this aggressive act is trying to accomplish. The goal is to modify behavior the goal is to control behavior the goal is to manipulate the behavior. This is not the target in the case of violent aggression violent aggression what will happen say you are angry at somebody you go and shout you go and slap you go and stab you go and shoot this is the violent aggression. You are not trying to modify manipulate the behavior but in cultural aggression you do not do these things know you pressurize you threaten but the goal is to manipulate the goal is to modify. So, that is there is a big contrast between the two types of aggressive acts yes any other question say it if I compare it with immediate family members and kins. So, your immediate family members would be your both your parents and your siblings that is the immediate family and kinship is you know uncle uncle's children. So, the core members are your immediate family members the extended family is the what you call as secondary appraisal process primary secondary that is the difference. I would not go any orderly fashion but all I recollect now is the self-assessment throughout the course I did of myself. For example, whenever we are told diagnostic criteria of any disorder or any mental illness. So, first thing I would do is to check that on myself for example, I take anger management issues. So, if it is told that the person who has anger management issue would do these things. So, first thing I would do is to check if I have those. So, that was the best thing for me in the course that is it. It helps to somehow there are fair chances next time if I am having those I am coming under those criteria. So, I might have some control over me it might happen there are fair chances for that also that is it. The course for me started with some familiar domains for my biomedical model and when the course moved on it got down to some narrowing of the various concepts like psychological disorders and everything. For me the course let me to reevaluate and re-rationalize my ideas about how the individual how about their urges and about their desires and how their compel to compel to behave the way they behave in certain situations. It also led to me led me to think how what is the importance of an environment plays on the society or on in particular individual upon its growth. Moving on I found a few I didn't like few of the concepts. For example, if you talk about the psychological disorders for me I think were bit exaggerated because I believe that people when in certain times people do face problems, but they can be basically due to their impulse reactions or can be of the harsh nature of the society to treat all these strong ones and the weak ones alike and to have a psychological disorders because when I was going through it at certain time I found that I have this I have that I have this. So, and moving on I believe I am completely normal individual. So, I found that psychological disorders a bit exaggerated. I had never done a psychology course nor I have done a sociology course, but what I felt was psychology of adjustment was more society oriented because we are mostly talking about norms and the deviation from norms and whatever rules as society I mean made the dominant people or the psychiatrist whatever people have made. We are always going on the same lines and we are talking what all people are deviating and so we go on to classify them as disorders. So, I felt that this was more of sociology related course and not a discrete psychology course I felt. So, and then one interesting thing was that even like I found that even very common experiences very common behavior that people show and we feel them to be ok that these behaviors are ok they can be disorders at times like the range of reaction that we were talking about and you are taking the example of woman who had not given birth to a child. So, they were very I mean a few traits that we get to see in the neighborhood of ours, but we never think that they are disorders we always take them to be accepted, but they were disorders and apart from that the burnout was an interesting thing because it happens to us also in IITK even and it was very much a and apart from it they were very a few examples taken which were very practical and that they could be tested with our common life experiences also whether they hold true or not. So, it was like that and one more thing like as the course name suggest psychology of adjustment I always thought that we will be studying how people adjust to environment while it was not. So, I mean we studied also like how people are behave in a aggressive way when subjected to certain conditions. So, it is not always adjustment that we studied it was also the retaliation in the people that also. But, adjustment I mean what the what the word suggest that you are always I mean giving up to us something adjustment I mean I used to feel think of adjustment in such a way like you are giving up or you are putting all your weapons down and you are saying that I cannot cope up, but it was not. So, I mean before taking the course I always felt. In this course I felt that what we what I actually learned was something that I could use in my daily life by like for example, now whenever somebody reacts to some unwanted situation I asked first thing I think about is what mode of adjustment is he using the also it has also helped me address my various reactions to various situations. For example, addressing things like stress or procrastination or for that matter even avoidance I tend to often I am I sit at a in a group and when I when people are discussing I actually think that how people are putting across their opinions and what is the thing that motivates the other person to talk in a certain certain manner. So, this has actually like motivated me to psychoanalyze a certain situation and look at it in a very different way. Like what in one word I could describe is from the course is that it is all about understanding of this like what are the reactions of people in different circumstances and what I find most fascinating was the fact that a particular response if is accepted in a particular cultural setup is not approved in other cultural setup and then again there were where there were laws which describes the needs of people like Maslow's law and the different form of aggression shown the defense mechanism that they adopt all this is going to help me in the long run because I say like a lot of things have to talk about the workplace aggression the burnout issues it often we find that we when we do work there is differences in opinions. So, if you could pinpoint it what is the main basis or intention behind a particular viewpoint this will help me in sorting out the issues and ensure better coordination with other peers. Apart from that I find that the various disorders that were discussed I think a traces of everything is present in almost everyone, but earlier I do not think that I was so much careful