 and go away beyond the problem of optimism. I think this is the number three rice Congress. So in the 23rd rice Congress, 20 years from now, we'll say that Africa is the leading exporter of rice in the world. And I think what'll happen is that the question is not about whether they'll meet their amount that they're importing, the question will be about dualism. And this is a point that Alia was bringing up. To what extent will small farmers in Africa participate in the rice revolution in Africa and the exporter? I think Randy's point is central. That what I see, I listen to Indian exporters that are setting up big operations, Saudi exporters. There's Nigerians that are putting massive money into essentially rice plantations. There's going to be a lot of movement in that. It's the water, not the land. Because the water is what's missing, and the water will be there in Africa to take. There will be adaptation of that. The milling capacity will come in with major Indian operations that will have excess capacity for the first few years and sell that capacity to local rice operations, medium rice operations. So you'll get a leapfrogging that will occur. That won't be the Tatloin moment. Won't be the small steps of getting irrigation right here and adapting a little variety there and bringing into smallholders. I think the real challenge is not meeting the production amount. You're going to be the biggest exporter of rice in the world in 20 years. The question is bringing all those smallholders along at all in this process and figuring out how to do that in a way that's fast enough. You said the most important thing this morning. I started my career basically working on rice demand in West Africa. And urbanization was driving it ahead because the coarse grains were not being milled. It was expensive to mill the coarse grains, so rice was taking over. That's the reason it isn't because the rice is traditional. Mace is not traditional. Sorghum is traditional. Millet is traditional. But the milling technology of those was antiquated and small, so they bring in easy to prepare rice. And it takes over like wildfire within urbanized seduct. And the same thing, you have all the small mills in many villages, extremely efficient and effective, and so the imports easily went over. What will happen is not that Asian rice is going to come in and beat African rice. There will be export enclaves in Nigeria that will flood Africa with rice exporting. There will be export enclaves in various places, in Ethiopia, in Nigeria, that will flood Africa with African rice and then turn the guns on elsewhere. It'll be just like we talked about with India. We said, 1960s in India, you said, poor India. I mean, if they can tie their shoelaces, we will give them a standing ovation. 50 years later, they're exporting, taking over everything, right, extremely rich. All of these areas that were thought to be low potential, low productivity, low everything, are now the second degree of revolution diversifying that Punjabis are taking over everything in the world. I think that's going to be the story. That's so far optimistic beyond anybody's statement that hopefully, if it's caught on film 20 years from now, you can still win and say, there's this weird guy who didn't know anything about rice. And yet he said, rice will be the number, Africa will be the number one export. What do you think about that? Yeah, I think we can do that. Thank you very much. My decision is one after one relation. I want to leave all of this, please. I want to congratulate the presenters. I don't mean to elaborate, but it's not the arrangement that are being made for card. But what full apologies I want to mention that to me, the card structure appears to be highly bureaucratic, multi-dared, with the committees, the secretariat, steering groups, stakeholders, and now 21 different countries. As far as I recall, as I know, there will be a presentation on the GRISP tomorrow. And it is saying in the GRISP, prepared by Hireas, the new CDS, first mega-total, that Africa Rice will be looking after the rice development in Africa. I want you to understand what the relationship between the card and Africa Rice, because you never mentioned on that, you mentioned about that particular point. It's important because, as you said, you were saying that Africa has been a steady, increasing imports in the international market for the past 40 years, and as far as I know, at the moment, 40% of the rice that is put in the international market is imported by Africa. But what is not clear is what arrangements are being made on the ground, on two sides. One is the research and development, training, then the dissemination of the knowledge, and its impact on the ground. But before that, what arrangements and resources are being made for supplying the inputs, seeds, irrigation, fertilizer, and resource management? And the government is matching resources coming from. This needs to be made a little more clear. And obviously, what was said in the presentation, the next steps, identification of interventions based on needs, resources, matching resources, and I think that is the most important part. Because card is a big challenge. And if we, pardon me mentioning this, in South Asia, we have a world-class uniform and military structure, mainly because we have the common master, the British, as a colonial