 And now I am going to give the chance to the audience to ask questions. Please. Sir, in the first row. Can you hear me? Yes. Okay. Sir. Look, my name is Don Johnson, and I've had a long interest in this subject as Secretary General of the OECD. Many meetings with Kim Dae Jang in particular, who by the way did win the Nobel Prize for the Sunshine Policy. So I'm not sure you can say that there was not progress in the past because after the joint declaration of 2000, there was a period when Kaisang Park was established, the Hyundai Resort was established, there were investments being made by numerous South Korean countries in the park. And during that period, I suggested the real problem, or one of the problems, which takes me to your idea of reconstruction from Japan, is that the economy was a black box, and it remains a black box. And what's important, I think, for anybody who went in there other than mining companies and others, because there's some important minerals, is to understand the North Korean economy. Now that's going to require an economic review, which I was pushing for at the time. And the Americans resisted, finally they came around. I got a call from Christopher Hill, the State Department, the Six Party Talks, and said, look, the North Koreans now want development capital, not just humanitarian aid. And they said, that will need a review. And of course, I was thinking of an OECD review, and then I was told later that the North Koreans would never accept that because of the background of the OECD and so on. But nonetheless, that's going to be essential, I think, to follow through with you. Who's going to put capital into reconstructing North Korea without a better idea of how that economy functions? Yes, you may get, and I say, the mining sector resources. That's on the issue of the review. The last point I would make that was the one that you raised, Professor, just now, about tolerance. That's the issue of securitization. I read this book when I was making his speech on the 10th anniversary of the joint declaration. From Lim Don Juan, I think it was, who was one time the Minister of Reunification, I believe. And the book was called Peacemaker, and I read the translation of it. I was very surprised to see that during the sick party talks, Russia has stepped forward and proposed that North Korea be made not a protectorate, but a protected state of the kind of thing you're talking about, guaranteed by the United States, guaranteed by Russia, and guaranteed by China. Now, that struck me as being a very sensible approach to denuclearization. But, you know, from what we've heard from everyone, they're not going to give up their nuclear weapons for a total of this point. And I was impressed by Lim Don Juan and said, let's just get on with it. Can you get on with it? Can you help develop North Korea while they still have nuclear weapons? Separate those two issues. The Americans have never separated those two issues. So if you separate those two issues, if you have an economic review, Japan, everyone else contributes, invite investors in, I think that may be the way to go, but you people were experts on this that I have. Thank you. I would like to have a question from the next... Do you have a question, sir? Okay. Could you ask the question, please? Sir, if you're interrupting a bit, it depends on who are you giving the question, because the French might be a problem for some of the panelists here, because there is no translation at this moment. Who are you asking? Please go ahead, sir. The United States, South Korea and North Korea and, second, Japan, China, Russia and Mongolia. And each of these countries defends its own interests, and that is normal in international relations. So my question to the representatives of South Korea, is that you don't have more interest in hearing you with North Korea to reduce the influence of the United States? And is it ideal, of course, I dream a little bit, is it ideal not to be an international conference gathering both the countries of the United States and Korea and also Japan, China, Russia and Mongolia to try to find a long-term solution? Thank you. Thank you for the excellent question, which South Korea always faced, I mean, you know, on how to resolve the Korean Peninsula issues. I mean, as you know, geopolitically, the Korean Peninsula was surrounded by big countries like, you know, China, Russia and Japan, far away the United States. So we made various sets of countries, I mean, to get together to resolve the Korean issues. I mean, three countries, North and South Korea and the United States, and sometimes four countries, South, North, China and the United States. And six party talks, we have tried to resolve the North Korea nuclear issue. So I don't think there is, you know, the only formula where we can, you know, put these questions and to, you know, resolve the Korean issue. Now, well, the problem and the threat comes from North Korea. So I think, you know, we have to have some international formula and, well, you know, some institutions, I mean, to take care of this denuclearization, you know, problem. Now, my president, Moon Jae-in, he's an ideologue and, you know, he wants to pursue inter-Korean, you know, peace through three countries, I mean, first, I mean, North and South and the United States. After that, we can be supported by China and Japan and Russia. So there is no, you know, fixed, I mean, formula for doing this, but at the moment, you know, what my president tries to do is to mediate between North Korea and the United States. But, well, it's a quite difficult time in job, you know, shouldered on him. Well, North Korea hasn't changed, I mean, in terms of tactics, I mean, brinkmanship tactics or salami, you know, slicing tactics. Well, until we really see the change of North Korea, I think, you know, it is a difficult time in task for my president. So, well, we would like to see some breakthrough, I mean, on this issue of denuclearization. Then we have to have some other countries joining to make, to establish peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. China was a party to the Korean War, so China should participate. And Japan is the most, I mean, most neighboring country which could play some role at the later stage. Of course, Russia should do that. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'm going to ask the last question because we ran out of time, but I do want to ask my friend, President Elbor Dorz, this question. What do you expect from the Second Summit if it happens, and it seems like it is going to happen? Before the First Summit, I wrote a piece in my Twitter and said, don't rush for the First Summit. I think we always forget, we always talk and we are always charmed by the leaders' meeting. We always forget the poor people in North Korea. You know, don't forget those poor people in North Korea. I think people think that our leaders, political leaders think that they can have business with the North Korean leader. And I think only from that, from the First Summit, one winner, there is Kim Jong-un, North Korean dictator. He got tons of the video, he got tons of the photo opportunity. There is no control in North Korean public relations inside of North Korea. The only winner because there may be another winner next week in America. And you know, if someone sitting from North Korea, ordinary person or who are detained in Gulag, they might say that don't be fooled, you know. Don't be fooled with our leaders. If there is only one solution, if there is more continued pressure, maximum pressure on North Korea, I think there might be solution. But there is no solution when you have that meeting. I think don't forget those poor people. If there is economic assistance, I think those people in the First Circle, there are three circles. Kim Family Circle, 10,000 people, and Pinyin Circle and the rest of the country. The rest of the country circle never gonna get that assistance. Assistance became the weapon against them. And because of that, when you meet with the North Korean leader, you have to raise issue related with their human rights, with the issue, the situation, how those North Korean poor people are suffering from the Kim dynasty. Three generations. There is no such dictatorship in the world in modern history, from the grandfather to father and to the grandson. And I think if you put issue about the North Korean people in front of the North Korean leader, I think he might kneel. If you put issue, discussing issues related with the nuke and sitting equal level with the American president, he will always salvage. And don't be fooled to that. And that's a really bad idea. And I'm really hurted by this kind of meetings and negotiations and pot-offs and but North Korean ordinary people not getting anything from it. Thank you, Mr. President. And thank you everybody for this. It was a fascinating discussion. Joining me in the round of applause for our evening panelists. Thank you.