 Okay, so I hope everybody's back probably or there's some people having coffee. No, I think so Okay, great. So just to quickly show you we are in session one now and I have my presentation on history of nuclear energy It's a I'll talk about it later And then we have one presentation from Professor Salvatore's who is here and Then we have a lunch break at 12 30 for one hour and I as I said before if you want to bring your laptop Please bring it if you're staying nearby in the guesthouse and try to install octave for our group activity in the afternoon It will save us some time and will be useful for all of us Okay, so I will start with my presentation very quickly So the topic of my presentation is in order innovative nuclear nuclear reactors the historical overview and future challenge Before I start I just want to tell you that The course of this workshop will be very technical in nature Starting from this afternoon session So my idea is to basically set up a premise and that's what I request from you that be with me It's a very short presentation for 20 minutes The idea is that we are always bombarded with lots of facts and figures. I will show some facts figures But my main idea is that we see how the nuclear energy or the nuclear reactors have evolved over time Spend some time with ourselves rather than thinking on what area we work on and Then think how we can contribute to this field. I've been working in fast reactors now for almost five years and There's a motivation behind that and maybe I'll be able to put out my motivation here in this presentation And I hope that you will be able to share this motivation with me Sometimes the industries are marked by some pessimistic behaviors or pessimistic thoughts My idea is to bring a sense of optimism that I see in this field The reason that I am in the field of nuclear energy the reason that I am in the field of fast reactors I said we will have lots of experts who will talk about the technical things and that's why the nature of my presentation is not very technical Because I don't think I stand a chance against the other technical guys that are here But what I can always put forward is is my motivation that why I'm this field We'll be able to see and let's see and what we can share through this short presentation We might be working in different fields in the area of let's say innovative reactor systems for some point Let's look at the industry as in general and see that what are the Developments that happened over the course of historical era and then see how we can contribute to this development of innovative nuclear energy systems Briefly about me as Vladimir has already explained. I'm working in IA now for last three years as a nuclear engineer Mainly in the field of fast reactors and I support Vladimir and all the activities related to technical meetings consultancy meetings and CRPs One of the CRPs which was on the EBR2 benchmark analysis of shutdown heat removal tests So before joining to IA I was working in a research lab in Italy and there I performed the blind phase simulation for that So I prepared a relap5 3d thermo hydraulic model for the EBR2 reactor And some of my results are already published in the tech doc And then eventually I was under the guidance of Vladimir responsible for publishing that tech doc also. It's a good journey for me I Started as a researcher outside the IAA then joined the IAA and finished that CRP It was a very motivating experience for me to see how as a researcher I was contributing to the CRPs and then eventually I came into the IAA and supported the whole project in general Other than that I will also be involved in the two new CRPs as Vladimir explained the Chinese experimental fast reactor So I'll be preparing the Neutronics benchmark Neutronics model for that and hopefully I will be if I get time. I'll also work on the FFTF loss of flow without scram transient and we'll try to do some thermo hydraulic couple calculations in that as well Other than that I also work on PC based basic principle nuclear power plant simulator It's a very interesting project. I just want to say briefly a brief two lines about that We held one workshop. I think some of you were there in in that workshop last year in November 2017 It's a very good educational tool which uses sometimes very high-fidelity thermal hydraulics and neutronics codes as well And sometimes basic first-order differential equations to solve various transients in a nuclear power plant These tools are currently developed only for water cool reactor technology But I and Vladimir are now working towards developing the specifications for a sodium cool fast reactor And our team is also working on the high-temperature gas cool reactor simulator Hopefully we will have a sodium cool fast reactor simulator by the end of this year or early next year And other than that the simulators here are pressurized water reactor heavy water reactor boiling water reactor and all the small water reactor is a new Tool that we have added to this. It's a very good tool to do analysis up to the of all the design basis accidents So if you are in a university or a young researcher, I'm sure you will find it very interesting to use these tools They will put theory to actual simulations without the need of any coding or programming So, you know, you don't have to learn any programming or coding for that They are very good tools in our courses. You also get some regulatory organization people who come and use this tool just to get the understanding of the