 In cartography, we are not only dealing with the physical environmental system, but we are also concerned with the human environmental system. So both have the areas where we have a lot of work regarding the mapping. So in recent word, when the science has become one of the most important area of development, the Landsat satellite system become a very important area of knowledge in mapping. The Landsat program is the largest or longest running enterprise for acquisition of the satellite imageries of the earth. So it was started in 1971. The earth resource technology satellite was launched in 70s named Landsat system. So the first Landsat system was launched on February 11, 1972 and the Landsat 8 was launched on 2013. So it is a picture of the satellite and it is actually the most advanced technique of taking pictures of the planet of the earth. So as you can see, this satellite is a very remotely sensed tool. It senses and takes pictures of very distant events. Its pictures are not only low resolution but also high resolution of some of the techniques. For example, Landsat 8 is mapping the high resolution. In the 70s, the Landsat images were low resolution but their bands were also less. For example, Landsat 8 and the next generation came from one or two bands. We can highlight the different areas of the landsat. So this is a map of the USA. It is a USA map and the satellite is taking the picture of the southern part of the USA. This is the southern part and this is the eastern part of the USA and the southeastern part. So actually it is a tool of taking pictures from higher altitudes but at very high resolutions. The instrument on the Landsat satellite have acquired millions of images. These images are a unique resource for global change, research and application, not only in cartography but agriculture, geology, forestry, regional planning, surveillance and education. Landsat next generation has more than nine bands with spatial resolution ranging from 15 to 60 meters. So this is the map of the Pakistan. It is taken by a Landsat satellite system. So you can see the northern area of Pakistan covered with mountains are actually under snow or glaciated land. So these are the highest mountains of the world and the central part of Pakistan this area actually is the plain region. And those are the plains of the Punjab and Sindh. These are the Sindh area, Sindh plain, the lower Indus plain and the upper Indus plain. But this map was taken during the flood 2010 and most of the river water is seen from the channel. So these are the flood areas of Pakistan during 2010 flood. So this picture was taken by the Landsat satellite system. Now SPOT is a commercial high resolution optical imaging earth observations satellite system operating from space. It is run by SPOT image. SPOT 1 launched in December 31, 1990 and SPOT 5 in May 4, 2002 with 2.5 meter resolution. However SPOT 7 launched in 2014. Now this picture of Pakistan is taken by the SPOT satellite. It was SPOT 5 picture. This area actually hit by the earthquake. The southern part of Balochistan which is the most affected area of Awaran earthquake. Those are the highest zones of the earthquake and these are the lowest zone. Where the economic and human losses were reduced. But this area was the area where the human losses were increased because the damage was increased. So this is the picture of the earthquake which we have seen through the SPOT satellite program. So in this way we can map many disasters or natural hazards and see their pre-disaster and post-disaster impact. This map actually shows the neighbouring areas of Pakistan, the neighbouring countries of Pakistan. You can see that in the north of Pakistan, there is China. There is Afghanistan on the west side of Pakistan. There is Iran on the south side of Pakistan. Whereas its eastern side is covered with Indian territory. The south side is called Gulf of Oman but it is also called Arabian Sea. Which is a part of the Indian Ocean. So in this way, through mapping techniques, we can show a lot of information on the same map. Or on the same page, we can gather a lot of information. In this way, we can add themes to it. Like the capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. Similarly, the capital of Afghanistan is Kabul. We are showing its location. The Indian capital is New Delhi. Similarly, the capital of Iran is Tehran. So in this way, its capital locations can be highlighted on it. Now this is a map of the Lahore. So here we are trying to tell you that on a smaller level, on a large scale, we can share information very well. This is the map of the metropolitan Lahore. In which you can see that its eastern side is actually covered with the area which is closer to the Indian border. This region. Whereas the area on the west side is covered with the river Ravi. You can see its channel which is actually the land cover. One of the most important land cover. In the north, it is a vacant land. You can also call it agricultural land. Now the south is covered with some of the area. It is covered with open space. But most of the area under it is agriculture. In this, you can see some of the things you are getting in the key. The motorway. You can see that this line is the motorway line. This is how the motorway is linked from the western side to the Islamic side. It is linked to Lahore. Same is the case with the other important roads which are Lahore Ring Road. So this ring road which is on its side. And this is the north, west and east of Lahore. It is linked to different areas, towns. So it means that we can not only show the word as a whole but part of it. We can also show it in this. In cartography, we can not only cover the entire area of the world. There are very few details in it. But when we talk about detail study, we use large scale maps. For example, we have seen the direction of Lahore. We have discussed not only its road networks but also its location.