master, so we're in a new system. In Africa and in West Africa, there are at least three foreign masters, the Portuguese, the French, and British, and different international systems within the country. As far as I know, the other systems are different in different countries. The topologies are different. The international structures are different. So what is important ultimately to the national rise development strategies? National economic development strategy. And in that context, the idea of South South cooperation, where the farmers from Asian countries that they go and collaborate with African farmers could be, I think, very, very important. So I'm from the Dynamics, the Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Actually, our academy received a lot of invitations from Africa, in some countries, to stand like a technical perspective. Actually, we have a big project with Sudan, with Moritani, with Mozambique in the past, with the three laterals. And now, we start with the B laterals again now. And mostly, the finance money, I think, coming from some African banks. My question is, this is a big project. My question is, what type of production form do you prefer? You should sweep off small farmers. I mean, because now we can see that there's a big project that the private enterprise invests in. Last year, and then it's really great. And I heard about land grabbing in Africa, a movement of Chinese NGO, sorry, African NGO, deep test Chinese land grabbing in Africa. I don't know, what is kind of phenomenal also in the rice production now? Thank you. And I'll answer some of the questions. OK, thank you very much, Podia, everybody who raised a very interesting and tough question for me. Maybe my answer is scattering around everywhere, but let me try to answer one by one. OK, firstly, about the first question, about what about Africa in terms of producing rice. We believe, based on the analysis of the potential expansion, what is quite intact, especially Western Africa, is what is called inland rice land. It was not used because of various reasons, but these areas are quite unexploded, and which is quite suitable for rice. But I could not believe in Ghana or Sierra Leone or Liberia. Lots of valleys, lots of water, this one, but it is unfiltered because mainly because many people say it's because of the diseases. But now they are starting to use such land, and that is quite suitable for rice. And we are very optimistic, but by exploiting this land, which is quite possible, we will be able to do something. Land grab issues is what I quite agree. And what I know about it is that at least in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Gambia, the ministries of agriculture with the cabinet are really trying hard to change the laws and start doing some metals. So let us believe that there is something happening in the near future. Infrastructure, yes. In many countries, yes, we have to build infrastructure, but there are some countries like southern Mozambique or central Madagascar. You already have some existing infrastructure, but we should be happy to do it. So we have to see this in such a way. And then about the issue of small scale or large scale, many things are happening in Africa. For example, in Ethiopia, an Indian private company is coming to the west part of Ethiopia, the lowland, trying to open up 300,000 hectares for rice production. That's huge. Yeah, Indian and also Chinese companies coming another 200,000 hectares is going to be developed there. So this kind of large scale operation is coming up. Another example, I think there is a presentation from all of these companies, so I think I will leave it to them. But there is an outgrow us scheme being developed in Nigeria, I think. And I think it is getting a very good result. So small scale base, large scale base, various types of production is being tested in Africa. And I think there is no quick fix, so there's no silver bullet to cover all over Africa. There are many lessons learned. Successive experience will be coming. I think that will be interesting to see. And for the question of Mr. Pimali, yes, China and India is not in card at this moment because we started with the other country because we tried to hide that it is Jaika, Jaika. But we started with Jaika and we started with the South South country, which Jaika have lots of experience in. This explains it's Brazil, it's Egypt, it's Thailand, it's Vietnam. But of course, your point is right. And if you think about the future of this South South population, definitely this issue must be addressed. And that will be discussed maybe in the very near future. And finally, bureaucracy, sorry, I hate bureaucracy. And shortly because of the forsake of the time, that relationship Africa rise is part of our partners. One of the other steering committee members. And the relationship with GRISP is I was in the GRISP right up shop in Los Palos earlier this year. And I sent a message on behalf of the other development partners, we are committed to bring what is produced by GRISP by this research we are prepared to bring to the ground. So we are creating lots of formal connections. So we may sound very bureaucratic, but we try to be as informal as possible so that we can create lots of synergies. And then we are trying to see some differences in the 10 years in Africa. Thank you very much. Thank you.