transient behavior or the Basic phenomena that happens in a nuclear power plant. So this is what I work in the IAEA I'll give quickly the presentation overview what I'm going to present in next 15 to 20 minutes I will I will briefly talk about the history and I will set up a premise that's what I said and based on that premise I will talk about what the future holds for us and Maybe I'll discuss some future challenges But I will leave that for Massimo's presentation He will talk about the global scenario in the nuclear industry and he has got lots of interesting slides coming up in that So I will not take up his course of material from in my slide. I Will start with the with a very basic premise and that's why I say be with me I start with the atomic theory and I'm going to compare it with the current scenario in the in the innovative Necronize a system that how we can learn from this this theory and how we can be hopeful about the future of the innovative nuclear systems in the current scenario, so when Democratic started or gave postulated the atomic theory in 400 BC He was like he gave these points which today might not or they are for sure not valid But it was a basic starting principle that that blade the foundation of atomic theory that atoms are Indestructible and homogenous are solid but invisible So it was a just a start that was given to the humankind that how this how the atomic theory could be built up This did not change for for many centuries So I'll spend next three four slides discussing about how the theory changed in the in the in the historical course of times you can see that in 1803 when Dalton gave this gave his atomic theory that their atoms are indivisible and Indestructible in indestructible building blocks while all atoms of an element were identical different elements and atoms of different size and mass Then following this theory taking as a basic remise Thompson also found that there are some other features that are added to this theory electron was found in 1897 by Thompson brother Ford found proton through his gold foil experiment and Thompson by his catheter experiment that these were found So this you can see that the theory was evolving very fast now in the 19th century Which was not happening for many centuries before and Then the major breakthrough came and the reason why we are in this field is because of let's say this guy James Shadwick Who found that the particle neutron for which our most of our work is is based on now So you can see that within a short span of time from the founding of electron proton We had a complete model and by early 1930s the atom was thought to consist of positively charged nucleus containing both protons and neutrons Circle by negatively charged electrons equal in number to the protons and the nuclear so slowly but progressively the theory was was going forward And then now from here you will see that how within the next 10 years or in a decade Not only the the theory help, but the whole humankind was transformed with the help of this Small leaps that the humankind was taking through the course of history Then in the same year in 1932 You know in in in UK and Kevin this lab the Cockroft and Walton did some experiment and They were the first to split the atom when they bombarded lithium with protons generated by a particle accelerator and Changed the resulting lithium nucleus into helium. So this was the start of let's say something Something big that is about to come in in a couple of years of time at that time Rutherford, which was one of the known and the giant figure in the field of In this wheelie he claimed that The energy produced by breaking down the atom is a very poor kind of thing Anyone who expects the source of power from transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine So he had not much expectations from this theory We might compare it to the today's scenario also and you can see that If what what expectations do we have from innovative nuclear system? What the industry thinks about it and what we can do about it? So that's what I say keep keep be with me and see how we can relate this to our current scenario And then Einstein also compared the particle bombardment is shooting in the dark at scarce bird So the the idea was not very well recognized, but soon in 1934 falling two years Fermi began bombarding the elements not with protons, but with neutrons and He also at that time did not pay much attention to the possibility that the matter might disappear during the bombardment and he can use the mass energy conversion equation For something something else as well. He also found that the carbon and hydrogen proved very useful as moderators So this theory comes way back from 1934 that is the basic idea of our thermal neutrons, which is the most Available reactors Basic principle for the most available reactors currently in the world and then for me was just to go back a little bit The theory was awarded Nobel Prize in 1938 for its work on transatlantic elements And then he and his family went to Sweden because of the well-known reason in the Europe and then he raised USA from there So history also helped somehow to take Fermi from Europe to US and then what happened next is is all we will know and we Know already about that then First time the fusion happened was in 1939 so you can see from 1932 finding of neutrons were in 1939 within the seven years Which is relatively short time for scientific breakthroughs and discoveries Autohan and Strasman were bombarding elements with