 Good evening aspirants. Welcome to the Indian News Analysis by Shankar Reyes Academy for the date 8th June 2019. The list of articles chosen for today's analysis along with the page numbers of Chennai, Bengaluru, Delhi and Tiruvannamalai Pram editions are provided here. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping for the displayed articles is given in the description box below. And for the benefit of smartphone users, the time stamping is also provided in the comments section. Let us move on to our first article analysis. This news article is about the increasing of storage capacity by the Food Corporation of India. This discussion is relevant under current events of national importance, then in Indian polity, particularly in public policy, then in economic and social development, especially under sustainable development. The discussion is of very much importance in main syllabus, first under GS paper 2 in the area government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation. Next in welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the center and states and the performance of these schemes. Then also in issues relating to poverty and hunger. Next in GS paper 3, it is relevant under the area issues related to direct and indirect farm subsidies and minimum support prices. Then in public distribution system, objectives, functioning limitations, revamping, then also in issues of buffer stocks and food security. The news article talks about the Food Corporation of India and its increasing of storage capacity by the FCI. So, let us first know about the Food Corporation of India to understand the article. Food Corporation of India or in short FCI is a public sector undertaking. The term public sector undertaking or PSU refers to a government company. It is any company in which not less than 51 percent of the paid up share capital is held by the central government or by any state government or governments or partly by central government and partly by one or more state governments. So, we can say PSU refers to commercial ventures of the government where user fees are charged for services rendered and they are usually fully owned and managed by the government such as railways, FCI etc. Now FCI works under the Department of Food and Public Distribution in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution. FCI was set up in the year 1965 under the Food Corporation's Act of 1964. It was set up against the backdrop of major shortage of grains especially wheat. The primary duty of FCI is to undertake, purchase, store, move or transport, distribute and sell food grains and other food stuffs and then simultaneously after FCI, Agricultural Price Commission was also created in 1965 to recommend remunerative prices to farmers. Note that Agricultural Prices Commission is now renamed as Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices that is CACP. Next, the FCI is mandated with three basic objectives. One is to provide effective price support to farmers, second to procure and supply grains to the public distribution system for distributing subsidized staples to economically vulnerable sections of the society and then the main mission of FCI is to ensure food security of nation. The food security will be carried out by maintaining satisfactory level of operational buffer stocks of food grains. This is to keep a strategic reserve of basic food grains to stabilize those basic food grains. Next, if we see the organizational structure of FCI, FCI coordinates its functions through a country-wide network of offices. It has headquarters at New Delhi, then five zonal officers, 25 regional officers and 170 district officers are under its control. The vision of FCI is to provide remunerative prices to farmers and to play a significant role in India's success in transforming the crisis management oriented food security into a stable security system. Next, to ensure availability, accessibility and affordability of food grains to all people at all times so that no one nowhere at no time should go hungry. Now a question may arise about what is food security, which we saw as a main mission of FCI. Food security as defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations has basically four pillars. First, availability, that is food should be available in sufficient quantity at all times and at all places. The next is affordability. The food should be affordable, that is people should have economic access such as ample income to buy food. Then next is absorption. It means food should be safe and nutritious that body can absorb for a healthy life and finally stability. The food system should be reasonably stable as high volatility in food system impacts adversely not only the poor but also endangers the stability of political and social systems. Now let us see the major activities undertaken by FCI, that is the functions of FCI. The first one is procurement. FCI along with other state agencies undertakes procurement of wheat and paddy under price support scheme. Coarse grains are procured by the state government agencies for central pool as per the direction issued by the government of India on time to time. The procurement under price support is taken up mainly to ensure remunerative prices to the farmers for their produce. This works as an incentive for achieving better production. To facilitate procurement of food grains FCI and various state agencies in consultation with the state government establish a large number of purchase centers at various Mondays and Key Points. The number of centers and their locations are decided by the state governments based on various parameters so as to maximize the minimum support price operations. For instance for wheat procurement 19,280 procurement centers were operated during Rabi Monsoon season off 2018-19 and for rice procurement more than 45,000 procurement centers are operating in Kharif Monsoon season