about the issues that if something is happening to me I have to go to I have to go and visit a psychiatrist, but again I now I know that if it crosses a particular threshold value I have to meet a psychiatrist and sort of ratio. So, I think that this is the very important thing which I will incorporate in my life that is to ensure that if something like that happens I should take necessary precautions in advance. Which is considered to be a pathological behavior according to a modern norm might be accepted in some subjects or not. I must tell you that the SF4 for example is a byproduct of the American of the enterprise of the American Cigarette Association. But within America in Southern America you have a community where what is called as societal behavior is very much accepted in the culture. So, if you have people from that you cannot consider the entire community is suffering from a particular disorder that is not good. And two from everything you had known that there are nine categories, eight categories, seven categories and out of this minimum of three, four or five people present. One and what we did not discuss here was the exclusion criteria that if you show this behavior, but if you are diagnosed with these these these things then you cannot do this kind. We only referred here to the inclusion criteria. The exclusion criteria was not there, but simultaneously I must also tell you that the SF5 will be coming in the future and that is going to set a huge limit. Because this time the American Cigarette Association has tried to engulf many many things which otherwise the society does not consider that. So, DSM4 TR till now is still ok. In terms of all we can accept certain classifications. DSM5 perhaps when it is thought the next time it will be needed. And there will be many many questions when we start questioning the basic intention of the society of this because they have just a tendency. Yes. What I learnt from this course is basically I it this course helped me understand myself better. Whatever we do in a daily life we do we cannot actually we do not actually see that we are actually following this sort of pattern. What I enjoyed was firstly we were taught taught about maintenance needs. We and once I read the maintenance needs and I understood while if I am talking to someone and if approval is not there. So, it is somehow some sort of misadjustment is there in ourselves. And these all sort of maintenance needs I I thought this yes these all strike us in a daily life. And if there is not an imbalance if there is imbalance between our maintenance needs it actually disturbs our adjustment level. Then I went on to my behaviour patterns whenever I used to do something about my reactions. I always used to think which sort of damage repair mechanism or which sort of reaction formation or what defence mechanism I am following in my life. Whether I am using reaction formation or some thoughts are suppressed because of the danger situation which I am following. So, I actually realised these sort of written patterns in my daily life. So, that actually helped me understand myself that what kind of person I am. Am I more aggressive or I am more withdrawal type of a person that I understood. Somehow yes it increased. It gave me some sort of it gave me some sort of self satisfaction about me yes and this kind of a person. So, the course starting from it tells us about adjustment and its importance to maintain the equilibrium. So, starting from that and what I personally found interesting was the stress and the positive and negative impact of stress. And I was able to relate to related to my own life pretty much. There were some instances of stress which came out to be positive and the outcome was positive and some were negative. Also now when I think about some peculiar behaviour of others I think what drives I try to think what drive what is the why they are doing it. Earlier I used to react over react or like what the hell or why is this happening. But now I think what motivates them or what is the driving force behind that. And also the taboo about the psychiatrist is removed. As in earlier I used to think if someone is consulting a psychiatrist then it is considered a taboo in the society why is that. But now I think I more open to it. On this after doing this course I was able to define myself on basis of daily activities means what steps I take like after reading six dimensions I could make out which extent I lie I mean which corner I lie on that basis and what all damage repair mechanism I takes when I do anything. And after in difficult situation what I do avoid or I could make out that all things and how my body function changes when I get stressed and all that. This was my first psychology course and previously I had done once sociology course and in that course what I thought after doing the course I thought that I start to analyze that what how society works. Similarly with this course I started to do it small scale but I started to analyze how the behavior of people change with certain situations with certain incident. And there was one more thing that I really like the part of defense mechanism and damage repair mechanism. And this was one thing which I started to use in daily life incident I started to analyze that what a person will try to do in order to safeguard his or her ego. And I did not agree with the results of self assessment test. I think it did not replicate my behavior. Actually this course was definitely useful I would like to point this course helped me in self realization and awareness of where we stand in the society of how normal we are. And also gives us a basic idea of about the threshold of abnormality like what is the line above which one does get abnormal. So this course helped me in seeing things through a clear point of view like where do we use rationalization and projection or other defense mechanism in our life. Then this course helps me in understanding the interdependence of individual with others and the environment. And I began to look things in a different perspective like I have a habit of kicking stones like you said in one of your lectures and it is also psychological importance. And basically on the whole I can recollect now where did I use adjustment in my life. And where did I opt for adjustment in different situations. So anyway I will probably be honest with this but I will probably have more clarity regarding this question probably after the end sense after preparing for it but anyway. So I had actually done another psychology course before this. So I had done psychology 151 before this. So frankly this is not really done anything life changing or changing the philosophy of my life at all. I mean it is nothing to do with that. But some things that I have always liked about psychology is that for example you, I mean I am really happy about the fact that there has been so much work done actually on just defining human nature. So I had actually read a lot on things that