neutrons in their burden laboratories again in Europe and They made an unexpected discovery They found that while the nuclei of most elements change somewhat during neutron bombardment Uranium nuclei changed greatly and broke into two roughly equal pieces So this was something interesting that they were able to find and then Meitner and Freish were led to the conclusion that so much energy had been released that a previously undiscovered kind of process was at work and Milestone paper was published in the nature in 1939 which coined the term fusion and here also you can see the snippet from the Nature journal that this was published and called as fusion first time in 1939 So 932 39 from finding neutron fusion became in seven years and then fusion reached for me again because of the historical turmoil during that time in the Europe the community results to Bohr and he brought this idea to for me in US and They demonstrated that you ran to 35 present only in one by 140 parts It's 0.7% as we know now is that of the composition of the natural uranium Was the isotope that fissioned the slow neutrons the next block in the puzzle was to find if we can do the chain reaction or not So a controlled self-sustaining reaction could make it possible to generate large amount of energy for heat and power While an unchecked reaction could create an explosion of huge force So they found that in this reaction There was also an emission of neutrons and this led to the idea that maybe we can also have a chain reaction the work started for the known reasons at a very high level and at very high pace during that era and then First time in December 1942. We had Chicago pile one So precisely at 336 p.m. Chicago time first controlled Self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was formed in 1940 to 53. So you can see here as I say again from 1930 to discovery of neutron to 1942 Deformation of the chain reaction it took only a decade We'll see that maybe now also the time for nuclear is a bit different But who knows what's gonna happen in the next decade or so So a particle known to humankind became the most powerful source of energy within 10 years And that I feel is a remarkable achievement that science has That science can put in the books of history What humankind has achieved and I believe and I sincerely believe in this source of motivation that? Probably there is still more that could be done and hopefully there will be something more that will be that we are Probably hoping to see in the next decade or two or so Then now I'll just go through how the different Neutral technologies were coming on board after 1942 and how the The the market or the scenario of the nuclear industry change over the duration of next 20 to 30 years And then how we became stagnant after that or let's say We are we started making the typical kind of technology and using the same technology for over and over again So electricity was first generated from the nuclear power. So EBR one is also remarkable Achievement that we were able to generate electricity for the first time with the help of a nuclear reaction However, there were some some experiment of reactors before as well Clementine, which was also a mercury cooled and plutonium fuel So you can see here that what we define in an innovative in in the terms now Was already done at that point of time almost 70 or 80 years before it was already done Lampar one was then a chief critical in 1961 which was also a sodium cooled and a plutonium fueled reactor So they were all let's say so far so called as innovative nuclear energy technologies and then The reactor in openings this it marked the beginning of a civilian nuclear power plant programs It was in Russia on May 5 5 megawatt electrical Grafite moderated and light-water cool reactor and rich ran light-water cool reactor at openings risk criticality And then it was also connected to the grid and that's how it marked the beginning of a civilian nuclear power programs then there were two parallel programs going at that point of time one was a civilian and then the other one was also for the submarines and SSN 571 in December 1954 was the first nuclear submarine by USA, which means sailor in in Greek And this was a PWR produced by Westinghouse and as we know that this was the main reason that the submarine technology was let's say most funded at that point of time because of the defense reasons and that led to the more development of pressurized water reactor technology and the other technologies were somewhat led behind but the research is still ongoing and We hope that There will be a resurgence of other technologies also soon and we'll see how that can happen and what kind of changes and what kind of commitments Do we need from our side to have such kind of change and to see such kind of change in the in the in the industry? This summer in operated from 1954 to 1980 and then then I'll just mark up talk about the various other milestones that happened over the era You can notice that at that point of time The innovative they were all innovative because this was all a radical change in the design from one one designed one of the gas fuel reactor or Boiling water reactor or heavy water reactor. You can see that they were all different designs So at that point of time they were all called innovative because there was nothing as called such as an established technology Which we now bank upon a lot like pressurized water reactor technology or boiling water reactor technology We bank a lot about that and we call