off 2018-19. Now whatever stocks are brought to the purchase centers falling within the government of India specifications they are purchased at the fixed support price. You should note that if the farmers get prices better than the support price from other buyers such as traders or millers etc the farmers are free to sell their produce to them. The FCI and the state government or its agencies ensure that the farmers are not compelled to sell their produce below support price. The procurement is undertaken both in a decentralized procurement scheme or DCP or a non-decentralized procurement scheme that is non-DCP mode. The DCP was introduced in 1997-98. Under this DCP food grains are procured and distributed by the state governments themselves. The decentralized system of procurement was introduced to enhance the efficiency of procurement for PDS and to ensure procurement in non-traditional states as well as to save on transit losses and costs. After procurement the important act is to store them for future use as all grains will not be used in one day. So storage and its management is an important part of FCI. Most grain in India which is procured from farmers by the government is stored under CAP or cover and plinth method. India also stores about 30.5 to million tons of rice, wheat, maize, gram and sorghum in structures of FCI go downs and hide spaces also. Here if you see the cover and plinth method is very cheap and easy to make. Like the one in picture you would have seen outdoor stacks of bagged grain which are covered with waterproof material. You would have seen these in many movies or in reality also. This is the cover and plinth method. India adopted this as a standardized system of storage. The issue we read in the newspapers about the food grains are rotting is on this storage method only because CAP storage is vulnerable to wind damage and are not weatherproof. The covers should be inspected frequently to detect damages. So now FCI is moving to the silo storage. Today's news article is about this silo storage only. The Food Corporation of India has commissioned a new roadmap to speed up its silo construction. The silo construction is to meet the FCI's target of 100 lakh tons of storage space by 2022. Silo or steel silo is a place like tall tower or pit usually on a farm which is used to store grains. Silo's are a type of vertical warehouse like the one you see in the picture and they use scientific method of storing grains. This method requires less ground space. Then it is easy to keep the optimum storage conditions for the grain like by controlling the temperature, insects, moles, birds in a steel silo. This helps to preserve the grains for longer time. The news article also mentions that the previous government had constructed 6.75 lakh tons of storage capacity and still work is going on for more 22 lakh tons. Now the next function of FCI is stocking or maintaining stock. FCI maintains operational stock and strategic stock. Operational stocks are the minimum quantities required for running the target public distribution system or National Food Security Act also and other welfare schemes also until quantities are procured from the new crop harvest. Operational stocks are made out of current year production and are meant to be consumed in the following year. Then FCI also maintains stocks of grains in excess of what is needed for meeting operational needs and these stocks are called as strategic stocks and the buffer stock which we often hear in news are part of strategic stock. The buffer stocks are required to meet the food grain requirement for allocations made by government of India for the TPDs and other welfare schemes that is OWS. The buffer stock ensures food security during the periods when production is less than normal demand during bad agricultural years. This can be called as production shortfall. Buffer stocks stabilize prices during period of production shortfall through open market sales. The government has prescribed a strategic reserve of 3 million ton of wheat and 2 million tons of rice. So, total strategic reserve for India is about 5 million tons. Then the next function is movement. FCI undertakes transportation of food grains such as wheat and rice from surplus states to the deficit states and also within the states by railroad and riverine modes. This is to ensure availability of food grains for TPDs and OWS and to maintain reasonable levels of buffer stocks at various strategic locations throughout the country. About 90% of all movement is undertaken by railways and the rest by road and waterways. On an average of 25 lakh bags of food grains of 50 kg each are transported every day from the procuring areas to the consuming areas. The transportation covers an average distance of 1500 km. This all India movement plan is prepared on monthly basis at FCI headquarters by keeping in view the quantity available in surplus states, quantity required by consuming states, likely procurement in procuring states, vacant storage capacity both in consuming as well as procuring states and monthly allocation also. That is all for today about FCI. Actually FCI is a very large topic we cannot cover it in one day. So we will cover it in the coming days whenever news about FCI comes in in the newspaper. With this we have come to the end of this discussion. The displayed problems question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next news article which is about the appointment of five members as deputy chief ministers in the state of Andhra Pradesh. This article discussion will be relevant in prelim syllabus under the current events of national importance and also under Indian polity and governance. The article discussion is also relevant in your main syllabus under general status paper two in the area functions of the states. In the recently concluded general election there were four states for which the state legislative assembly