countries have actually been doing. For example the United States since the Second World War had actually been looking after, had made a psychological profile of many world leaders, important world leaders. I am sure. So I mean when I actually got, when I read about all this I was actually really impressed by the science of psychology in some sense. So this course basically has got me one step closer to actually realizing it in a sense how when you put a person under different situations and under various effects how can they react? I probably took one step towards understanding that and I probably got to appreciate psychology one step even more. Okay well I might not be the right person to assess this class. I had missed most of the classes after the Midsum but before the Midsum I had attended many of the classes and my assessment of this course was like this course was really not meant for me. Like I being a computer science student wanted everything like nothing to be vague. So while I read many of the concepts of this course I was really confused like how to treat other people. Like when I read some concept I was like whether to assess this person who is standing right in front of me or like treat him as he is. Like I was really confused. Like whenever you used to give examples I was like why he is giving this example. Like I strongly decided with your example and I was like I can't tell him like now like the whole class would say at me why he is giving this example like now. So the idea was like while some concepts were good but this course was really not meant for me. Sir in this course I learnt a lot about human behavior and I was fascinated at times when we probed into the unconscious mind. My favorite part in the course would be the defense mechanisms because it is something that we do every day and still are not completely aware of that and also the disorders because I used to put myself in that place and it is really confusing at times because whenever you used to show 10 points and you used to say that if you have more than 5 and I had matched more than 8 or 9. So it was very confusing but still I like the course. This is my second psychology course and the first one was introduction to psychology while it was quite different from that one and that was mostly theoretical. It was more of a practical kind of course but equally interesting and although also I have a lot of departmental stuff in this semester. So it was really good to you know have a course where you learn something very different from your major and it was a really practical course. Now I analyze the behavior of the people with a very different perspective. For example normality we till now I just took it for granted that whatever most people think is normal but if you really think about it is just a social construct and there is nothing to be taken granted for in that and also the reaction mechanisms I thought they were really interesting and of course now I know diagnostic criteria for various disorders because we just take it for granted that we won't see anything of like a social disorder in our life but this is quite common and it can happen to anyone so it was really useful course. But it is like more of a concluding remark what we have done throughout these 40 days in this semester. One you have to establish a distinction between the whole nature of sociology and psychology as a discipline. Sociology would always talk about group whereas psychology largely talks about individual. So it is like say the function of a camera where you zoom in and focus on individuals in especially two branches of psychology community psychology social psychology where you realize that what psychologists do is that they zoom in and again they zoom out. So when they zoom in you have individuals a group of individuals and they zoom out it becomes basically a group of individuals and again there you will find stuffs being talked about which is also talked about in sociology but then it is zoom in and zoom out process that gets involved. Sociology doesn't zoom in the nature of the discipline except that it will look at the collective function that is performed by a group or a subgroup. Two an interesting thing that psychology is supposed to perform is to know more of making you a reflective individual and accepting individual a critical individual. So you become critical of self critical of others but this criticism is not to make you largely derive negativities from life but to appreciate self as well as others except others as well as self. So largely when you consider that people deviate you accept that deviance when you realize that I am deviating you accept your deviance. You are critically focusing on your own self and there could be instances where you deviate and after sometime you come back and when you come back you accept that yes I had deviated. One important thing also in life is that life is not computer science where you have all binary codes. Life cannot be you know 0 down to 0 and 1 code that is not possible and an interesting thing that you find also in the life of people who have contributed across disciplines. You would realize that you could be a computer scientist you could be somebody who specializes in artificial intelligence robotics space scientist. You could be anything you could be a doctor you could be biologist micro biologist but ultimately how you behave and how you are accepted by others how you accept others is the ultimate where no artificial intelligence it is your natural intelligence no robotic expression it is your subjective experience subjective expressions no binary codes things would be multi-dimensional and you will have to interpret it that way. Most interestingly this course did not allow that us to do that but you will find that people in various disciplines who have excelled like anything in certain disciplines have finally heavily contributed to the growth and development of psychology. Somebody when you we ended with psychological disorders but somebody like professor Nash who was asked that know about his pathological traits and he said that do not you think that this pathology has done a great service to me. Somebody like Crick from that double helical molecular structure finally becoming so much fascinated towards consciousness and talking about all the behavior which is guided by electrochemical processes. The list is very long very long you will find thousands and thousands of people who have done exemplary work in their respective disciplines finally find human dynamics to be much more interesting. The ultimate aim of this course was to make you familiar with things which are important for the adjustment of an individual in terms of understanding self in terms of understanding others and also accepting self accepting others. And acceptance does not mean surrendering. Acceptance does not mean that you have make other surrender but to collectively evolve to collectively grow. So that was the ultimate goal of this course.