them like established technology at that time There was nothing called established technology and everybody was innovating Maybe we need such kind of approach again in the industry and in in our field of research as well and then you can see there was like Flood of reactors coming over over the next duration of the years which I will talk now upon going through the history I prepared some statistics though I say that I want to stay away from statistics in this presentation But it's always good to see a little bit of facts and figures as well When we are away from the status I say we spend more time on thinking the ideas than observing the figures and facts Which might be easy for us to get convinced or get influenced or rather we should not be going about that you can see over the course of years Various different technologies were established. This is an interactive display But as I'm using the presentation so you cannot see the interaction But there is a link in the presentation where you can click and you can interact with the graph select one technology And see how it progressed or when it was Connected to the grid this was the number of reactors connected to the grid over the year. I marked two of the I'd say milestones the BN 800 and Chinese experimental fast reactor the both are fast reactors would include fast reactors and They were connected to the grid in 2011 and 2015 you can see here in the top curve that this The blue bars are mainly for the pressurized water reactor technology the green ones are the for the boiling water reactor technology which took also Sometime to establish but it did not proliferate as much as the pressurized water reactor technology One interesting fact that I feel is that on an average for last many years We are connecting 10 reactors to the grid constantly So I'm on an average, but you can see that at some point of time. There were many grids many reactors connected to the grid almost a reactor connected to the grid every 13 or 14 days if I take an average of these three or four years If I take an average again, probably we will see that what's the current scenario again looking at some of the graphs We can see that the maximum number of reactors that we have now in the world is pressurized water reactors How many are operationals how many are under construction or how many are under permanent shutdown? This graph is very interesting for me to see that and I want that this pie chart Should always have a larger share of operational reactors than the permanently shut down Of course, they will also increase But if you are increasing the number of operating reactors higher than the number of reactors getting shut down Of course, the pie chart will be a bit different You can see also under construction that most of the reactors again are pressurized water reactor technology the main reason for that is that When we talk about innovation, we just cannot talk about innovation in the field of technology And that's what we'll talk about here a whole through our presentations through our lecturers the innovation in the field of technology What we also have to understand is that the innovation has to be in the field of institution as well in order to change this scenario to have Another innovative reactors coming to the grid the technological innovations are not enough We also need innovations in the field of institutions institutional innovations What kind of institutional innovations you need we'll see briefly in the in the coming presentations in the coming slides as well You can see here also that for last three years almost 30 reactors have been connected to the grid but most of them have been let's say connected in the in the Asian region and That's good to see as well The this graph is mainly for for OECD countries showing number of patents filed and you can see how the curve is shifting towards the Asia Most of technology and this is good to see most of the technological Implementation is happening in Asia. So why not the innovation also goes to the Asia? so This is a this is a it's an encouraging curve to see that as most of the reactors are also going towards Asia in Korea India China which also need huge energy demands the innovation is also shifting in that area We have connected highest number of grids in last two years. Let's say or More than two years now since 1990. So there is a requirement that people understand now And I hope this curve will keep on increasing in the coming years Just to give an idea that China started its program Let's say first reactor in 1991 and till now they have connected more than 40 reactors to the grid So and in the recent years, they are progressing really fast and we will see that in the coming years as well This is no denial in that the energy demand is huge in those countries like India China and they will be the one Implementing the reactors as well. However, we will see that this is the current status of the operational reactors But there are many more planned reactors as well in the world which are not only confined to China This is the data that comes from press database. You can have that access from the IAA website So just to summarize this is the status of the current operating nuclear power plant that I took data from Day before yesterday from our press database again, and these are the recent Reactor that are connected to the grid. I must beller us be an attendant Also, which was the last fast reactor to be connected to the grid in 2015 The other one are let's say the advanced water cool