elections also took place parallely. By general election we mean election of members of parliament to the house of the people. The house of the people is also called as Lok Sabha. One of the states where assembly elections took place is Andhra Pradesh. The other states are Arunachal Pradesh Sikkim and Odisha. In the state assembly election of 2019 for the state of Andhra Pradesh the Yuvajana Sramika Raithu Congress party won and has formed the state government with Mr. Jagan Mohan Reddy as the chief minister. Just for your understanding know that Yuvajana means youth, Sramika means labour and Raithu means farmer. We are saying this because there may be some schemes such as Raithu Bandhu scheme. If you know the meaning of the word Raithu it will be helpful to say at least that the scheme is related to farmers. The scheme is popular as it is compared with the PM Kisan scheme. Coming to the news the news is that the Andhra Pradesh chief minister has announced that there will be five deputy chief ministers in his 25-member cabinet. The news title says cabinet midterm because the members will be rotated in the middle of five years. That is after two and half years another five members will be made deputy chief ministers. The five deputy chief ministers concept of Andhra Pradesh is to promote representative government at the top executive level. This is because one deputy chief minister represents people belonging to the backward classes in the state then one deputy chief minister represents people belonging to the schedule rápest in the states then one deputy chief minister represents the people belonging to these scheduled tribes in the states. And one represents the minorities section in the state and one represents the people belonging to the Kapu community in the state. The people belonging to the Kapu community are farmers. They are in the general category but in the changing socioeconomic scenario they are also having certain backwardness and therefore they have been demanding the inclusion of the name of the community in the backward classes list. But just note that there are steps being taken by the state government of Andhra Pradesh to give them reservation benefits under the economically weaker sections of general category. The purpose behind having five deputy chief ministers is to ensure that people belonging to diverse sections get the priority they deserve. This is also being appreciated from the view of social justice also. The chief minister of Andhra Pradesh has been compared with the social reformer Mahatma Jyotiba Phule. Note that Mahatma Jyotiba Phule is a social reformer who had established the first school for women in India in Pune. He has also established Satya Shodak Samaj in 1873 to liberate the oppressed communities from the exploitation of the castes who call themselves as upper castes. The chief minister has also stated that 90 percent of the cabinet members would be replaced after two and a half years to give a chance to as many members as possible. With this we have come to the end of this article discussion. Display prelims question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next news article which is about the sexually transmitted infections. The analysis of this news article will be helpful in your prelims preparation under current events of national and international importance then also under general science. The analysis will also be relevant in your mains preparation in GS paper too under issues relating to development and management of social sector relating to health. Before seeing the news article let us first know about sexually transmitted infections. Sexually transmitted infections or STIs are infections that spread primarily through person to person sexual contact. STIs are of public health concern because they occur worldwide and they have the potential to cause serious and permanent complications in infected people who are not treated in a timely and effective way. These complications include infertility, fetal wastage, ectopic pregnancy, anogenital cancer and premature death as well as neonatal and infant infections. In addition to this the sexually transmitted infections are known to facilitate human immunodeficiency virus infections or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome that is HIV or AIDS. Here know that ectopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus. Normally the embryo is inside the uterus but in this case the embryo attaches outside the uterus and the anogenital cancer means cancer in the anus and other genital areas. Now this sexually transmitted infections are caused by more than 30 different bacteria viruses and parasites. First if you see STIs caused by bacteria include chlamydia which is caused by chlamydia trachomatis then gonorrhea which is caused by nizeria gonorrhea and syphilis which is caused by bacterium treponema pallidum. Then STIs caused by virus include human immunodeficiency virus which leads to AIDS or the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Then herpes simplex virus which causes genital herpes then human papilloma virus which causes genital warts disease and then hepatitis B virus which causes the disease hepatitis and then the cytomegalovirus which causes STI. Then the STIs which are caused by estes and protozoan parasites include trichomoniasis which is caused by protozoan parasite trichomonas vaginalis then pediculus pubis which is caused by parasite called as pubic lice and then scabies infection which is caused by an itch mite called as sarcoptus scabi. Just remember all these weird disease names no need to go in detail. Now out of all these STIs vaccines are available only for human papilloma virus and hepatitis B virus. Research to develop vaccines against herpes and HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis and trichomoniasis is an earlier stage of development. Next let us see the transmission of STIs. As the name indicates STIs are spread predominantly by sexual contact including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some STIs may spread via skin to skin sexual contact and through non sexual means such as blood products and tissue transfer also. Many STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, HIV, human papilloma virus, herpes, simplex virus 2 and syphilis can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth. The majority of STIs are present without symptoms. A person can have an STI without having obvious symptoms of disease. Therefore the term sexually transmitted infection is preferred than sexually transmitted disease. So what are the symptoms of these STIs? The common symptoms of STIs include usual discharge from the genital organs, sores or warts on the genital area, painful or frequent urination, then blisters or sores in or around the mouth, then abdominal pain, fever etc. If you see STIs are an important public health problem in India. A large proportion of new STIs occur amongst adults and young adults who may not be aware that they are infected, which can have a negative impact upon their future sexual and reproductive health. With this background knowledge in mind, let us see the news article now. The news tells that 1 million new cases of STIs are detected daily globally. According to latest data released by the World Health Organization, every day more than 1 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections are detected in people who are aged between 15 to 49 years. Now this amounts to more than 376 million new cases annually. These cases are of four infections mainly, which are climidia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis and syphilis. WHO research shows that among men and women aged between 15 to 49 years, there were 127 million new cases of climidia in 2016, 87 million cases of gonorrhea, 6.3 million cases of syphilis and 156 million cases of trichomoniasis. WHO has expressed that there is a lack of progress in stopping the spread of sexually transmitted infections worldwide. WHO has insisted the governments of the world to ensure access of health services to everyone and everywhere in order to prevent and treat disease that is these sexually transmitted diseases. If these STIs are left untreated, they can lead to serious and chronic health effects that include neurological and cardiovascular diseases, then infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths and increased risk of HIV, which we have seen before. Then WHO has told that STIs are also associated with significant levels of stigma and domestic violence. WHO has also said that syphilis alone caused an estimated 2 lakh stillbirths newborn deaths in 2016, making it one of the leading causes of infant mortality globally. Infant mortality means the death of a child aged less than one year. WHO has insisted that timely and affordable testing and treatment are crucial for reducing the burden of STIs globally. Also efforts should be taken by governments to encourage people who are sexually active to get screened for STIs. The WHO further recommends that pregnant women should be systematically screened for syphilis as well as HIV. With this we have come to the end of this article discussion. Display problems question will be discussed in the last session. Moving on to the next article, which is about the dust storm. The discussion is relevant in the prelim syllabus under current events of national importance, then in physical geography, next in general issues on environmental ecology, biodiversity and climate change, and also in general science. The discussion can also be linked to main syllabus under GS paper 1 in the area important geophysical phenomena and then in GS paper 3 in the area environmental pollution and degradation. The news states that a severe dust storm and lightning has hit various parts of Uttar Pradesh. There have been severe damages including loss of human lives and damages to the property. So far 26 people have died and 57 people have been injured as house walls collapsed and the trees were also uprooted. This has happened when people were sleeping inside their mud houses and the dust storm was accompanied by rain which led to the collapse of walls. Now you may think what is this dust storm? How is it responsible for loss of so many lives? You will find an answer for this in the following discussion. According to the Indian Meteorological Department, dust storms are an ensemble of particles of dust or sand that gets energetically lifted to great heights by strong and turbulent wind. According to the World Meteorological Organization, sand and dust storms usually occur when strong winds lift large amounts of sand and dust from bare or dry soil into the atmosphere. In such events as a result of blowing dust there is no visibility for about 1 kilometer or less. It is a meteorological phenomenon. The dust storms are common across semi-arid and arid regions of the world. When strong winds which are also known as gust fronts blow loose dirt and sand from the dry land surface. It results in a dust storm. Dust storms are facilitated by the processes of saltation and suspension processes that move soil from one place and deposit in another. As strong wind moves over a dry and dusty or sandy terrain the larger dust or sand particles will first vibrate. Then the particles will salt it that is leaf from the ground and fall back repeatedly. This process will break down the salt or dust particles to smaller particles. Soon the particles will be small enough to remain in suspension and thus blow with the wind to faraway places. Now gusts that transform into dust storms may be produced when air is cooled by rain after an intense thunderstorm begins to flow or a dry cold front moves into a dry air mass and flow over hotter terrains. In arid lands like deserts dust storms are caused primarily due to thunderstorm