reactor technology or generation 3 plus which I'm sure you know about that the construction has started in three more reactor places and There is a lot of electricity that is being generated If you look at the broader overview of the total electricity generation All the major countries do have a nuclear power plant in their mix and that makes sense if the current if the country's energy demand is huge They need something for a base load support and nuclear has been providing that for for many years so all of these countries which have The total electricity generation very high. They do have a nuclear power plant as well except let's say Few countries which which might not yet have like Turkey is is gonna build one now soon as well I Will not spend much time on this because muscle more will probably give you a good global outlook But out of all this electricity that we saw in the previous graph the nuclear is still contributing only 11% Which is not a big percentage, but still a considerable one giving the fact that it also provides the base load So will this scenario change this question should be asked We should ask this question ourselves and then try to find out the answer that how this scenario can change What are the challenges that we are facing and that's not allowing the nuclear to go beyond 11% Which has been this figure for last many years But however, which are the same we are the second low carbon power source So 30% is a low carbon source of the world that is provided by the nuclear And this is something that we can always try on looking in the The prospects of the climate change and the global outlook about that Do we have some role in the climate change mitigation? Yes, we do have We should be asking again the questions to us that what kind of climate change effect we can bring with the help of nuclear and also With the help of innovative nuclear energy technologies Based upon this question that we should ask. Let's take a look into the future That I say the reactor technology has been evaluate There is an evolution of the reactor technology for past many years generation one two three four The generation four which are called as innovative designs. They are safe secure sustainable competitive and versatile This is something that we can always Have a chance of technological innovations Then I say again, we need both technical and institutional innovation in terms of technical innovations We can have innovation in the field of coolant fuel and we are already having that for the advanced reactors and the innovative reactors This is the definition as per the IAA about the evolutionary and the advance and the innovative reactors so they need a lot of work on that and That's why the cost of development is high But once the technology established by the laws of economies, the cost will also be also be reduced We will have lots of lectures over the course of our workshop on all of these topics by different exports that we have here These are the main characteristics of the innovative reactors that will also be discussed And that's what we should also seek in the future as well This is a OECD report on innovative nuclear reactor development Our idea is to have reactor which are which are Predominantly work which would predominantly work on safety economic competitiveness proliferation waste management Efficiency of resource use and flexibility of applications like co-generation and process heat. A good example is the breast OD 300 which is showing all of these features by adding passive systems high efficiency because of the high output temperature of the reactor It uses a closed-fuel cycle and can help in reducing the waste and it can also help in co-generation There should also one of the technological innovation should be inherent safety and the major focus of the design of modern innovative Neutral energy system is on inherent safety For example the modular high-temperature gas cool reactor have large negative temperature coefficient and several inherent safety features You can see in this table that for the fuel of the high-temperature gas cool reactor What are the possible causes of events and what are the inherent safety features? And that's the kind of analysis that is going on in all innovative nuclear systems and we all are working in this direction now You can also see that the innovative nuclear systems like fast reactor They also work on increasing the neutron economy the fast spectrum reactors can provide a good neutron economy as the Production factor is high for the heart spectrum on the same end because of the low energy density and low size of the high energy density And the small size of the core there's a huge leakage So there is a lot of work that can be done in future for the efficient design of the blanket and the shielding These are the problems or the challenges that are already addressed by the innovative nuclear energy systems Which are This is a report of which one of the co-author galena is here It was on the innovative system state of the art survey on the evaluation of Aggregation judgment measures applied to performance comparison It's a multi-criteria decision making uncertainly treatment method which find out these challenges And most of the innovative nuclear systems are actually addressing these challenges and most probably most our world work Will be focused in this direction as well In terms of institutional innovation that I says we need a lot of work on the licensing reforms There is a lot of need on an entrepreneurial