outflows or due to creation of strong pressure gradient. This strong pressure gradient leads to high velocity winds flowing over a large area. Here the weight of the suspended particulates and the atmospheric stability determines the vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised. In some instances particulates may be raised as high as 20,000 feet above the ground. Now this dust storm are of three types. First it is called as slight dust storm if the wind speed is up to 41 kilometer per hour and visibility is less than 1000 meters or 1 kilometer but more than 500 meters. Then it is called as moderate dust storm if the wind speed is between 42 to 79 kilometer per hour and visibility is between 200 and 500 meters. Finally it is called as severe dust storm if surface wind speed in gusts is more than 80 kilometer per hour and visibility is less than 200 meters. Here gust means a sudden strong rush of wind. Dust storms are considered as natural hazards. They affect day to day life for a shorter time from a few hours to few days. Dust storms are common in dry lands around the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa as well as in the arid regions of Iran, Pakistan and India. The arid and semi arid areas in China also experience such storms and in the Sahara desert where sand covers the land sand storms are the more preferred term. Since here the wind blows a huge volumes of sand from the desert surface. We know that sand is coarser than the finer dust particles which means sand storms are more devastating in nature than dust storms. In India dust storms are common especially in the western Rajasthan province which is covered by the Thar desert. The northwest of India experiences convective dust storms which are locally called as Andi. This Andi happens during the pre-Monson season. The frequency of dust storm is more in Rajasthan as we just saw followed by Haryana, Punjab and West UP. It is more in the month of May in terms of frequency and intensity. One another reason which is also responsible for dust storm is poor farming and grazing practices. They can trigger dust storms in an area because dry land farming is one of the forming techniques that might expose dust and sand to the air. In this intensive tillage often creates the perfect land condition for dust storms. Intensive tillage is a dry land farming technique where land remains bare for a certain period of time. At this time no crops are there to protect the land. Now this dust storm has some positives. Surface dust deposits are a source of micronutrients for both continental and maritime ecosystems. This Saharan dust is thought to fertilize the Amazon rainforest and dust transports of iron and phosphorus are known to benefit marine biomass production in parts of the oceans which suffers from shortage of such elements. But dust also has many negative impacts like on agriculture it reduces crop yields by burying seeds causing loss of plant tissue, reducing photosynthetic activity and increasing soil erosion. Then indirect dust deposit impacts include filling irrigation canals with the dust particles, then covering transportation routes with dust particles and this affects river and stream water quality also. Then it also causes reduction in the visibility and this reduction in visibility is due to airborne dust which also have an impact on air and land transport. Now this poor visibility conditions are a danger during aircraft landing and taking off. So landings may be diverted and departures may be delayed because of this. Then there are some health effects also which are caused due to this dust storm. Long term exposure to dust storms can severely impact the health of individuals. It increases the chances of lung infection. People with asthma have worsening symptoms. It also leads to increased morbidity and mortality in people due to asphyxiation. Here morbidity means condition of being diseased and mortality means death. Asphyxiation is the state or process of being deprived of oxygen which can result in unconsciousness or death. We usually call asphyxiation as suffocation. Then long term exposure to dust particles might lead to silicosis and lung cancer. It also causes keratoconjectivitis or dry eyes and this may lead to permanent blindness. With this we have come to the end of this article discussion moving on to the last article for the day which is about the SBIs offer to link the home loan to report. The discussion based on this article will be relevant in the current events of national importance and then also in economic development. The discussion can also be linked to GS paper 3 in main syllabus under the area Indian economy. Stepping into the main discussion from July 1st of this financial year those who would opt for new home loans from State Bank of India will have a one more new option. The State Bank of India will introduce a product where the interest rate is linked to the repo rate of the Reserve Bank of India. Yesterday we had a detailed analysis on repo rates. Repo rates are benchmark interest rates that are set by the RBI to the commercial banks. Based on which the commercial banks should set their interest rates that is either lower or equal to the repo rate cut which is announced by the RBI. The present practices the SBIs home loan rates are linked to its marginal cost of funds based lending rate that is MCLR. This MCLR has cost slower transmission of rate cuts. Here transmission of rate cuts means if the RBI is reducing the policy rates then the same cuts in the interest rates or at rates less than what RBI has cut have to be passed on to the borrowers or consumers by banks. For example if RBI cuts the policy rate by 25 BPS then some bank cut by 25 BPS then some by 10 BPS or some do not even cut the rates. This is called the transmission of bank rates. So the current practice is that all banks link their retail lending rates to their MCLR. Here the