approach and here is it what happens in the current scenario Most of our of our approach of most of the countries is stopped down Most of the utilities are owned by the state the vendors are supported by the state and the R&D is also supported by the public fund We can see that this top-down is an archaic approach and it's not very conducive to innovation and Development but things are changing. There is a lot of Liberalization in the market. There's free market in most of the countries now There are a lot of private investors that are coming. There are almost more than 50 startup companies already established in the field of nuclear Energy nuclear industry, which was not very common. Let's say 30 years back There are lots of startups private sector investment is coming up And this is what think what I think can motivate all of us in in investing in the new designs The hope which was not there before is now that there is a chance that we can get funding and invest in the new designs The bottom of approach which I explained now is also based upon the requirement like the deep pool heating reactor from China Which will be used for districtings as it's a good design It's an open pool kind of reactor which will be used directly not for electricity generation But for only for district heating. It's an innovation which is Demanded by the requirement of the country and not by any other criteria Just to give an example. There are many countries which are many companies It's just a bunch of examples that are working on the innovative Designs and they're getting funding from both public and private sector This is another field that is we can eye upon the public private partnership and that's happening in most of the countries as well I'll go quickly through all of this slide which talk about various innovative small modular reactor designs Which have better benefits and advantages one of them is the integral pressurized water reactor which also Can maybe bring a revolution in the field of Regulations if this can reduce the emergency planning zone or not or can also reduce the regulatory requirement This will depend a lot on the whims and fancies or the let's say the the demand of the regulators in different countries There are many integral SMR design that are currently under development and many of the different kinds of small motor reactor designs as well This is the chart for different phases of design development and most of the reactors are in different design phases You might have a design which is still in the conceptual phase There is an I a tech doc which can help you in in going through all the design places We could talk about the generation for designs and I think constant and we'll talk about most of this and we can see that There are different level of you know different level of let's say deployment some are already built some are have a good reactors operation in Present and there are some existing project for all the generation for designs SFR is the most mature technology. It has got a good history. You can see there have been lots of Reactors which have been let's say an experimental size or demonstration sides already in this tree and they are already currently Already operating fast reactors. There are many designs which are also under development. You can see that Same as with the another technology the lead cool fast reactor most of the experience come from the submarines But there is more experience that is coming from the other countries as well And I hope that these two are the most mature technology and for sure they will see a good level of deployment in the coming There are other designs high-temperature gas-cooled reactor and molten salt reactor gas-cooled reactor Supercritical water reactor which are also seeing different phases of development and deployment so in conclusion What I want to say is that atoms as we understand now is atom as we understand now is very much different from what it was perceived The nuclear industry as we understand now could be very much different from what we see It all depends upon what perception do we have and what motivation do we have for the industry and specifically for the innovative nuclear energy systems Whatever we believe we can make that change if this theory for if this Development of finding the neutron to the fusion to the chain reaction can happen in 10 years in a decade I'm sure there is much more that we can achieve achieve with the current level of technological development in less than a decade There's a need for innovation and the future of nuclear industry depends on how and what we work today The markets and the industry dynamics is changing a lot now both for my market as well as technology And this can bring in itself a new age of nuclear. It is important to understand the physics and technology behind these new designs Which will then lead to new generation of designers and I hope and that's why I believe in the workshops like this where we get Experts who can transfer the knowledge to the young generation tell us about this new Designs and the physics behind them. It will for sure help us in designing our own concepts Thank you very much. I will end my presentation with the quote from intrigue for me I have been driven by the conviction that much more than one percent of the energy contained in a uranium must be utilized If nuclear power is to achieve it's real long-term potential and we are still to achieve that and I hope Hope that we will be able to achieve that. Thank you. Thank you very much