marginal cost of funds based lending rate that is MCLR refers to the minimum interest rate of a bank below which it cannot lend except in some cases allowed by the RBI. It is an internal benchmark or reference rate for the bank. The MCLR methodology for fixing interest rates for advances was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India with effect from April 1, 2016. This new methodology replaces the base rate system introduced in July 2010. In other words all rupee loans sanctioned and credit limits renewed with effect from April 1, 2016 would be priced with reference to MCLR which will be the internal benchmark that is determined internally by the bank. MCLR guidelines by RBI helped to improve the transparency in the methodology followed by banks for determining the interest rates on advances that is the loans that they give to the borrowers and these guidelines help to ensure availability of bank credit at interest rates which are fair to the borrowers as well as the banks. MCLR also enables banks to become more competitive and enhance their long run value that is the running of their banks and contribution to economic growth also. But one of the major issues is that the transmission of rate cut is not being done by the commercial banks and hence the borrowers are not benefiting from the policy rate cuts of RBI. Now as the beneficial measure to those who opt for home loan from SBI they will see their interest rates moving instantly in sync with the report. So the transmission of rate cuts is passed on instantly to the borrowers which will in turn benefit them. With this we have come to the end of our article analysis session. Moving on to the last session for the day which is the practice questions discussion session. If you look at the first question it is about the food corporation of India. Then if you look at all the statements here the statement 3 states that FCI ensures the food security of the nation. This is correct because whenever we say food corporation of India immediately you should remember food security of the nation. This is one of the main mission of FCI. Don't forget this. So here this statement 3 is correct. But the question asks for us to choose the incorrect statement or the not correct statement. That means statement 3 cannot be in the final option. So if you see the options option B and D contains statement 3. So we can directly eliminate these options which leaves us with option A and C. Then if you see options A and C these both options contain statement 1. So now we have to confirm whether statement 4 is correct or not. If you see the fourth statement it says that FCI works under the Department of Agriculture Cooperation and Farmers Welfare in the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. But this is wrong because remember that we discussed that primary duty of FCI is to undertake purchase store move or transport distribute and sell food grains and other food steps which can be directly related to the Department of Food and Public Distribution in the Ministry of Consumer Affairs Food and Distribution. You can use one trick here to remember this. Like if FCI does selling of food grains also. So which is a part of consumer affairs then it is about food. So this aspect is also given in the name of the ministry that is food. Then it does storage management move or transport and distribute. This contains distribute and the name of the ministry also contains distribution. Look this is just a trick not a logical explanation. So just to remember you can use this trick. Hence which makes statement 4 as a wrong statement. So the correct answer to this question is option C 1 and 4. If you look at the next question it states to consider the following statements. First statement is Mahatma Jyotiba Phule established the first-ever school in India for the education of women in Pune. This is a correct statement. Remember it then if you see the second statement it states he has also founded Satya Shodak Samaj in 1873 to liberate the exploitation of oppressed communities from the hands of uppercase and this is also correct. We discussed both these points during our analysis. So the correct answer to this question is option C both 1 and 2. Now if you look at the third question it is asking which of the following statements is not correct. If you see the first statement it is like gonorrhea is transmitted much like syphilis. Here the first option is correct because gonorrhea is transmitted much like syphilis. Both these STAs are caused by bacteria. If you see gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium nesuria gonorrhea and syphilis is caused by the bacterium traponema pallidum. Now if you look at the second statement this option is wrong because during our discussion we saw that vaccines are available only for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B virus and the vaccination for syphilis is still in the development stage. But the statement mentions as vaccinations are available to treat human papillomavirus and syphilis also. So this makes the statement B as incorrect statement. As the question asks for the incorrect statement only option B is the incorrect statement here. We have arrived at our answer but for your knowledge also know that non-sexual transmission of sexually transmitted infections is also possible like through blood products and also through tissue transfer. Then based on the fourth statement if you see it is a fact that has been given in our news article today where WHO has said that syphilis is one of the leading causes of infant mortality globally. If you see syphilis alone caused an estimated 2 lakhs still births and newborn deaths in 2016. With this we have come to the end of today's discussion. If you like the video don't forget to like comment and share and do subscribe to Shankara Ace Academy YouTube channel for more updates on UPC civil service examination preparation.